Post on 14-Apr-2017
transcript
Review of Cambodia’s Tourism Industry: The Growth and Implications on
Its Sustainability
Dr. NETH Baromey Department of Tourism, Royal University of Phnom Penh
Contents
§ Cambodia’s Tourism Development from a Glance
§ Tourism Infrastructure and Logistics
§ Tourism Momentum in Generating Formal and Informal Economy
§ Implications of Tourism Growth
§ Opportunities and Challenges for Tourism Growth
§ Mechanisms to Sustain Tourism Development in Cambodia
Cambodia’s Tourism Development from a Glance
Tourism Highlights Year Num. of Inter.
Tourists Tourism
Receipts ($ mil.)
2010 2,508, 289 1,786
2011 2,881, 862 1,912
2012 3,584, 307 2,210
2013 4,210, 165 2,547
2014 4,502, 775 2,736
2015 (Until Oct) 3,755, 792 NA
Source: Statistics and Tourism Information Department, MOT, (2015)
Top Ten Market Arrivals in 2014 and 2015
Source: Statistics and Tourism Information Department, MOT, (2015)
Region No. of Inter. Tourists (Oct. 2015)
Asia and the Pacific 2,937,169
Europe 552,605
Americas 247,672
Africa 6,964
Middle East 11,382
3. Transportation
Tourism Logistics
1. Infrastructure and Connectivity
2. Production
4. Services
Infrastructure and Connectivity
Est. Accommodations 1396 Est. Travel agents 804 Est. Transportation 380
Source: http://www.tourismcambodia.org/
Access Modes
Access
from
Total No. of
Inter.
Checkpoints
List of Inter. Checkpoints
Vietnam 9 Bavet, Kaam Samnor, Phnom Den, Trapaing
Phlong, Trapaing Srè, Oyadav, Banteay Chakrei ,
Preak Chak, Samrong
Lao 1 Trapaing Kreal
Thailand 6 Poipet, Cham Yeam, O'smach, Choam, Prom,
Dong
By Land
Source: Ministry of Tourism, (2016)
Access Modes Total No. Name of the International Ports
1 Sihanouk International Port
2 Phnom Penh International Port
Alternative Choices
1 Reach Phnom Penh through the ships along the Mekong River (Vietnam and partly from Laos)
2 Trapaing Kreal international border checkpoint (Lao)
By Water
By Air
No International Airports 1 Phnom Penh international airport
2 Siem Reap international airport
3 Sihanouk international airport
Infrastructure and Connectivity
Tourism connectivity: § ASEAN tourism connectivity
By-Region Tourism Zones
1. Mekong tourism corridor 4. Emerald triangle 5. Southern coastal tourism corridor 6. Green development triangle
v Heritage necklace circuit
v GMS coastal and river cruise lines
Transportation
§ Bus and car rental companies § Local & international airline companies § Local transports § Water way transport, etc.
Low cost carriers airline
Services & Production
§ Accommodation (hotels, guesthouses, eco-lodges, boutiques, resorts, home-stays, B&B, etc.)
§ Restaurants and local food catering § Travel agents and tour operators § Handicrafts and souvenirs § Transport § Merchandise
Implications of Tourism Growth
Positive Economic Impacts
Economic Implication
§ Foreign exchange earning § Plenty of job
opportunities § Infrastructure investment § Contribution to local
economy § Others
Tourism Momentum in Generating Economy
Source: WTTC, (2015)
Tourism Momentum in Generating Economy
Source: WTTC, (2015)
Positive Social Impacts § Tourism can encourage the innovation
of entrepreneurs within the local communities.
§ Encourage people to value their living culture.
§ Motivate local employment in tourism industry.
§ Strengthening safety and security, § Improved social welfare of the locals § Others
Positive Environmental Impacts
§ Improved & integrated environmental governance agendas and mechanisms
§ Improved environmental management plans
§ Improved CSR practices among private entities
§ Community based ecotourism guidelines and monitoring toolkits
§ Sign post and the interpretation § Rehabilitation and environmental
conservation fund § Others
Negative Impacts
§ Economic leakage in the tourism sector in Cambodia, roughly estimated by the MoT and the Ministry of Commerce (2006), reached 40% in 2006, as cited in UNCTAD (2007) and Tourism&Leisure (2009). This amount of leakage was also predicted to continue through to 2010 (MoC 2006; UNCTAD 2007; Tourism&Leisure 2009).
