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EMERGENCE
Riga, April 4, 2002
eWork in a Global Economy: Some Results from the EMERGENCE Project
Ursula HuwsInstitute for Employment Studies
TELEBALT WORKSHOP
EMERGENCE
A new spatial division of labour in knowledge work
The combination of telecommunications and computing (telematics) is bringing about major changes in who does what work, where, when and how
There are new choices open to both employers and workers in the organisation of work in time and space
EMERGENCE
EMERGENCE
Estimation andMapping ofEmploymentRelocation in aGlobalEconomy in theNewCommunicationsEnvironment
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The EMERGENCE Project
AIMS Measure the extent of eWork Identify forms and characteristics of eWork Identify favoured locations for each eActivity Find reasons for choice of location or supplier Explore dynamics of relocation Investigate employment implications Identify constraints and facilitators Identify indicators for future modelling and
tracking Inform regional development strategies
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Individualised forms of eWork
fully home-based eWorkers
multilocational eWorkers
elancerse-enabled self-
employed
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Employers’ use of telehomeworking, by country
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
AustriaBelgium
Czech RepublicDenmark
FinlandFrance
GermanyGreece
HungaryIreland
ItalyLuxembourgNetherlands
PolandPortugal
SpainSweden
UKAll
EMERGENCE
Projected growth oftelehomeworking in Europe to 2010
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Employment expansion onlyOrganisational change onlyOrganisational change and employment expansion
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Employers’ use of multilocational eWorkers, by country
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
AustriaBelgium
Czech RepublicDenmark
FinlandFrance
GermanyGreece
HungaryIreland
ItalyLuxembourgNetherlands
PolandPortugal
SpainSweden
UKAll
EMERGENCE
Projected growth of multilocational eWorkers in Europe to 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
milli
ons
Employment expansion onlyOrganisational change onlyOrganisational change and employment expansion
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Employers’ use of eLancers, by country
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
AustriaBelgium
Czech RepublicDenmark
FinlandFrance
GermanyGreece
HungaryIreland
ItalyLuxembourgNetherlands
PolandPortugal
SpainSweden
UKAll
EMERGENCE
Projected growth in eLancing in the EU, to 2010
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
milli
ons
Employment growthICT diffusionEmployment growth and ICT diffusion
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eEnabled self employment: projected growth to 2010 based on continuation of existing trends
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
mill
ions
ICT diffusion
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Estimates of telehomeworkers, eEnabled workers and eEnhanced workers in Europe, 2000
EU 151. Home-based employees who use a computer and telecommunications link toconduct their work. (person equivalent)
810,000
2. Multilocational employees who use a computer and telecommunications link toconduct their work. (person equivalent)
3,700,000
3. eLancers providing business and related industries who use a computer andtelecommunications link to conduct their work
1,450,000
Number of person equivalent eWorkers – sum of 1-3 above (EMERGENCEnarrow definition)
5,960,000
4. Number of eEnabled self employed workers who require a computer andtelecommunications link to conduct their work not working in business relatedindustries.
3,080,000
Number of person equivalent eWorkers – sum of 1-4 above (EMERGENCEbroad definition).
