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RISE OF MAO RISE OF MAO ZEDONG ZEDONG
CHINESE COMMUNISMCHINESE COMMUNISM
CHINESE EMPIRE CHINESE EMPIRE COLLAPSED IN 1911COLLAPSED IN 1911 WARLORDS DIVIDED THE WARLORDS DIVIDED THE
COUNTRYCOUNTRY ORGANIZED ARMIESORGANIZED ARMIES EXTRACTED TAXESEXTRACTED TAXES
SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A REPUBLIC IN 1911REPUBLIC IN 1911 IN NAME ONLYIN NAME ONLY ENVISIONED A NEW CHINAENVISIONED A NEW CHINA
THREE PRINCIPLES OF THREE PRINCIPLES OF SUN-YET SENSUN-YET SEN NATIONAL STATENATIONAL STATE
CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
SOCIALISM (NOT SOCIALISM (NOT NECESSARILY EXTREME)NECESSARILY EXTREME) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
KUOMINTANGKUOMINTANGNATIONALIST PARTYNATIONALIST PARTY FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE
TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN NORTHERN CHINANORTHERN CHINA RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN
AT VERSAILLES (WHY?)AT VERSAILLES (WHY?) SUPPORTED BY SOVIET SUPPORTED BY SOVIET
UNIONUNION CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
CREATED IN 1921CREATED IN 1921
NATIONALIST NATIONALIST EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS Soviet Union would provide Soviet Union would provide
military trainingmilitary training
Soviet Union would provide Soviet Union would provide model of centralized model of centralized organizationorganization
Dictatorship of the Proletariat Dictatorship of the Proletariat was was shelvedshelved
WARLORDS DEFEATED WARLORDS DEFEATED
CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME LEADER OF THE LEADER OF THE NATIONALISTS (1925)NATIONALISTS (1925)
HIS POWER RESTED ON THE HIS POWER RESTED ON THE ARMY AND POLITICAL ARMY AND POLITICAL CONTROLCONTROL
MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS RIVAL FOR POWERRIVAL FOR POWER
MAO TOOK CONTROL OF MAO TOOK CONTROL OF COMMUNIST PARTYCOMMUNIST PARTY BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT FAMILYFAMILY
EDUCATED AS AN EDUCATED AS AN INTELLECTUALINTELLECTUAL
STUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJINGSTUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJING EARLY COLLABORATION WITH EARLY COLLABORATION WITH
THE NATIONALISTSTHE NATIONALISTS
MAO IDENTIFIED FOUR MAO IDENTIFIED FOUR EVILS OF EMPIREEVILS OF EMPIRE RELIGIONRELIGION
CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
AUTOCRACYAUTOCRACY
THREE MALE BONDS OF THREE MALE BONDS OF CONFUCIANISM CONFUCIANISM
MAO IDEALIZED THE PEASANT MAO IDEALIZED THE PEASANT AS A REVOLUTIONARYAS A REVOLUTIONARY TRADITION OF REBELLION TRADITION OF REBELLION
AGAINST LANDLORDSAGAINST LANDLORDS
TRADITION OF MILITARY TRADITION OF MILITARY SERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISISSERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISIS
TRADITION OF ACCEPTING TRADITION OF ACCEPTING INSPIRED LEADERSHIPINSPIRED LEADERSHIP
MAO MODIFIED MARXISMMAO MODIFIED MARXISM
MARX NEVER CONSIDERED MARX NEVER CONSIDERED PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT COMMUNISM COMMUNISM
LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN WORKERSWORKERS
TROTSKY BELIEVED THE TROTSKY BELIEVED THE PEASANTS WOULD NEVER PEASANTS WOULD NEVER ACCEPT COMMUNISMACCEPT COMMUNISM
MAO SURVIVED CHIANG’S MAO SURVIVED CHIANG’S EFFORT TO ELIMINATE EFFORT TO ELIMINATE COMPETITIONCOMPETITION BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A
SOUTHERN CHINESE SOUTHERN CHINESE PROVINCEPROVINCE
1931-PROCLAIMED THE 1931-PROCLAIMED THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLICCHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC
DIRECT CHALLENGE TO DIRECT CHALLENGE TO CHIANGCHIANG
PEASANTS BOND WITH PEASANTS BOND WITH MAO MAO PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR
OWN LANDOWN LAND
THEY OWNED THEIR THEY OWNED THEIR PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
LANDLORDS AND RICH LANDLORDS AND RICH PEASANTS LOST PEASANTS LOST MOSTMOST OF OF THEIR LANDTHEIR LAND
MAO DEVISED/ADAPTED MAO DEVISED/ADAPTED GUERRILLA STRATEGYGUERRILLA STRATEGY ““THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE
RETREAT; THE ENEMY RETREAT; THE ENEMY CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE PURSUE.”PURSUE.”