§ The sources and amounts of “leakage” or “non-retention” in Siem Reap Town (SRT) and Siem Reap Province (SRP) as a whole in 2010 comprise:
(1) the continuing import of required products and services from outside SR, especially from foreign countries (SRT: 52%, SRP: 43%);
(2) the remittance of wages and salaries by Cambodian in-migrants and foreign staff out of SR (SRT: 24%, SRP: 8%);
(3) the remittance of gross operating surpluses out of SR (SRT: 54%, SRP: 45%); and
(4) taxes and other fees or non-taxes remitted outside the designated area
Negative Impacts § Increased dependency on single-coined economy while
tourism is not widely used for multi-sectoral growth § Cultural alienation and commoditization § Homogenization of local identities § Seasonal tourism wages due to impacts of using casual
labors
Negative Impacts § Direct impacts of extractive
industries on tourist attractions & product development and diversification
§ Impacts from the uses of energy § Overcrowded and pollution
§ Impacts from tourists and other human-induced consequences, i.e. commercialization of natural environment & biodiversity resources in an unsustainable way
§ Impacts of waste on tourism § Impacts on wildlife & their behaviors
Challenges for Tourism Growth
§ Lack of direct flights from far away tourism market sources
§ Limited local connectivity § Limited national airlines and
dependency on external investment
§ Lack of facility, infrastructure, and hospitality services at the international bordering gateways
1. Connectivity and Travel Facilitation
2. Human Resource Development
§ Lack of tourism professionals: 500,000 tourism workforces are required to fill the loop by 2020 (MoT, 2012).
§ Cambodian workforces enormously are employed in low-skill and operational skill levels within the industry.
3. Marketing and Promotional Aspects
§ Lack of promotional activities for secondary destinations. § Lack of marketing campaigns at tourist generating regions. § Lack of information and interpretation materials in each
province / destination / site (brochures, core maps of attractions, etc.).
4. Connectivity and Circuit of Attractions
§ Lack of connectivity among core attractions and secondary destinations.
§ Many potential attractions are not widely known. § Lack of satellite attractions to develop extensive tourist visit circuits.
5. Seasonal Fluctuations & Impacts of the Global Economy
Other Challenges
Legal Challenges
Policy Challenges
Ins1tu1onal Challenges
Structural Challenges
Market Challenges
Implementa1on Challenges
Poli1cal Challenges
Technological Challenges
Capability-‐supported
Sustainability of CBT / CBET
Economic Development
HR Development
Community Empowerment
Community Health
Conserva1on
Mechanisms to Sustain Tourism Development
Inclusiveness
Innova1on
Resilience Green Approaches
Equity
Risk & Crisis Solving
Approaches
(1) Strategic Direction and Strategies
Tourism Product Development
Marketing and Promotion
Connectivity and Facilitation of travel and tourists transportation
Safety system and tourism negative impact management
Legal system and management mechanisms
Human resource development
1. Product Development & Diversification based upon Innovation of Sustainability
Small scale ecotourism
Large scale ecotourism
Agro-ecotourism
Community -based
tourism / ecotourism
The Emerging Trend of Community-Based Tourism / Ecotourism (CBT/CBET)
Source: MoT (2016)
New Customers, Emerging Destinations
The rising number of Asian travellers: “The Asian middle classes will make up the largest share of international travel” R. Conrady & M. Buck (2012).
Emerging Destinations
Creative Events
2. Marketing and Promotion
A Vision to Build Siem
Reap Angkor Region as
a Cultural & Economic
Hub of ASEAN
3. Connectivity and facilitation of Travel
3. The Facilitation of E-Visa Tourist Visa
Entry Single entry only
Fees USD20 + USD5 (processing charge)
Validity 3 months (starting from the date of issue)
Length of Stay 30 days
4. Tourist Safety System and Impact Management
§ Angkor Tourism Master Plan-Visitor Code of Conduct
§ Sustainable Coastal Tourism Management Committee
§ Green Hotel Standard
§ Others
5. Legal System and Management Mechanisms
Marketing Strategies for Emerging Chinese Market
6. Human Resource Development
§ There are increasing numbers of degree and non-degree tourism, hospitality and hotel management training programs in Cambodia.
§ Degree programs are normally provided by higher education institutions, while non-degree programs are usually established and supported by INGOs and NGOs running social enterprises, responsible ministries (i.e. MoT, MLVT, MoEYS), and private establishments, all are struggling to reach ASEAN standard for tourism education.
(2) One Belt One Road Initiative
(3) ASEAN Tourism Connectivity
(4) ASEAN Initiative: ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard
§ Leading coordinator
§ With indicator, criteria,
implementation
mechanisms were
endorsed at ATF, 2014.
(5) ASEAN Initiative: ASEAN Community-Based Tourism Standard
§ The set of standard of community based tourism was developed with facilitation from Cambodia’s MoT.
§ The meeting on ASEAN community based tourism standard was held in 2014 in Siem Reap Province
Samples of Certificates
(6) Guidelines, M&E Toolkits and Scorecards for CBT/CBET
§ Were developed by Department of Tourism of
Mondulkiri and WWF-Cambodia with the
technical support from the Department of
Tourism of RUPP.
§ Aim at providing community roadmap of how to
basically develop CBT/CBET in an
entrepreneurial and sustainable way at local level.
§ Will be replicated at other CBT/CBET sites
across Cambodia
CBET Guideline Components
Phase 1
Feasibility Study
Phase 2 Formalization Procedure of
CBET Site
Phase 3 Formulation Sustainable
CBET Business
Phase 4 Sustainability Management
and Monitoring
Phase 1: Feasibility Study
1. General Poll
2. Resource Inventory
3. Stakeholders & Institutional
Analysis
4. Community Assessment
5. Market Assessment
Feasibility Methods
and Process
Phase 2: Formulation Procedure of CBET Site C
BET E
stab
lishm
ent
Step 1. Registration and Feasibility Study
Step 2. Zoning and Spatial Land Use Planning
Step 3. Establishment of CBET MC
Step 4. Formulation of By-Laws
Step 5. Formulation of Management Plan
Step 6. Stakeholders Endorsement and Implementation
Phase 3: Formulation of CBET Business Plan
Step 1: Envision CBET
Business Typology
Step 2: Develop vision and mission statement
Step 3: CBET Enterprise Description
Step 4: Value chain and
Green supply management
Step 5: Consumer care
and quality management
plan
Step 6: Sale and marketing
strategy
Step 7: Risk & crisis
management
Phase 4: Sustainability Management and Monitoring Plan
Step 1: Environmental & Biodiversity Conservation
Step 2: Visitor Management
Step 3: Community/Indigenous Empowerment
Step 4: Community/Indigenous Capacity Development
Step 5: Contribution to Community Welfare & Social Inclusion
Step 6: Respect of community/indigenous culture
Step 7: CBET Business Sustainability
(7) Principles for Agro-Ecotourism Development in Northeastern Cambodia
• Crop diversification with rotational crop planting system, improve animal and human welfare
Organically-grown and managed farm
• Water quality and soil fertility management, integrated land used planning, ecosystem approaches in agricultural production
CC response in agricultural practice and environmental
governance
• Product development & diversification and quality improvement
Visitor and tourist experiences
• Create strong linkage and network with other businesses Multi-sectorial integration
• Create partnerships, networks, and consultation with government advisor, CSOs, CBOs, private sectors, etc.
Stakeholder collaboration
• Build trust, ownership, capacity and capital investment, proper governance structure, business legal frameworks
Community empowerment and ownership building
• Product development, marketing network, distinctive product branding, sustainable business models, extensive initial consultation
Market mechanisms
Agro-Ecotourism Development under 3 Scenarios Scenario 1: Community-Owned & Managed
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Stakeholder Collaboration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Market Mechanisms
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Multi-Sectoral Integration
Scenario 2: Joint Venture
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Market Mechanisms
Stakeholder Collaboration
Multi-Sectoral Integration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Scenario 3: Private-Owned & Managed Farm
Market Mechanisms
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Stakeholder Collaboration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Multi-Sectoral Integration
(8) Private Sector Partnership Building and Public-Private and
Community-Private Sector Partnership
§ The Cambodia hotel association
§ The Cambodia restaurant association
§ Cambodia chefs federation § Cambodia chefs association § Cambodia E-Visa § Business 2 Business The strong alliance of private
services provided in tourism
THANKS