9,040,000
Estimated number of eWorkers based on CLFS and UK LFS (includingirregular eWorkers)
9,830,000
(ECATT estimate of ‘regular’ plus ‘supplementary’ teleworkers in Europe in 19991) 9,009,000
1 ECATT Project, Telework Data Report, Bonn, 2000
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Projections of telehomeworkers, multilocational eWorkers and eLancers, 2010
EmploymentGrowth
ICTdiffusion
Employmentgrowth & ICT
diffusionTelehomeworkingemployees
950,000 2,750,000 3,170,000
Multilocational eWorkers(person equivalent)
4,309,788 12,462,907 14,332,343
eLancers (providing businessrelated services)
1,790,000 2,490,000 3,040,000
eEnabled self-employed 3,080,000 6,580,000 6,580,000Total estimate ofindividualised eWorking
10,129,788 24,282,907 27,122,343
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Office-based forms of eWork
remote back offices (employees)
eOutsourcingtelecentres or
telecottages
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E-work in Europe (demand side)by type of e-work
(% of establishments with >50 employees)
13.816.6
40.511.3
42.91
6.69.8
1.711.7
48.461.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
e-linked call centreany remote call centre
business services companies'e- lancers'
any e-outsourcethird party telecentre
remote back officemulti- location employees
home-based employeesany e-employees
any e-workany e-work including mobile sales
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
EMERGENCE
Use of outsourced business services (% of establishments with >50 employees)
5.4
19.2
34.1
11.1
42.9
6
24.7
44.8
15.2
55.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
other country o/ s
other region o/ s
same town/ region o/ s
outsourced call centre
any outsourcing
with e-link any
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
EMERGENCE
eWork demand by business function (% of establishments with >50 employees)
9.2
2.8
3.3
29.4
4.4
18.6
9.1
48.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
customer servicetelesalesfinancial
software/ IT supportdata processing
design/ creativeHR/ trainingany eWork
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
EMERGENCE
eWork supply in Europe by country (% of establishments with >50 employees)
19 1823
1622
17
28
10 7
30
12 1014
27
58
1116 17
21
010203040506070
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
EMERGENCE
eWork supply by business function(% of establishments with >50 employees)
10.5
2.9
3.1
5.4
3.7
6.9
4
20.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
customer servicetelesalesfinancial
software/ IT supportdata processing
design/ creativeHR/ training
any eWork supplied
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
EMERGENCE
Reasons for choice of eOutsourcer (reasons for choice of location, % of all outsourced services)
5.4
2.8
12.4
1.2
12
9.1
2.6
21.8
12
2
0 5 10 15 20 25
near other parts of the company
near customers
good reputation
language/culture
low cost/competitive tender
existing relationship/alliance
personal link
technical expertise
reliability
they targeted us
Source: EMERGENCE employer survey, 2000
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Typology of eWork Relocation
Company re-organisation Isolated measure Background/ cause:
Primary objective:Concentration(Reduction)
Decentralisation(Expansion)
Complementing(Expansion)
Replacement(Reduction)
Geographicalrelocation I III V VII
Outsourcing II IV VI VIII
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Relocation of customer services call centres
Motives availability of workers, costs, corporate restructuring
Metropolitan versus rural areas Importance of information and
communication technology
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Relocation of software-development and IT support
Motives and aims of relocationRecruitment problems - labour market
oriented relocationSkill oriented relocationsCost oriented relocationsCentralisation; economies of scale
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Organisational and technical challenges
Facilitators Technical Infrastructure and ICT utilisation Contacts in destination location and support
by parent company High degree of division of labour
standardisation and formalisation Involvement of employees Organisational change and transfer of
knowledge
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Outsourcing over the Internet
(Intermed Case Study)
“I have never heard Kirill‘s voice”
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Software-Development in Poland
(Betty Case Study)
“Without personal contacts one
wouldn‘t do that”
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Tele-Cooperation
(Brandfree Case Study)
“Once they saw that I didn‘t have two
heads things instantly improved“
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Employment effects
Positive employment effects in ‘expansion’ and ‘complementing’ type relocations
Loss of jobs in ‘concentration’ and ‘replacement’ type relocations
Qualitative employment effectsHigh demands on mobility of employeesHow long is the butterfly going to stay?
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implications for the Baltic region Opportunities to develop individualised
forms of eWork Major opportunities to supply eServices to
the EU and other developed countriesBUT Need to compete with the rest of the world Necessity for
Infrastructure Skills, including language skills Effective marketing Understanding of EU business cultures
EMERGENCE
For more information go to
www.emergence.nuwww.analytica.org.ukwww.employment-studies.co.uk