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
cosmetic CHANGEcosmetic CHANGE
CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT SERVICESGOVERNMENT SERVICES
MADE PEACE WITH THE MADE PEACE WITH THE IMPERIAL POWERSIMPERIAL POWERS
DECLARED AN END TO DECLARED AN END TO FOOTBINDINGFOOTBINDING
INSTITUTED “GUIDED INSTITUTED “GUIDED DEMOCRACY”DEMOCRACY”
REAL CHANGE (MAO)REAL CHANGE (MAO)
PEASANTS MADE PEASANTS MADE INDEPENDENT FARMERSINDEPENDENT FARMERS
PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED AND RESPECTEDAND RESPECTED
PEASANTS ACTIVELY PEASANTS ACTIVELY RESISTED FOREIGN RESISTED FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND CONTROLOCCUPATION AND CONTROL
JAPAN INVADED JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIAMANCHURIA CHIANG SIGNED AN CHIANG SIGNED AN
ARMISTICE WITH JAPANARMISTICE WITH JAPAN
TARGETED MAO AND THE TARGETED MAO AND THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLICCHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC
THE LONG MARCH (1934)THE LONG MARCH (1934) MAO RETREATED MAO RETREATED THE PEASANT ARMY THE PEASANT ARMY
MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND TOUGH TERRAIN.TOUGH TERRAIN.
PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY RETREATED-REPUTATION RETREATED-REPUTATION FOR HONESTYFOR HONESTY
FEW [BUT ENOUGH] FEW [BUT ENOUGH] SURVIVED SURVIVED
SOVIET UNION OFFERED SOVIET UNION OFFERED ADVICE BUT NO AIDADVICE BUT NO AID ORGANIZE A COALITION ORGANIZE A COALITION
WITH THE NATIONALISTS WITH THE NATIONALISTS AND FIGHT THE JAPANESEAND FIGHT THE JAPANESE
SU SENT AID TO THE SU SENT AID TO THE NATIONALISTS AS THE NATIONALISTS AS THE STRONGER FORCESTRONGER FORCE
MAO FOUGHT THE MAO FOUGHT THE JAPANESE JAPANESE AND EXPANDED AND EXPANDED HIS BASEHIS BASE
CHIANG RETREATED FROM CHIANG RETREATED FROM COASTAL AREASCOASTAL AREAS JAPAN INVADED CHINA JAPAN INVADED CHINA
DIRECTLY IN 1937DIRECTLY IN 1937 DEFENSIVE FIGHTINGDEFENSIVE FIGHTING LOST SOVIET AID AFTER LOST SOVIET AID AFTER
GERMANY ATTACKED SUGERMANY ATTACKED SU US ALLOWED PURCHASES US ALLOWED PURCHASES
BUT WERE STILL TRADING BUT WERE STILL TRADING WITH JAPANWITH JAPAN
CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1945-CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1945-1949)1949) MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS
WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS?WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS?
SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO USA USA
CHIANG AND THE CHIANG AND THE NATIONALISTS CLAIMED NATIONALISTS CLAIMED RIGHT TO RULERIGHT TO RULE
HEIR TO SUN-YET-SENHEIR TO SUN-YET-SEN BACKED BY THE USBACKED BY THE US
MILITARY AIDMILITARY AID ECONOMIC AIDECONOMIC AID EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A
NEW WORLD ORDERNEW WORLD ORDER 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO
NORTHERN COASTNORTHERN COAST
UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES OF NATIONALISTSOF NATIONALISTS
CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENTINEFFICIENT
EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN MILITARYMILITARY
EXORBITANT SPENDING EXORBITANT SPENDING FUELED INFLATIONFUELED INFLATION
CORRUPTION AND ABUSE CORRUPTION AND ABUSE OF POWEROF POWER
NO LAND REFORM NO LAND REFORM
US URGED MAO AND US URGED MAO AND CHIANG TO FORM CHIANG TO FORM COALITION GOVERNMENT COALITION GOVERNMENT
STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO CHANCE OF SEIZING POWERCHANCE OF SEIZING POWER ACCEPT A COALITION ACCEPT A COALITION
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT SIGNED TEN-YEAR SIGNED TEN-YEAR
FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE NATIONALISTSNATIONALISTS
MAO AND CHIANG SIGNED MAO AND CHIANG SIGNED TEMPORARY CEASE-FIRETEMPORARY CEASE-FIRE QUICKLY COLLAPSESQUICKLY COLLAPSES
SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM MANCHURIA MANCHURIA CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT
FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE PROSPEROUS AREAPROSPEROUS AREA
NUMBER OF TROOPS DOES NUMBER OF TROOPS DOES NOT ALWAYS TELL THE NOT ALWAYS TELL THE STORY STORY NATIONALISTS HAD 3 NATIONALISTS HAD 3
MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL EQUIPPED BY THE USEQUIPPED BY THE US
POORLY LEDPOORLY LED
NOT WELCOMED BY THE NOT WELCOMED BY THE PEOPLE PEOPLE
MAO PULLED IT TOGETHER MAO PULLED IT TOGETHER
LAND REFORMS WERE LAND REFORMS WERE POPULARPOPULAR
PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY FOUGHT THE JAPANESEFOUGHT THE JAPANESE
SUPERIOR MILITARY AND SUPERIOR MILITARY AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION
POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S ADVICEADVICE
COMMUNISTS BELIEVED COMMUNISTS BELIEVED THEY COULD WINTHEY COULD WIN LEARNED TACTICS OF LEARNED TACTICS OF
REGULAR WAR AFTER REGULAR WAR AFTER YEARS AS GUERRILLASYEARS AS GUERRILLAS
WELCOMED NATIONALIST WELCOMED NATIONALIST DESERTERSDESERTERS
CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE WAS JUSTWAS JUST
COMMUNISTS TOOK COMMUNISTS TOOK MANCHURIAMANCHURIA NATIONALISTS NATIONALISTS
DEMORALIZEDDEMORALIZED TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND
US TROOPSUS TROOPS COMMUNISTS USED COMMUNISTS USED
WEAPONS SEIZED FROM WEAPONS SEIZED FROM THE NATIONALISTSTHE NATIONALISTS
CONSOLIDATED AND CONSOLIDATED AND EXPANDED THEIR EXPANDED THEIR CONQUESTSCONQUESTS
COMMUNISTS CLAIMED COMMUNISTS CLAIMED VICTORY IN BEIJING-1949VICTORY IN BEIJING-1949 CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS
FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA)FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA) COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO
INVADE TAIWANINVADE TAIWAN US OPENED TALKS WITH US OPENED TALKS WITH
COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP AND THE INVASION WAS AND THE INVASION WAS POSTPONEDPOSTPONED
MAO TRAVELLED TO THE MAO TRAVELLED TO THE SOVIET UNION (1949-1950)SOVIET UNION (1949-1950)
REQUESTED A MILITARY REQUESTED A MILITARY ALLIANCEALLIANCE
SOUGHT ECONOMIC SOUGHT ECONOMIC ASSISTANCEASSISTANCE
SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET OCCUPATION OF CHINESE OCCUPATION OF CHINESE TERRITORYTERRITORY
DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITIONDIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION
STALIN NOT PLEASED STALIN NOT PLEASED WITH THIS TURN OF WITH THIS TURN OF EVENTSEVENTS DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE
COMMUNISTSCOMMUNISTS REMINDED HIM OF REMINDED HIM OF
YUGOSLAVIA AND TITOYUGOSLAVIA AND TITO MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET
INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIAINFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA RELATIONS REMAINED RELATIONS REMAINED
“FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC“FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC