Post on 16-Oct-2021
transcript
Appendix MAP SCALE AND PROJECTIONS Phillip C Muercke
U rud-(middot cm hut1G11l --n~ p1middotrl l iVtoiI if JUI
J tT~w11lirmiddot RI rbullr-1 mt middotb~ tb tit lir- tt1bullmlllfad bi ir1bullr Cd fmiddot~ri 1 _hmiddotl~s r h(11th 1 bull11J ((111llil lmiddot
11nrr 1i lnlmiddot1a1 mMh~rmniC$ nI -(l a j)b l(S l1d 1 t ( M( m~ iS (41~---1 cllbl11lt rJks t lh k middotI ~r infmiddot1r11 bullbull mcr lflibull bull~middotJ middot =1lt1 middotnoy l l~l 1t ii l()r-~laquo~lt ~ ltbullILT n -middot11middot --w- v1qi-n1h 1 tbullS-~ lt iJ s ~tgt(limiddot1l w- - lll)dl rnJ middotbet middot middotIrmiddot bi~~ -11J JJ1omigtr 11 siw middot- lntr for 1h- ~(middot 11 fo r11 Vf rnr i 1 At (I I 1111bull) ~ WI 1ru i It ~ 1h 1 Jv ~Ilt
lbullai J bullbe rirpi11g pKUh ldcu -r lt~u u~ nmi ltlkcr middot-lmiddotr A lm1l 1mt 11to i~ ea~ ir ~lllOttr~rl middotgtmiddotmiddot Ll~ c r11_ tr 1r 1f
uu(I mp~ ~ 1tltt JIHe ~rt l (1middot11gtmiddot1 1hmiddot c 11111 irml middot Ct ) (1 h11 1- h rin~ u1 _pn1--Lr 1t~I w~d J bull-lt -middotiii 1l1 lshy
11td dJlt -r bullhlt bullU it-~I -iuol~ 11n-l proj-1gt-w o tLt 111k ~middot11 r1r hi middot v1CC 1hmiddott b~tr 11~ 11k-~mI l ll tfmiddotr middotv-rlt~ $lli t JtU
Map Scale -iu n- -o 1 rr Jmiddotufelt ht 1h iui1-bull i l f vi our ~luut t w -11 ~ bull1tgt rih t1hmiddot 1middoty 11r lc _1 11middot111nlb~ Thu- bull-lt 1middot11f ~v~1-1~1 b _ l r wlw bull11- r ~ middotbullnffbull w 1-e iirr bullmiddott
f 11--uil1 C 1n 11~ middotI II 1 ~r lits uirbull ~tn-l middot hltr~ middot~ Lt Cur1~rrh )bull~111gt bullJs ~middotxcud )in bull r 1ui ~ u lt~r l$1)1~ ly k tic~ u bulllt-middot~ 11t srn fm s~mrJ igt131 wbull agt middot)obullmiddotu Tl11 ~~ IIbull~ il tll~ n11r Ji wtr i~1 middotbullee l~I 111xmon m middothe -j-t r ~-v t1h-bullo bull imiddotgt 1h l1bullrtftltmiddot~l)1~u bullle rur ltr 10bullc J ~ tL ~11(r th bullr ulI ll ip(ru v ~ iuap J 1d nUW )l Jcft~I T iito II~ r tL- I Ilk f Llbull t llW (
ll lw 11111 l tgt hbull 1is~U~~ bull 111 middotllh Mbullp ~ (middot$ Tl~~il middot klmiddot~ 1h11r ur bull(alt middotatbullgtlt ~eltus - lhmiddott tit_ rbull11 mtbullt middot~~u -~1 -11- bull11 uup rl t u~ Oillfnl tJ-bullt~~ M m~un bullnd ~v 1h11 11~~middot I ltt1w Lw 111-u1omiddotL middothe c~m-ah~ tbullpfs~
- 1111-r b
Real-World Measures middot n ibullmiddot cm 1t1lt 1sth1I sd~utut- fr It~ I ~-ill ~middot1gt1k fvmiddotr l1gt~t pbullmicrocs Ni Lt
u- rbull1r ef a iip frir iusuin~ r U ~ middotmrbullI ilic 1111111 iC ltmiddot 11middot fbulluo1v (tnl~ middot 1lt1M inI middotgtluYImiddotmiddot ibullbulldt eailll b1~ n hi11lt)J ti 1h1v((Jlmiddott-1n il cbull1~ rfal a -rl bull1 i1~111cn
1ipbK Cllf lttd II rfrltv1t1llbullmiddot- fraGm 1 w wl 1mmiddotbullrcbull111bull1 a ap -~nr gtbullllp~l- ~ uiti~ ~)1 1ht lol
t) Y middotbullmiddotbullmiddot1~ (1i tkouilt ~ltn hln_t~~ middot~ 1uJl t- i 11 11ib nw xxcpk 11~ 1bullgtpn~Mor middot J 11d middoto 10 tr ibJmiddot m~ middot I l mmiddoth
4 76
-~middot~tllJ ~ )I
i
~
ActMlllltl Ff(rt~middot l
j i~e~
L FIGURE Amiddot1 ~ 11(CllIT~111 l
11 1b ~ middot-~p laquo1-lt~111 iO ff~ ll 1lgtc N rbull~ (~Ifmiddot~ A-J~ is~1r l h C llsmiddot - J -middot t bullIM 1k ~ 1)~ 11 t hlt Mrmiddot bullb 1 11s bn
tu11r1d 1bt rtJ 1mtt middot_xdmiddot-middot-~ the l11yrr bullm11Ilt 6 h I 11n- rxp1c~s i11 ~auifnl 1rnt1- Sf lrh tud1lt r(Clbullh 1rtr Ami l bullll~ 1r l[Jb)eltT lmiddot~Jbulli $1~i bullbullbulltitllS 11middotbull middot1tl i1111i(I fol i bull-nr ~Jl1b middot1n - b1 ~ 111~ 11 p memiddot 1 riiib illra c-1 sbull~
-~n iibtt gt 01~ ii sutb 1 ~ t bJ 111ph i11~1llt rc11htF fo1
n0) ti l1 bull~t cd bull i1Wt 1-rhbull uf ruk U1ln r~r ~lA1 will- a wrlt sttkbullut tlt ot Ilt t~t h bull1m l ~middotJ A er111ii
fr11 l~UJJr- tlirrrl _+J$ ~middotr11p11tY)II f~lbull1i -is It( ~h 1iltk cr~ trriwttu ft ubullbullbull- )gt wmiddot middot- 1111itt1 inmiddotmiddot llllt~Sl~middotill iiJ wtll lo i i 111bull~fo tgtnhmiddot IYmiddot erinpa-J u bullb ~-d d lr i middotbe kt1tlh f J t~bullmiddot1 1i(dd~ 1u l v 2 IM or J1-~fgt1111d J~ 1hc n1bull11 hS1$TTgtmiddotr i J~ t~r 111f1h _-I 4 bulld1k ~s-n bullshy~nmiddoturJ iisunrr h 1 d mbull l oimiddot ~ rnmiddot1k ltriplii Ilt ii lcmiddot11(bull)lllr 1rtmiddot11rw h 11i~ c d -pU m~bhC$1 1 middot~ middot 11middot mmiddotbull - lktl w b middot~middot)r lrini middot~middotth r11bull 1b111 wirll t on~1ra 11lt~Jmiddot Tl- n1a~ 1tro11cJ vlmiddotlb J 1 1 ltgtp6~ ti
Rubenstein Appendix ndash Chapter 1
1 -pt-i ~-=k middot~ rI middoth t-s _11 prq-1ta __ 111-- hJJ rt i middot1 h ~ ~r 1f rh 11a a1 middot 1hna JJ lttJ1middotir1 middot1trE
11 t Ih i I folt lt a middotrp (f i lh~ 1r bull ~middotbullr-- tt--middot~-h middot Rr _ LI lff 111bullfh c l L-_) h ~hmiddot-11 LI- di~ t_ 1)1 1 h~ IT0f
a d rb~ ailmiddot11~ r thc 1c~11- in h-K tio) 1a1 ts-middotllIS Ll 1
Jf1 _~0(1 a~u 11 ~r l bull51iU~ T 1( 111i 1o _-li - t -middot1- i ~i_shyduu almiddotmiddot~bull- rdct- i hi i-~-- LI iImiddot--- Tllp bullu1 1111 -1middot-1 _ ratamiddot i bullJy- IY---- t middotmiddot -J 1r i~t t ~-L hi ~-11ih _q) 1r i1- n t T 1c=E Jt1tr1 a -middot _frru middotu I11)11- rirUCL rn 1 t h~ i middotx~l ir_ I h r- i1--LC ~IUi-i DI~ 1- map d i_ammiddotbull 11r -r_~rnmiddotl-bull bullnlldeg I bulllashyLimiddotbullt le middot 1 512 ~ Ih r- 1111 _ t )1ikbull -TI- _ ubull 1-m I 1mrmiddot ~middotK lL J ir -t- ~ middot ccn i1mbull ~r=- _hJi Ut~ ff 6U ((11 1r it- t h T-~--l J iI( li the middot1 ip I) ~ T6X1 j 1r1~ nn -h( _-middotLLL
i (rill LiLi a rntI- _bullmiddotiLtl Ll ) Ii f M~JJ i middot1-fII I mip-(1 _11shy
u 1middot1 imrJ l dtrn I ini (tL $0 l_1 ~t- 11~i~- J 1-p-~bullhl t- middot lJishy
lli1 Tln- in prai_Li - r--lh ti t rr middot r 1 1Jmiddotbullio u1 1--tishylJou11L -Irr -- --1 t f r11 1hbull --~u1J1irnl t-1 lI L11bullLiibullfbullJ I roll~d Ul ~i_-U lt ~ -n II i i- or IOLlihbullr- 1 iJL1-i~lJmiddot
middot~ fgt b --Ci)lnt 1hbull lOLC J1a1a~itl- 11~- a1il--_o vbullr1 Tl llmiddotiiJ I~ 11-- -~1JT_k1 [ i 1-middot1bull- in ~ 1ll s l-middot~ f
O n Ihi middot11 Jdt 1I- Rr- i ~od _middotr Gd1-ir1- Lr~pa middotbulli-1u LLo -n1m I ctisClllLt h~i _~ 1- ul c rn r-__ il ci ~ mlT~i fr 1 11 a ltL llrl ~ r - 1 bull iJ[Jilbull r i1i lrh 1 _-- LU~ J 1-nr__ b CLlsx11 1ht -P]l)C 11 Ih i mn- i ~ i J1rri -n r Y l Lia~ I~r Tu1= I tl i~ ammiddot~ -t ~ i l I t middot middot 1middot mip middotmiddotj l~L ar R1 -t llif 71 -bull0lmiddotLi ~il rlif a Q-m ila r-r bull -t A 126720 bullJuci sq 1Ldmiddot~ o) tix lkrabull1os I I I 11 _1 r r -h ILLl ttor r i- _) (iU rirh middot1 J1_ilr lhl annil Jj~Lr i a ti bull~XImiddot
(116) or la nir- C iDpl~Lmiddotl i1m 1f 11 1 1 (iu 1IJ- 1riihrtshymiddotmiddot11nl i t ~ 11 It- Cbullrn m1tc-r middota=ui~11la1i-r -n i111 gt i i rr p= I la11 m tt~il- _)r 11 1f riip middot= k
Guidegt to G eneralzatron -r- ~~=- ]alp rrrp 1 S middoti1Ja i~C _ftc- JL1LU I )f ~1( -=yih middotii a- limiddotTI w~t [ I ahL~11JY
aaJ 111-- n] -OLi- II ibull rn---r1~ LL L tre to t hm- _ t-1p- i~
8Ulr~ i I le - middotmiddot- bJ~-bull1 1J-~ r rgomiddotJi lflhJT~ _)_) j n JL -t Ol)lumiddotc] h- l1Cmiddot 11~ ( 1- bull --1 c 1~Lyen_ AlD rni II L Lbi 1gtr t--_-_ j I rn nnh1 1hlt1 io IJ_C1 rl_t ~ttJL)m r1r-middot Ll r
riu I T ch ~-a~t ra1ii inn rh-middot 1C)oer ti- - - ~ ll middot Lb -h - )~ i r 1i1~ rr ~ [ Sbullik ~Ii ~ rrltirff 1iL 1 ~ cr~I) S~1i_l1 1 bull_-middot ~ 2-~u middot ~ (-middot I_ -~- _wJriy ~ I -1 IJ ~~- I r-pg r1) L -l Jlld
r11~ 1i HI -1r~~--=ri1( U--P~- 17 - 1gh LL-lt middotriitL N l1 _YJ middotic
1-n Imiddot I -1 art~i 1middot1bull middot 11middot lir Llri-bulln tr r rtrr J i~iltl ~11middot1far ( middot -c-1ri Lkimiddot 11 11 11~l11 f r a _- -1 1 middotn _ -~ppli _r11-n- li1al bullq1middot1Imiddot iku1il1J and irr 11Ls map-_ imiddot -lmlu =middotmiddotnmiddotrr iamiddotmiddoti-ali an n rl )t lLr 1~ iltrbull
AL1h- I I ~ bullr (bull m-u ti ugt mir gtI 1 l gt_1k -ti- - -f le~ ltJm l middotl fl~~(IJ ah middoti 1p l)f i bull-lt-Yld tbiL ~rr t11 bull~ u 11In-- l bu ICI Tr ii _ -I tLaJ n- i1 middot ~a ~middot 0 1 l111- middot middotbullOL~ ti- r y1 tlbullul oJri rh m bullbullL l - l-_-i1t-l ih-middotc-bullL Tl-~y n ~
11 1-Tmiddotm 1 r ~11Kl w imiddotT -rnl u-lt1t 1 -r ) l-~1Jumiddot ti bull lll
rl -lil i r_)L n pw~CL ~ tcli1n1 N iJkm1bulldfa r~-ltli_- Lbull1i h-v~ bullili~ b L(T l l~-middot~xo Tl- l 1 t1X(l - i- ~ 1middot _J rwmiddot 1aoni rd~re-i~ nrl ~)l ulirJ p11~p ri ~
_)nmh- UUrtam i=r d i1a rJ Ir- 1 middotu imiddotaa ubull ocm- Tiu li JL -f i -~11- i1 tmiddot_ aumy rhmiddot ~ rillh7 1 1ux if middot 1-
middotbulli] y~1lltl -t- middotwn Ou a tJa-p thmiddot 1-- a-L C-J~~- -middot middot(bull1ui_Lt - )f
middot11 )llA ll
middot-1u~ ~
- 1C4lot I
rgoaoomiddot~ J
I I- I 11r t f - I r- A- =bomiddot- (JiV( h _n_middot t-f by ~LrJ ih i Ir_ c1mmiddot 1bull -t- vrc (bull 1m middot11~ () ~middot-~ mcbullL1 ~i I il ar o __ a ~ -vi rh11J a lm --gmiddot _ruG _middot)_ - m lnly lrdeg 11 ~1111r- ibull pl-c~middot i1 m i- wllL ~ ~pt- -nbull ct-_ d L[iclt110 h--tiir----r_ cl-~ _middot-1) ur foi ~ ~1i~1t bLC ll1tmiddot P11d 1 middot u ~p --bull middotrapil11 middotLilt
----
i111 ti Ltg d~~111rr lI on ti~ p 1i 11 ot -onmiddot ~r l (5) Ln 1n c- 1 f 10 Lm-~ tlMw 1deg11lCL 11J~1 l ithl lo-il ~1 u i i A thlt Li r1l i1-uumiddott _ lI X wd ] I t [ il f~OltCd ) JI ]bullrt~Cfll m-J~~ bull)h~- bulli 11 111bullll
ltlmiddotc11 1r1 in8J rars) bu 1 il t- u-1-iti11f_ly microoiJ r l- epound1dut-~ a 1 malii l ~lmiddot - lis 1-a d ~middoton~I i middot hr1middotcn 111~17 lt i t nid g1_p fJ~1~n-y br i ~ U5 t- ~ Iltpi j rr1middot r- - f xliaIS
Map Projections J lC ~1_1 hi LJ _ ~1r fa~ L dlC tmiddotarlh i- llomiddotr--TI )n f II JIla]- t J~U5 rf lrl Lp jLOr(~tkTllt 1111 -IO CS lt j t ll1L11f thr Llh ibull middot -- ~r Lily 1 prnf -1 t g--111-bull1 r 11il h 15 p1u re- 0 Llmiddot tcbull n Llo1 ot thLmiddot1-- Lrruub(ITl i Iiril Ll~Uds or -middot - ri JLi-i Yltc 1middot )Nit h~5 amiddot-r friLLid I pbull ftY I Cilrtir lh r n i-- LO kn 1 rl bull~~middot [-0 ~xnii] pic -1 d i1nbulli- ti -t on ki middot-middotmiddot r i1L1011Tr lvn 1 _J p-111aiJon hbullbull lc-c-u n avii rU middot middotJt 0 middot1 I~middot i Li-middot bTmiddotbull l---x 1bull11 c snfo -d J-r 111bull ~i centc tl$lt n =l [I unc _)T~-rr [ i~micro bull middot nf Ih t dl1 s ~ u [Kc- g- m-1rmiddotmiddot middot u1J1no1tbullr 1rr___bi c nbullf11 l I ) 1 uc~1thbull pn _je middot1fomiddot 1 1bull lLl l1deg - ii b id To mup ~=)LJ~tb og 1ha1 1L1bull1gtJ-cs Jiltlfil( f11r t gt bull1 qik a j)j ~1iul ~ho I lrl h- 1_- t l t1 whi- 1] i- shy
tmc -- i- 1Jul di~m 1middot-11 Iu =Jditi01 = m1p ll~L 511111 ld ht aJ k co c-gniX -~ h id J iqxc i i n =i1middot~ g_bullffn~J i 1- cc1ri a1Lu
__fi middoti11 JL( Ji=COI ilrl 1 1LC by ii ri LiiJ13r prtjl Ii1 bullL)lOCCS5
0173Tl~fll r Ih-Lobjc-civi- i~ ILIJL00 diffk1l I I vhk-v~
j
I I
(
bullbullbullbull I
~ f
Fl e l
FLGU RE A4 7 h I ~t ~=~ prrmiddot -middot~middot I r 111 ij f -=~ 111
11 ~- h dpli t i r1 )[ middoti -1~ 1i ri )l - p --Fimiddotm 1 i ~ 1 1bull r L ~middot r- --~ )-i uc- -f) f i 1ii 1hc bull rml bull~ t llJ Lb J rc-iuc 111 i -uiill Ir 1-(- middot-~ i11 ~ c ~i II ~qu1 L1 Lha-c cf I h-- ~i iLt cl 11 ~c up -~I I bullpi _ bull101-=M111 c 11 ( _Jobmiddot Jmiddot cl LL lo t]- tllt I _-r tl t
rll S- c-Jn(I 111 r ~k[x l middot Ibullmiddot rr1rd ltI LlC thn I ~m11iL 1 J n ishy
ibull1 )IJ I LL-L 011JO iI i bull a1Ullplhd middot1 -ilJtL Wlf Ir r tlu rt~ Jung 1middot1Li[1 rx lL irlts ~rt~i n Jtil bull bl-middot ~ybull ti l p p r ti -
Pe rspait ive Moda Is farJy ITi bull11_1icriomiddotmiddot - w - r- sm1ieshy
l i11fi aCiL~il wi11 1 1ti ~Lmiddot -J bull p i i -pc-hmiddot 1~11-1 Lid - t-m bull11i1middot lli~ hi 11f d [u - ri dcn -lbullmiddot1 nmiddot1d 1- middot~mj-r in ~ ~-middot r llll1SU1middot (~tb_l-cd l f bull1 k 1l-- l ~ chcrr 11 w i l 1bull ~r- ~1 -1 pk)llt il ll[ -r dipiytJ ti CbullJ l bullI It I-0(l tC) Taplmiddoti middotmiddot n io- 1) - n- p 1 r microcrsp middotJmiddotimiddotbull lt i~ sew 11~1middot1111 iu l 111 middotin V]Jlll
DLil [= imiddot01 -comiddot1= 1k Lomiddotrr--rc-r Th middotJ~- i roii--rnm m tl 11 bullil-i r-rcshy
otcc1 iI111~ Ia ~d ~ middot wiI amp =IIL(~Cl lly 1~1td lJh ~ middottee- lU
(tI gtlL=ldoW w 1 l r i_lc--u-11 11d 11 I ~m I IJI iIuil middotmiddot11uL i11 iibull ic irlt rihmiddot -n s rn pmu glol~
111c IJCmiddot1bullbull d 1 pcrsr--r middot =middot~ 1microi--1 fie dlt-plr- J fJ uli r1~ S pn_jlI i bullILcUIllti- Jmiddotha I i~ Ila ( j thi I Lid lI ( [~C( Tll li Wi th-11t middotbvrrL Th lt L) 11 ~middotLirI- a1ul p lane- p 1bullmiddot~-middot- L~LuC )ULJ1
1tl ml gtL bull - rn~~ -middot hJ cJr- g~nlt1 ] ihC5 IJ mip pn j _ Ii-Ui 0 1 middot~ -~ ~ bull i_ i mrl I~-~middotmiddot ~c-r r=-i lJ 11iii~ FlgJJ( -~
sh ffi 1l1uii cl Cl middot1p--_ _ middotli r-1 ~ ~IJ llh 8 fa l~ r- lrl md icJ
middot 5 middot~th 11 - -1 Uip ( I IhrnJ-- lb~ wil lt J6 J- uoc of r---rshy- rw middot1i bullt oriin i t ip 1-- il - [O Cmiddot-111 -i1- upcrti- 1)1 I II -LimlJshy
1[ a d plma 1 J=$SC (T-iipbull rr ~-6) T1 Hlatknh 1r h L trn thl fl rl 1joC1JC r rfLta ll~L tbc
Llloctc-1 i 1middot ih t bull1Jlc -r lirw tf _- tiui- c middoti~ riL d bc-au =- d ii l Jmiddoti~ ri f middotft( 11 r bull11 tLl C- c 1middoth ltmiddot I1ci1~ middot omiddot ii ~- 1t lll1cDi middot l 1__1 n rJ 1m riic C- w i11middot il1 1bullmcc- ~n m L =tl p--ir 1middot 1r lLJi
Tk 1l LCmiddotlldJc n ibull i[ iuttl -1r Ihi ~-yli 1- r i I middotud pmiddotimlt
ch-1s~- d pij ~uo =- =n Imiddot lj=u- -7 TFI11 - 1m lut or lin ol -inmiddot ln L i-- f1g_~ 1c )uc c-tbc-r 1middoti Iibull~1 on c~1-- _glht middot_ d i-1 middot Ci-bull pi11rm wll L-middot-- 11bull 1ltd 01 trI ri-1 pos ti igtr bu i -~I n-11iu t1- ~~rn~ ~f bull1 u1i r~l f rm Tb~ 11 t1bullriri ~- pn j-=x-tio 0-1 t hbull Utl i l 1DCC T1lt 11 1l1 inhl IJ rl i cm m i11CLJZI Ihi-1ffvii omiddot -mgt[Ii )u dJsco r tkri ALL~ r -oin i1r~ tLmiddot reo~ middott ro~ 1i)11 ~11pc- l~ri i Ii 11 ~ it m h a -1middot-c imiddot-p nioikl ait r~ ] 1ng th - middot 11 1 1cLi riitic Ili I1di ti ~gtttbullrn ~middoti pr 1bull1de i)tshyi-Jr r 1_i1 ibullLL ll(C(~~llT~ 11 iqC-J)i~v ldegfI~r r_~n Ii II ct lo rti I
Pre-serv-ed Pmprti-es C I uu=p middot1gtjbullrl i JI) tlJ j I Lchr Ibull ctc-pk 1middot 1h t --mctrmiddot )f 11 1gt (fU lLr ra-c c 11LUd hjlI l~
I middot
-----1 ~middotmiddotmiddot - _ I - --i- -middot bullbull
i -middotmiddotmiddot Ccn lc
l1 11-9 - - middot shy
middot~ 1
J ~
FIGLIRJ A-6 11~ middot I Imiddot bullmiddot ii lt middot1 middot-lmI d ilI Ibulli 1 rj middot i111 bull
1111 1im middotI i11 bull_ 11 ---J 1cL-ri to1ri -_i - (_~middotbull
FIGURE 14-7 1 -( L L igt lLn~ ir i~r-rrr lr 1 j middot im middot-gt ~1 middot -i bulllrk - ~ In~1mr-6- ~ 1 h - 1middot i 1 I ~-bull 1fr_l ~rf 11_bull
~middotr bull-- 1hbull ~ -1ti~ rttJJncs o( l i~LIL~bull ihnh--1- -n ~1~ r nT 1 j1~111 l~y 1 1111aL - ri - di y laquoccir -l -Lcd 1 i tlolw bbullJ L i ibull- n -1 1 px-i blc- ou a tlu 1JLII1 middot middoti ])11)~TI( 11 middotmiddoti- ri t--r l-~JnJlc a hl~J1 rakt r ri 11 Jbull 1 -f ( Ir -r hu hpCi LL IL ~ at-ll id -l 1a 1e u1 r nm ~ -~ middotmiddot-~5-1rc-d OU Lh~ ~llmr m~p- Tgt~middot-=irt b -inction rni duu-middot n 1m J oint ~T(~ ln115[ x middot d iL(~1 J
~JL11i l1 ~I I ) r- ro--lt~rI -- ~ 1rO-li a~ d 11 U i 11 rn 1rri ~ _-lli111 I i1tr ~-~ i tc b~ di~WIT~ t gt 11 u~ 111 -1middot l1r~ mrta ~
_middotcncUJmiddots -= 1 Jl 11 - li m Jrorr - r-~middot pc lr i-1) 1111iI II I Ii---_ 11 -middot i gtfo middot- prmi ntit-bull ~-lictonsli ijo- m ic -ibull1 on sU 11ar iT~1c--riou 1]i Lriik i 111 pl 1 ibull thn- dJGco1mrni ii ~- ~ cli middot ill ilW th k lc irupa-c --u UJ I -1gta iJ I r~I ~i in~hmiddotpc n1 bull1ai ic ch- mamiddot u1 J 11 1r- I~l
vmiddotr m J I 1 middotlrbullFn l whc-u -re 1J~ -micro=Liii Irrrn- h ~(ll ~i th egt
P ==J tl middot-~-= tl-ty H-11middotJ u 11 ht on tu ing T ~ ~-oilmiddot middot d Lb f-l uiliamiddot plmi ibullmiddot vbullry 11-middoth-middotal middotwm th8 l or a -ph ngt ~--1 bullmiddotl
F-~GIJRli A-a middot ti 1 h 1middot - ~r-J laquoLix- -vrrrr ~ bull ~-111 _ 1 middotL~ui1 I 1middot bull i1 middot middotmiddotr 11 11 1) 1( ~ 1irJiYi middot -~i -1~ middot bull middot
middot tkr I11 ii n~p [D I ~ WC 1ro Ill lC- I l11i l i11 J 11bullf n-J C- t- ch ~[J ~riul l ~imiddotcl1 h middot-middota middot1111nl1l I s ht1p~-prccr-crp p1 i 1ri -shyion o~ i-im plo- ibull 1n11 fn l co Jo cal J-_1 middot(---ul1ibull lb t r~btshyaq-~l - middotm bull ing it lt1c t 11di middotuJ k 11 t i1 l~ lin~ -- b11t doc LC-L p middot~itLYo slipt- I 1m 1ir1-middotnri I 11 g lobciJ leplusmn_ A 1li~1 rn o- Jgtr~ lt r in- rrcj ti lt-n --~1 JmiddotJCCJ-middot LLi1 p n bullp-r lJ rnrn c c pom middot _m middotchc- ruap ri ll LUJlt- i i1n~bull ir fmm ~ J1middot1mb-r of lgt fJ UJ ir1 -rmiddot
ttI d1re111 r1 i l-1t rit~Jl( C- Clll LLlt~[ b i= 1--_-r r--] i11 tr grmiddot11c-r~ ~1 ~ l l l~ rnn 1 E prt-1bull1-~ I) in-tk U em ~Gmiddot b~ xfT~fr
Uf pr0 i-r middotrd ri 11 1_- jrigi poin o m i tmiddot ral ( i11 middot1 imiddotn frmr n 1rn bl ei p om 1r nr1 I1 bull111 ii l ~liJ li im11t1n-ouI T1u1 ~ h=ip middot- Jiamiddot1 11o Pr ~linbull middotti T-~K$CLriy pri ito Ii gtn ~ L u1l1f11l t1 1h-1bull abull p1ry--r tk onI lLL plLI L
P~1ti$l trmJ- ln IllgtL Ih o- orll -n r[ll-= K middotC Of Ult1LIS (~1 m Li II P
l -11~ t iri lo 1 fl 1 1 1_1middot middot~icc- ouc p 1- lidi u- ~- gtk i1 1h11middot tr111 shyr-r ~ti-- by ex Llgtiu Ir aiI Ih I mbull middotFmiddoto 1= idc-nJ lc- l ll L1 l~)I sp-Jtk appl lc-ci1iin 11- -of tisc- is tb fou i)u- -h1[1~ 1Tshy
i I_g_ ) middotrcwr r ~i~~IIJ I ( [-J t] lf _ i 111 11middotbulll ii ltlr i1 ] POCiccci~n rU i ~ LYr- m a1l r11 11 i1tll) a Lh l YbullS so cllar a ~111111rno-s l1cine ~1 ll~d TfrmI Jmc- bi l middot~~CLLu1_ 1-middot- fl im lU tlK -==r 1- t-O lld p 0 0Llt ~ni~l middot1lirlI - r lh~ TI1 lf J-1t md l L 11bullmiddot
i~middotLLbull~ l lri lil~ ~n-1 f i- loobull ltOlUo i Li iLltt 11 1 it iri amiddot1d d tishyn ti T)_ b1 t it - a 1J1j ~--r_J a 11-~ ~-p n - j t middotcmiddot-mi ~11il l ~IA gtL_ LICI l)il rl j Ih- TI1_~ in o [llE ]J (1_11L Lilbullmiddotll ( -tr _I r1 ii rni1middot1 in 1middoti~m-- - -8) Al tl 01Ji1 I 1~ 1-nmiddot1 Igtr -n j-~r1ion J5 1dJm L-i lil s ritcd tol US 111Igt 1-i~-l [-l lyY---- it _i cts1middotuJ bu ir1appmrr -li ll Ll ~Y rIr i u-n~ticn-t pu7)r =~ ha~ ] middotJI middot1 r rem di L0
cridc-mt lJ t ~1 - r 1 i aJ~O lLC-Wll umiddotmiddoti~I i 11 l[ fa ii pl3-
ir 1eiici1 bull1th Lht middotbullbullli_amiddotmiddotmiddot r middot ha rwtvri citdeg ot -hO-t middot 11
-bu LC~L bullltgtr flt JI rinmiddot Imiddotbull) middot~u cc rnr01 1 1u ~ 1bull)1gt Li in 1bull (1middot
1middot~ bullnTth ~ ~ ~tr ugtc lti~ _ )11 ~i-o- 1 nr bull n~-middot igtor tiI5C micro N Lh12 grca[ d 1~k L(~llr ~ l--111middot~ --rigi1 and -middoti~LUJ~ LiA 11 1 11 a ~rl(l shyrr n r prij--cimiddot-J) Fi_u lt A-i 1r1middot l~ xr middoth - tr=-m for Lb i
l t i- 111 l 11 1r 11 M u ~1rr pr---1u~ r1 -r _t- cncmiU~middot appaJa ~ ~ i ll bull-~iFi1 A ( l-- 11 ) rn1 1-i ri al Ibull- u~i11 11 LL-ai l1 -lii11 ~ -
_ I bull i f)
en c 1y coLmiddot-11ct ~1 ~-Ypro -irr ti ---r - thr ~- - 11 ro-- (I rhbull 11 rlJ I pi LI ~_m -~middot-imicro Li1 LlL~ --~1ulLL l our i([middotr lCll
otigiT nd lt1~middot51in~1 1 th TI bull11 middot-~middotmiddot-~ f1l11 _ i 11 1 middotmiddotw middot1r~iimiddot1r
I I I ~--r- ~ I
I
bulllJ ~--
FIGURE Ar9 ~1 t1=m-middot1middotmiddot - ~=i~1middot 11 t -1 -111 I middot - 1 1-- _ bull1 1-=bullj 1 if11 bull -i h i lu i b r~ c- r__o 1middot-~r--
-1-g mtn l- f 1r 1~bull- - J liLl 1naki Lf ltliLtLi L1 1~l (1 LtiLi 1JL
b-r-tmiddotccr cgn-11ts rK t he f 1_t r r m_i-middotrim lhlt (111 ia ilrl
w 1)11 ~1i p r ~j1i Li )1 iL1o1Li OLid _pL1al opc-rrlc ~ ~-middotcHly t i- it ~h(- Id n- t I 1i-d r r my [1 11 x I )lhr middot- II a- i al i1111
rn 1llLL Ll C8DOJ1S
Projections Used in Te-iitboQki -1bull~ mh middotrr 1p r rt-_ ltfLoll --3 mor b ihe -t dtst-1-ckn i m J1~itc1t one- c-r ibull i Il l p11liJ [ rlr li middot [ 1middot-- 1~ 11middotmiddot1 lll~n ~ l~nm ldy r 111 11 r fDp n~ nc S8rif-cd The tw pr-i(ctkns 1middots-rl for x tt ~ClilJt 1hr middot11g_lmiddot u1 middot igt kgt 1h- ] il11Ji l r~ lfmiddot 111~1I ~1ni middotd I ~middot)1lP~ lhr r-(i-1 11 pr~~--~(tf m -h-n it1 ri~lI( bullbull H) - lw 11bull 1(I 1hr )lbull 1 l L~middotl lte~ H siJ -Lii vbullS ara a_--- IJ =ic-hmiddot 1cbomiddot1_l i PLYC-~ th~ ~mp1 CS$i middotn th~ I I ht --- 11ih1 bullmiddot11fo1middotL 11Jbull middotmiddot-~ rl I II n ft ~l o- 11 u l
fubullLLbull I id 11~c 111e n aortS tu Flgt C A-1(bullhff- occn pl -- 1 Ln th~ m1_i1sr 1gtrJI il- ilJ-bull i11~ X middotmiddotI ill ILil t I lh t l _j l i ] IILImiddotlgt t~ ( k~m ltmiddotE -ould be iannd nm-1d lrybull pk--irg irti-r11p1k-n in th~ [ 111 1irllr I- ( il - iiu- I I h~ I p~ ii in rupl oltl 1bullt-1_lt ~Ll J gtbulli 1l-middot dt01cs roJrti r~ ~ti i-n 5hip5 (_11~-- middot 11 tly i (l -n bullT1 I)-1middot on~ 1he TO]) fT ri =- rt di=tr-nc fl tmiddot~ciou mi sb1-12 amiddot IJ) (l ~Lgtr l~d lbullJ 1-ryi II 11 b~~r li Ir 1li IOI I f sn f(d I YI 11 III imiddot11middot middot-
rhar ot cylmdraJ prajc~ci n iltb tl1-- cqr100Lid z- --r ht mo~t rmicro(Lh fl) 11 - rt-bull1~ t1 L1ti1 ~1-i~ Jmiddot t 1 -
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
1 -pt-i ~-=k middot~ rI middoth t-s _11 prq-1ta __ 111-- hJJ rt i middot1 h ~ ~r 1f rh 11a a1 middot 1hna JJ lttJ1middotir1 middot1trE
11 t Ih i I folt lt a middotrp (f i lh~ 1r bull ~middotbullr-- tt--middot~-h middot Rr _ LI lff 111bullfh c l L-_) h ~hmiddot-11 LI- di~ t_ 1)1 1 h~ IT0f
a d rb~ ailmiddot11~ r thc 1c~11- in h-K tio) 1a1 ts-middotllIS Ll 1
Jf1 _~0(1 a~u 11 ~r l bull51iU~ T 1( 111i 1o _-li - t -middot1- i ~i_shyduu almiddotmiddot~bull- rdct- i hi i-~-- LI iImiddot--- Tllp bullu1 1111 -1middot-1 _ ratamiddot i bullJy- IY---- t middotmiddot -J 1r i~t t ~-L hi ~-11ih _q) 1r i1- n t T 1c=E Jt1tr1 a -middot _frru middotu I11)11- rirUCL rn 1 t h~ i middotx~l ir_ I h r- i1--LC ~IUi-i DI~ 1- map d i_ammiddotbull 11r -r_~rnmiddotl-bull bullnlldeg I bulllashyLimiddotbullt le middot 1 512 ~ Ih r- 1111 _ t )1ikbull -TI- _ ubull 1-m I 1mrmiddot ~middotK lL J ir -t- ~ middot ccn i1mbull ~r=- _hJi Ut~ ff 6U ((11 1r it- t h T-~--l J iI( li the middot1 ip I) ~ T6X1 j 1r1~ nn -h( _-middotLLL
i (rill LiLi a rntI- _bullmiddotiLtl Ll ) Ii f M~JJ i middot1-fII I mip-(1 _11shy
u 1middot1 imrJ l dtrn I ini (tL $0 l_1 ~t- 11~i~- J 1-p-~bullhl t- middot lJishy
lli1 Tln- in prai_Li - r--lh ti t rr middot r 1 1Jmiddotbullio u1 1--tishylJou11L -Irr -- --1 t f r11 1hbull --~u1J1irnl t-1 lI L11bullLiibullfbullJ I roll~d Ul ~i_-U lt ~ -n II i i- or IOLlihbullr- 1 iJL1-i~lJmiddot
middot~ fgt b --Ci)lnt 1hbull lOLC J1a1a~itl- 11~- a1il--_o vbullr1 Tl llmiddotiiJ I~ 11-- -~1JT_k1 [ i 1-middot1bull- in ~ 1ll s l-middot~ f
O n Ihi middot11 Jdt 1I- Rr- i ~od _middotr Gd1-ir1- Lr~pa middotbulli-1u LLo -n1m I ctisClllLt h~i _~ 1- ul c rn r-__ il ci ~ mlT~i fr 1 11 a ltL llrl ~ r - 1 bull iJ[Jilbull r i1i lrh 1 _-- LU~ J 1-nr__ b CLlsx11 1ht -P]l)C 11 Ih i mn- i ~ i J1rri -n r Y l Lia~ I~r Tu1= I tl i~ ammiddot~ -t ~ i l I t middot middot 1middot mip middotmiddotj l~L ar R1 -t llif 71 -bull0lmiddotLi ~il rlif a Q-m ila r-r bull -t A 126720 bullJuci sq 1Ldmiddot~ o) tix lkrabull1os I I I 11 _1 r r -h ILLl ttor r i- _) (iU rirh middot1 J1_ilr lhl annil Jj~Lr i a ti bull~XImiddot
(116) or la nir- C iDpl~Lmiddotl i1m 1f 11 1 1 (iu 1IJ- 1riihrtshymiddotmiddot11nl i t ~ 11 It- Cbullrn m1tc-r middota=ui~11la1i-r -n i111 gt i i rr p= I la11 m tt~il- _)r 11 1f riip middot= k
Guidegt to G eneralzatron -r- ~~=- ]alp rrrp 1 S middoti1Ja i~C _ftc- JL1LU I )f ~1( -=yih middotii a- limiddotTI w~t [ I ahL~11JY
aaJ 111-- n] -OLi- II ibull rn---r1~ LL L tre to t hm- _ t-1p- i~
8Ulr~ i I le - middotmiddot- bJ~-bull1 1J-~ r rgomiddotJi lflhJT~ _)_) j n JL -t Ol)lumiddotc] h- l1Cmiddot 11~ ( 1- bull --1 c 1~Lyen_ AlD rni II L Lbi 1gtr t--_-_ j I rn nnh1 1hlt1 io IJ_C1 rl_t ~ttJL)m r1r-middot Ll r
riu I T ch ~-a~t ra1ii inn rh-middot 1C)oer ti- - - ~ ll middot Lb -h - )~ i r 1i1~ rr ~ [ Sbullik ~Ii ~ rrltirff 1iL 1 ~ cr~I) S~1i_l1 1 bull_-middot ~ 2-~u middot ~ (-middot I_ -~- _wJriy ~ I -1 IJ ~~- I r-pg r1) L -l Jlld
r11~ 1i HI -1r~~--=ri1( U--P~- 17 - 1gh LL-lt middotriitL N l1 _YJ middotic
1-n Imiddot I -1 art~i 1middot1bull middot 11middot lir Llri-bulln tr r rtrr J i~iltl ~11middot1far ( middot -c-1ri Lkimiddot 11 11 11~l11 f r a _- -1 1 middotn _ -~ppli _r11-n- li1al bullq1middot1Imiddot iku1il1J and irr 11Ls map-_ imiddot -lmlu =middotmiddotnmiddotrr iamiddotmiddoti-ali an n rl )t lLr 1~ iltrbull
AL1h- I I ~ bullr (bull m-u ti ugt mir gtI 1 l gt_1k -ti- - -f le~ ltJm l middotl fl~~(IJ ah middoti 1p l)f i bull-lt-Yld tbiL ~rr t11 bull~ u 11In-- l bu ICI Tr ii _ -I tLaJ n- i1 middot ~a ~middot 0 1 l111- middot middotbullOL~ ti- r y1 tlbullul oJri rh m bullbullL l - l-_-i1t-l ih-middotc-bullL Tl-~y n ~
11 1-Tmiddotm 1 r ~11Kl w imiddotT -rnl u-lt1t 1 -r ) l-~1Jumiddot ti bull lll
rl -lil i r_)L n pw~CL ~ tcli1n1 N iJkm1bulldfa r~-ltli_- Lbull1i h-v~ bullili~ b L(T l l~-middot~xo Tl- l 1 t1X(l - i- ~ 1middot _J rwmiddot 1aoni rd~re-i~ nrl ~)l ulirJ p11~p ri ~
_)nmh- UUrtam i=r d i1a rJ Ir- 1 middotu imiddotaa ubull ocm- Tiu li JL -f i -~11- i1 tmiddot_ aumy rhmiddot ~ rillh7 1 1ux if middot 1-
middotbulli] y~1lltl -t- middotwn Ou a tJa-p thmiddot 1-- a-L C-J~~- -middot middot(bull1ui_Lt - )f
middot11 )llA ll
middot-1u~ ~
- 1C4lot I
rgoaoomiddot~ J
I I- I 11r t f - I r- A- =bomiddot- (JiV( h _n_middot t-f by ~LrJ ih i Ir_ c1mmiddot 1bull -t- vrc (bull 1m middot11~ () ~middot-~ mcbullL1 ~i I il ar o __ a ~ -vi rh11J a lm --gmiddot _ruG _middot)_ - m lnly lrdeg 11 ~1111r- ibull pl-c~middot i1 m i- wllL ~ ~pt- -nbull ct-_ d L[iclt110 h--tiir----r_ cl-~ _middot-1) ur foi ~ ~1i~1t bLC ll1tmiddot P11d 1 middot u ~p --bull middotrapil11 middotLilt
----
i111 ti Ltg d~~111rr lI on ti~ p 1i 11 ot -onmiddot ~r l (5) Ln 1n c- 1 f 10 Lm-~ tlMw 1deg11lCL 11J~1 l ithl lo-il ~1 u i i A thlt Li r1l i1-uumiddott _ lI X wd ] I t [ il f~OltCd ) JI ]bullrt~Cfll m-J~~ bull)h~- bulli 11 111bullll
ltlmiddotc11 1r1 in8J rars) bu 1 il t- u-1-iti11f_ly microoiJ r l- epound1dut-~ a 1 malii l ~lmiddot - lis 1-a d ~middoton~I i middot hr1middotcn 111~17 lt i t nid g1_p fJ~1~n-y br i ~ U5 t- ~ Iltpi j rr1middot r- - f xliaIS
Map Projections J lC ~1_1 hi LJ _ ~1r fa~ L dlC tmiddotarlh i- llomiddotr--TI )n f II JIla]- t J~U5 rf lrl Lp jLOr(~tkTllt 1111 -IO CS lt j t ll1L11f thr Llh ibull middot -- ~r Lily 1 prnf -1 t g--111-bull1 r 11il h 15 p1u re- 0 Llmiddot tcbull n Llo1 ot thLmiddot1-- Lrruub(ITl i Iiril Ll~Uds or -middot - ri JLi-i Yltc 1middot )Nit h~5 amiddot-r friLLid I pbull ftY I Cilrtir lh r n i-- LO kn 1 rl bull~~middot [-0 ~xnii] pic -1 d i1nbulli- ti -t on ki middot-middotmiddot r i1L1011Tr lvn 1 _J p-111aiJon hbullbull lc-c-u n avii rU middot middotJt 0 middot1 I~middot i Li-middot bTmiddotbull l---x 1bull11 c snfo -d J-r 111bull ~i centc tl$lt n =l [I unc _)T~-rr [ i~micro bull middot nf Ih t dl1 s ~ u [Kc- g- m-1rmiddotmiddot middot u1J1no1tbullr 1rr___bi c nbullf11 l I ) 1 uc~1thbull pn _je middot1fomiddot 1 1bull lLl l1deg - ii b id To mup ~=)LJ~tb og 1ha1 1L1bull1gtJ-cs Jiltlfil( f11r t gt bull1 qik a j)j ~1iul ~ho I lrl h- 1_- t l t1 whi- 1] i- shy
tmc -- i- 1Jul di~m 1middot-11 Iu =Jditi01 = m1p ll~L 511111 ld ht aJ k co c-gniX -~ h id J iqxc i i n =i1middot~ g_bullffn~J i 1- cc1ri a1Lu
__fi middoti11 JL( Ji=COI ilrl 1 1LC by ii ri LiiJ13r prtjl Ii1 bullL)lOCCS5
0173Tl~fll r Ih-Lobjc-civi- i~ ILIJL00 diffk1l I I vhk-v~
j
I I
(
bullbullbullbull I
~ f
Fl e l
FLGU RE A4 7 h I ~t ~=~ prrmiddot -middot~middot I r 111 ij f -=~ 111
11 ~- h dpli t i r1 )[ middoti -1~ 1i ri )l - p --Fimiddotm 1 i ~ 1 1bull r L ~middot r- --~ )-i uc- -f) f i 1ii 1hc bull rml bull~ t llJ Lb J rc-iuc 111 i -uiill Ir 1-(- middot-~ i11 ~ c ~i II ~qu1 L1 Lha-c cf I h-- ~i iLt cl 11 ~c up -~I I bullpi _ bull101-=M111 c 11 ( _Jobmiddot Jmiddot cl LL lo t]- tllt I _-r tl t
rll S- c-Jn(I 111 r ~k[x l middot Ibullmiddot rr1rd ltI LlC thn I ~m11iL 1 J n ishy
ibull1 )IJ I LL-L 011JO iI i bull a1Ullplhd middot1 -ilJtL Wlf Ir r tlu rt~ Jung 1middot1Li[1 rx lL irlts ~rt~i n Jtil bull bl-middot ~ybull ti l p p r ti -
Pe rspait ive Moda Is farJy ITi bull11_1icriomiddotmiddot - w - r- sm1ieshy
l i11fi aCiL~il wi11 1 1ti ~Lmiddot -J bull p i i -pc-hmiddot 1~11-1 Lid - t-m bull11i1middot lli~ hi 11f d [u - ri dcn -lbullmiddot1 nmiddot1d 1- middot~mj-r in ~ ~-middot r llll1SU1middot (~tb_l-cd l f bull1 k 1l-- l ~ chcrr 11 w i l 1bull ~r- ~1 -1 pk)llt il ll[ -r dipiytJ ti CbullJ l bullI It I-0(l tC) Taplmiddoti middotmiddot n io- 1) - n- p 1 r microcrsp middotJmiddotimiddotbull lt i~ sew 11~1middot1111 iu l 111 middotin V]Jlll
DLil [= imiddot01 -comiddot1= 1k Lomiddotrr--rc-r Th middotJ~- i roii--rnm m tl 11 bullil-i r-rcshy
otcc1 iI111~ Ia ~d ~ middot wiI amp =IIL(~Cl lly 1~1td lJh ~ middottee- lU
(tI gtlL=ldoW w 1 l r i_lc--u-11 11d 11 I ~m I IJI iIuil middotmiddot11uL i11 iibull ic irlt rihmiddot -n s rn pmu glol~
111c IJCmiddot1bullbull d 1 pcrsr--r middot =middot~ 1microi--1 fie dlt-plr- J fJ uli r1~ S pn_jlI i bullILcUIllti- Jmiddotha I i~ Ila ( j thi I Lid lI ( [~C( Tll li Wi th-11t middotbvrrL Th lt L) 11 ~middotLirI- a1ul p lane- p 1bullmiddot~-middot- L~LuC )ULJ1
1tl ml gtL bull - rn~~ -middot hJ cJr- g~nlt1 ] ihC5 IJ mip pn j _ Ii-Ui 0 1 middot~ -~ ~ bull i_ i mrl I~-~middotmiddot ~c-r r=-i lJ 11iii~ FlgJJ( -~
sh ffi 1l1uii cl Cl middot1p--_ _ middotli r-1 ~ ~IJ llh 8 fa l~ r- lrl md icJ
middot 5 middot~th 11 - -1 Uip ( I IhrnJ-- lb~ wil lt J6 J- uoc of r---rshy- rw middot1i bullt oriin i t ip 1-- il - [O Cmiddot-111 -i1- upcrti- 1)1 I II -LimlJshy
1[ a d plma 1 J=$SC (T-iipbull rr ~-6) T1 Hlatknh 1r h L trn thl fl rl 1joC1JC r rfLta ll~L tbc
Llloctc-1 i 1middot ih t bull1Jlc -r lirw tf _- tiui- c middoti~ riL d bc-au =- d ii l Jmiddoti~ ri f middotft( 11 r bull11 tLl C- c 1middoth ltmiddot I1ci1~ middot omiddot ii ~- 1t lll1cDi middot l 1__1 n rJ 1m riic C- w i11middot il1 1bullmcc- ~n m L =tl p--ir 1middot 1r lLJi
Tk 1l LCmiddotlldJc n ibull i[ iuttl -1r Ihi ~-yli 1- r i I middotud pmiddotimlt
ch-1s~- d pij ~uo =- =n Imiddot lj=u- -7 TFI11 - 1m lut or lin ol -inmiddot ln L i-- f1g_~ 1c )uc c-tbc-r 1middoti Iibull~1 on c~1-- _glht middot_ d i-1 middot Ci-bull pi11rm wll L-middot-- 11bull 1ltd 01 trI ri-1 pos ti igtr bu i -~I n-11iu t1- ~~rn~ ~f bull1 u1i r~l f rm Tb~ 11 t1bullriri ~- pn j-=x-tio 0-1 t hbull Utl i l 1DCC T1lt 11 1l1 inhl IJ rl i cm m i11CLJZI Ihi-1ffvii omiddot -mgt[Ii )u dJsco r tkri ALL~ r -oin i1r~ tLmiddot reo~ middott ro~ 1i)11 ~11pc- l~ri i Ii 11 ~ it m h a -1middot-c imiddot-p nioikl ait r~ ] 1ng th - middot 11 1 1cLi riitic Ili I1di ti ~gtttbullrn ~middoti pr 1bull1de i)tshyi-Jr r 1_i1 ibullLL ll(C(~~llT~ 11 iqC-J)i~v ldegfI~r r_~n Ii II ct lo rti I
Pre-serv-ed Pmprti-es C I uu=p middot1gtjbullrl i JI) tlJ j I Lchr Ibull ctc-pk 1middot 1h t --mctrmiddot )f 11 1gt (fU lLr ra-c c 11LUd hjlI l~
I middot
-----1 ~middotmiddotmiddot - _ I - --i- -middot bullbull
i -middotmiddotmiddot Ccn lc
l1 11-9 - - middot shy
middot~ 1
J ~
FIGLIRJ A-6 11~ middot I Imiddot bullmiddot ii lt middot1 middot-lmI d ilI Ibulli 1 rj middot i111 bull
1111 1im middotI i11 bull_ 11 ---J 1cL-ri to1ri -_i - (_~middotbull
FIGURE 14-7 1 -( L L igt lLn~ ir i~r-rrr lr 1 j middot im middot-gt ~1 middot -i bulllrk - ~ In~1mr-6- ~ 1 h - 1middot i 1 I ~-bull 1fr_l ~rf 11_bull
~middotr bull-- 1hbull ~ -1ti~ rttJJncs o( l i~LIL~bull ihnh--1- -n ~1~ r nT 1 j1~111 l~y 1 1111aL - ri - di y laquoccir -l -Lcd 1 i tlolw bbullJ L i ibull- n -1 1 px-i blc- ou a tlu 1JLII1 middot middoti ])11)~TI( 11 middotmiddoti- ri t--r l-~JnJlc a hl~J1 rakt r ri 11 Jbull 1 -f ( Ir -r hu hpCi LL IL ~ at-ll id -l 1a 1e u1 r nm ~ -~ middotmiddot-~5-1rc-d OU Lh~ ~llmr m~p- Tgt~middot-=irt b -inction rni duu-middot n 1m J oint ~T(~ ln115[ x middot d iL(~1 J
~JL11i l1 ~I I ) r- ro--lt~rI -- ~ 1rO-li a~ d 11 U i 11 rn 1rri ~ _-lli111 I i1tr ~-~ i tc b~ di~WIT~ t gt 11 u~ 111 -1middot l1r~ mrta ~
_middotcncUJmiddots -= 1 Jl 11 - li m Jrorr - r-~middot pc lr i-1) 1111iI II I Ii---_ 11 -middot i gtfo middot- prmi ntit-bull ~-lictonsli ijo- m ic -ibull1 on sU 11ar iT~1c--riou 1]i Lriik i 111 pl 1 ibull thn- dJGco1mrni ii ~- ~ cli middot ill ilW th k lc irupa-c --u UJ I -1gta iJ I r~I ~i in~hmiddotpc n1 bull1ai ic ch- mamiddot u1 J 11 1r- I~l
vmiddotr m J I 1 middotlrbullFn l whc-u -re 1J~ -micro=Liii Irrrn- h ~(ll ~i th egt
P ==J tl middot-~-= tl-ty H-11middotJ u 11 ht on tu ing T ~ ~-oilmiddot middot d Lb f-l uiliamiddot plmi ibullmiddot vbullry 11-middoth-middotal middotwm th8 l or a -ph ngt ~--1 bullmiddotl
F-~GIJRli A-a middot ti 1 h 1middot - ~r-J laquoLix- -vrrrr ~ bull ~-111 _ 1 middotL~ui1 I 1middot bull i1 middot middotmiddotr 11 11 1) 1( ~ 1irJiYi middot -~i -1~ middot bull middot
middot tkr I11 ii n~p [D I ~ WC 1ro Ill lC- I l11i l i11 J 11bullf n-J C- t- ch ~[J ~riul l ~imiddotcl1 h middot-middota middot1111nl1l I s ht1p~-prccr-crp p1 i 1ri -shyion o~ i-im plo- ibull 1n11 fn l co Jo cal J-_1 middot(---ul1ibull lb t r~btshyaq-~l - middotm bull ing it lt1c t 11di middotuJ k 11 t i1 l~ lin~ -- b11t doc LC-L p middot~itLYo slipt- I 1m 1ir1-middotnri I 11 g lobciJ leplusmn_ A 1li~1 rn o- Jgtr~ lt r in- rrcj ti lt-n --~1 JmiddotJCCJ-middot LLi1 p n bullp-r lJ rnrn c c pom middot _m middotchc- ruap ri ll LUJlt- i i1n~bull ir fmm ~ J1middot1mb-r of lgt fJ UJ ir1 -rmiddot
ttI d1re111 r1 i l-1t rit~Jl( C- Clll LLlt~[ b i= 1--_-r r--] i11 tr grmiddot11c-r~ ~1 ~ l l l~ rnn 1 E prt-1bull1-~ I) in-tk U em ~Gmiddot b~ xfT~fr
Uf pr0 i-r middotrd ri 11 1_- jrigi poin o m i tmiddot ral ( i11 middot1 imiddotn frmr n 1rn bl ei p om 1r nr1 I1 bull111 ii l ~liJ li im11t1n-ouI T1u1 ~ h=ip middot- Jiamiddot1 11o Pr ~linbull middotti T-~K$CLriy pri ito Ii gtn ~ L u1l1f11l t1 1h-1bull abull p1ry--r tk onI lLL plLI L
P~1ti$l trmJ- ln IllgtL Ih o- orll -n r[ll-= K middotC Of Ult1LIS (~1 m Li II P
l -11~ t iri lo 1 fl 1 1 1_1middot middot~icc- ouc p 1- lidi u- ~- gtk i1 1h11middot tr111 shyr-r ~ti-- by ex Llgtiu Ir aiI Ih I mbull middotFmiddoto 1= idc-nJ lc- l ll L1 l~)I sp-Jtk appl lc-ci1iin 11- -of tisc- is tb fou i)u- -h1[1~ 1Tshy
i I_g_ ) middotrcwr r ~i~~IIJ I ( [-J t] lf _ i 111 11middotbulll ii ltlr i1 ] POCiccci~n rU i ~ LYr- m a1l r11 11 i1tll) a Lh l YbullS so cllar a ~111111rno-s l1cine ~1 ll~d TfrmI Jmc- bi l middot~~CLLu1_ 1-middot- fl im lU tlK -==r 1- t-O lld p 0 0Llt ~ni~l middot1lirlI - r lh~ TI1 lf J-1t md l L 11bullmiddot
i~middotLLbull~ l lri lil~ ~n-1 f i- loobull ltOlUo i Li iLltt 11 1 it iri amiddot1d d tishyn ti T)_ b1 t it - a 1J1j ~--r_J a 11-~ ~-p n - j t middotcmiddot-mi ~11il l ~IA gtL_ LICI l)il rl j Ih- TI1_~ in o [llE ]J (1_11L Lilbullmiddotll ( -tr _I r1 ii rni1middot1 in 1middoti~m-- - -8) Al tl 01Ji1 I 1~ 1-nmiddot1 Igtr -n j-~r1ion J5 1dJm L-i lil s ritcd tol US 111Igt 1-i~-l [-l lyY---- it _i cts1middotuJ bu ir1appmrr -li ll Ll ~Y rIr i u-n~ticn-t pu7)r =~ ha~ ] middotJI middot1 r rem di L0
cridc-mt lJ t ~1 - r 1 i aJ~O lLC-Wll umiddotmiddoti~I i 11 l[ fa ii pl3-
ir 1eiici1 bull1th Lht middotbullbullli_amiddotmiddotmiddot r middot ha rwtvri citdeg ot -hO-t middot 11
-bu LC~L bullltgtr flt JI rinmiddot Imiddotbull) middot~u cc rnr01 1 1u ~ 1bull)1gt Li in 1bull (1middot
1middot~ bullnTth ~ ~ ~tr ugtc lti~ _ )11 ~i-o- 1 nr bull n~-middot igtor tiI5C micro N Lh12 grca[ d 1~k L(~llr ~ l--111middot~ --rigi1 and -middoti~LUJ~ LiA 11 1 11 a ~rl(l shyrr n r prij--cimiddot-J) Fi_u lt A-i 1r1middot l~ xr middoth - tr=-m for Lb i
l t i- 111 l 11 1r 11 M u ~1rr pr---1u~ r1 -r _t- cncmiU~middot appaJa ~ ~ i ll bull-~iFi1 A ( l-- 11 ) rn1 1-i ri al Ibull- u~i11 11 LL-ai l1 -lii11 ~ -
_ I bull i f)
en c 1y coLmiddot-11ct ~1 ~-Ypro -irr ti ---r - thr ~- - 11 ro-- (I rhbull 11 rlJ I pi LI ~_m -~middot-imicro Li1 LlL~ --~1ulLL l our i([middotr lCll
otigiT nd lt1~middot51in~1 1 th TI bull11 middot-~middotmiddot-~ f1l11 _ i 11 1 middotmiddotw middot1r~iimiddot1r
I I I ~--r- ~ I
I
bulllJ ~--
FIGURE Ar9 ~1 t1=m-middot1middotmiddot - ~=i~1middot 11 t -1 -111 I middot - 1 1-- _ bull1 1-=bullj 1 if11 bull -i h i lu i b r~ c- r__o 1middot-~r--
-1-g mtn l- f 1r 1~bull- - J liLl 1naki Lf ltliLtLi L1 1~l (1 LtiLi 1JL
b-r-tmiddotccr cgn-11ts rK t he f 1_t r r m_i-middotrim lhlt (111 ia ilrl
w 1)11 ~1i p r ~j1i Li )1 iL1o1Li OLid _pL1al opc-rrlc ~ ~-middotcHly t i- it ~h(- Id n- t I 1i-d r r my [1 11 x I )lhr middot- II a- i al i1111
rn 1llLL Ll C8DOJ1S
Projections Used in Te-iitboQki -1bull~ mh middotrr 1p r rt-_ ltfLoll --3 mor b ihe -t dtst-1-ckn i m J1~itc1t one- c-r ibull i Il l p11liJ [ rlr li middot [ 1middot-- 1~ 11middotmiddot1 lll~n ~ l~nm ldy r 111 11 r fDp n~ nc S8rif-cd The tw pr-i(ctkns 1middots-rl for x tt ~ClilJt 1hr middot11g_lmiddot u1 middot igt kgt 1h- ] il11Ji l r~ lfmiddot 111~1I ~1ni middotd I ~middot)1lP~ lhr r-(i-1 11 pr~~--~(tf m -h-n it1 ri~lI( bullbull H) - lw 11bull 1(I 1hr )lbull 1 l L~middotl lte~ H siJ -Lii vbullS ara a_--- IJ =ic-hmiddot 1cbomiddot1_l i PLYC-~ th~ ~mp1 CS$i middotn th~ I I ht --- 11ih1 bullmiddot11fo1middotL 11Jbull middotmiddot-~ rl I II n ft ~l o- 11 u l
fubullLLbull I id 11~c 111e n aortS tu Flgt C A-1(bullhff- occn pl -- 1 Ln th~ m1_i1sr 1gtrJI il- ilJ-bull i11~ X middotmiddotI ill ILil t I lh t l _j l i ] IILImiddotlgt t~ ( k~m ltmiddotE -ould be iannd nm-1d lrybull pk--irg irti-r11p1k-n in th~ [ 111 1irllr I- ( il - iiu- I I h~ I p~ ii in rupl oltl 1bullt-1_lt ~Ll J gtbulli 1l-middot dt01cs roJrti r~ ~ti i-n 5hip5 (_11~-- middot 11 tly i (l -n bullT1 I)-1middot on~ 1he TO]) fT ri =- rt di=tr-nc fl tmiddot~ciou mi sb1-12 amiddot IJ) (l ~Lgtr l~d lbullJ 1-ryi II 11 b~~r li Ir 1li IOI I f sn f(d I YI 11 III imiddot11middot middot-
rhar ot cylmdraJ prajc~ci n iltb tl1-- cqr100Lid z- --r ht mo~t rmicro(Lh fl) 11 - rt-bull1~ t1 L1ti1 ~1-i~ Jmiddot t 1 -
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
----
i111 ti Ltg d~~111rr lI on ti~ p 1i 11 ot -onmiddot ~r l (5) Ln 1n c- 1 f 10 Lm-~ tlMw 1deg11lCL 11J~1 l ithl lo-il ~1 u i i A thlt Li r1l i1-uumiddott _ lI X wd ] I t [ il f~OltCd ) JI ]bullrt~Cfll m-J~~ bull)h~- bulli 11 111bullll
ltlmiddotc11 1r1 in8J rars) bu 1 il t- u-1-iti11f_ly microoiJ r l- epound1dut-~ a 1 malii l ~lmiddot - lis 1-a d ~middoton~I i middot hr1middotcn 111~17 lt i t nid g1_p fJ~1~n-y br i ~ U5 t- ~ Iltpi j rr1middot r- - f xliaIS
Map Projections J lC ~1_1 hi LJ _ ~1r fa~ L dlC tmiddotarlh i- llomiddotr--TI )n f II JIla]- t J~U5 rf lrl Lp jLOr(~tkTllt 1111 -IO CS lt j t ll1L11f thr Llh ibull middot -- ~r Lily 1 prnf -1 t g--111-bull1 r 11il h 15 p1u re- 0 Llmiddot tcbull n Llo1 ot thLmiddot1-- Lrruub(ITl i Iiril Ll~Uds or -middot - ri JLi-i Yltc 1middot )Nit h~5 amiddot-r friLLid I pbull ftY I Cilrtir lh r n i-- LO kn 1 rl bull~~middot [-0 ~xnii] pic -1 d i1nbulli- ti -t on ki middot-middotmiddot r i1L1011Tr lvn 1 _J p-111aiJon hbullbull lc-c-u n avii rU middot middotJt 0 middot1 I~middot i Li-middot bTmiddotbull l---x 1bull11 c snfo -d J-r 111bull ~i centc tl$lt n =l [I unc _)T~-rr [ i~micro bull middot nf Ih t dl1 s ~ u [Kc- g- m-1rmiddotmiddot middot u1J1no1tbullr 1rr___bi c nbullf11 l I ) 1 uc~1thbull pn _je middot1fomiddot 1 1bull lLl l1deg - ii b id To mup ~=)LJ~tb og 1ha1 1L1bull1gtJ-cs Jiltlfil( f11r t gt bull1 qik a j)j ~1iul ~ho I lrl h- 1_- t l t1 whi- 1] i- shy
tmc -- i- 1Jul di~m 1middot-11 Iu =Jditi01 = m1p ll~L 511111 ld ht aJ k co c-gniX -~ h id J iqxc i i n =i1middot~ g_bullffn~J i 1- cc1ri a1Lu
__fi middoti11 JL( Ji=COI ilrl 1 1LC by ii ri LiiJ13r prtjl Ii1 bullL)lOCCS5
0173Tl~fll r Ih-Lobjc-civi- i~ ILIJL00 diffk1l I I vhk-v~
j
I I
(
bullbullbullbull I
~ f
Fl e l
FLGU RE A4 7 h I ~t ~=~ prrmiddot -middot~middot I r 111 ij f -=~ 111
11 ~- h dpli t i r1 )[ middoti -1~ 1i ri )l - p --Fimiddotm 1 i ~ 1 1bull r L ~middot r- --~ )-i uc- -f) f i 1ii 1hc bull rml bull~ t llJ Lb J rc-iuc 111 i -uiill Ir 1-(- middot-~ i11 ~ c ~i II ~qu1 L1 Lha-c cf I h-- ~i iLt cl 11 ~c up -~I I bullpi _ bull101-=M111 c 11 ( _Jobmiddot Jmiddot cl LL lo t]- tllt I _-r tl t
rll S- c-Jn(I 111 r ~k[x l middot Ibullmiddot rr1rd ltI LlC thn I ~m11iL 1 J n ishy
ibull1 )IJ I LL-L 011JO iI i bull a1Ullplhd middot1 -ilJtL Wlf Ir r tlu rt~ Jung 1middot1Li[1 rx lL irlts ~rt~i n Jtil bull bl-middot ~ybull ti l p p r ti -
Pe rspait ive Moda Is farJy ITi bull11_1icriomiddotmiddot - w - r- sm1ieshy
l i11fi aCiL~il wi11 1 1ti ~Lmiddot -J bull p i i -pc-hmiddot 1~11-1 Lid - t-m bull11i1middot lli~ hi 11f d [u - ri dcn -lbullmiddot1 nmiddot1d 1- middot~mj-r in ~ ~-middot r llll1SU1middot (~tb_l-cd l f bull1 k 1l-- l ~ chcrr 11 w i l 1bull ~r- ~1 -1 pk)llt il ll[ -r dipiytJ ti CbullJ l bullI It I-0(l tC) Taplmiddoti middotmiddot n io- 1) - n- p 1 r microcrsp middotJmiddotimiddotbull lt i~ sew 11~1middot1111 iu l 111 middotin V]Jlll
DLil [= imiddot01 -comiddot1= 1k Lomiddotrr--rc-r Th middotJ~- i roii--rnm m tl 11 bullil-i r-rcshy
otcc1 iI111~ Ia ~d ~ middot wiI amp =IIL(~Cl lly 1~1td lJh ~ middottee- lU
(tI gtlL=ldoW w 1 l r i_lc--u-11 11d 11 I ~m I IJI iIuil middotmiddot11uL i11 iibull ic irlt rihmiddot -n s rn pmu glol~
111c IJCmiddot1bullbull d 1 pcrsr--r middot =middot~ 1microi--1 fie dlt-plr- J fJ uli r1~ S pn_jlI i bullILcUIllti- Jmiddotha I i~ Ila ( j thi I Lid lI ( [~C( Tll li Wi th-11t middotbvrrL Th lt L) 11 ~middotLirI- a1ul p lane- p 1bullmiddot~-middot- L~LuC )ULJ1
1tl ml gtL bull - rn~~ -middot hJ cJr- g~nlt1 ] ihC5 IJ mip pn j _ Ii-Ui 0 1 middot~ -~ ~ bull i_ i mrl I~-~middotmiddot ~c-r r=-i lJ 11iii~ FlgJJ( -~
sh ffi 1l1uii cl Cl middot1p--_ _ middotli r-1 ~ ~IJ llh 8 fa l~ r- lrl md icJ
middot 5 middot~th 11 - -1 Uip ( I IhrnJ-- lb~ wil lt J6 J- uoc of r---rshy- rw middot1i bullt oriin i t ip 1-- il - [O Cmiddot-111 -i1- upcrti- 1)1 I II -LimlJshy
1[ a d plma 1 J=$SC (T-iipbull rr ~-6) T1 Hlatknh 1r h L trn thl fl rl 1joC1JC r rfLta ll~L tbc
Llloctc-1 i 1middot ih t bull1Jlc -r lirw tf _- tiui- c middoti~ riL d bc-au =- d ii l Jmiddoti~ ri f middotft( 11 r bull11 tLl C- c 1middoth ltmiddot I1ci1~ middot omiddot ii ~- 1t lll1cDi middot l 1__1 n rJ 1m riic C- w i11middot il1 1bullmcc- ~n m L =tl p--ir 1middot 1r lLJi
Tk 1l LCmiddotlldJc n ibull i[ iuttl -1r Ihi ~-yli 1- r i I middotud pmiddotimlt
ch-1s~- d pij ~uo =- =n Imiddot lj=u- -7 TFI11 - 1m lut or lin ol -inmiddot ln L i-- f1g_~ 1c )uc c-tbc-r 1middoti Iibull~1 on c~1-- _glht middot_ d i-1 middot Ci-bull pi11rm wll L-middot-- 11bull 1ltd 01 trI ri-1 pos ti igtr bu i -~I n-11iu t1- ~~rn~ ~f bull1 u1i r~l f rm Tb~ 11 t1bullriri ~- pn j-=x-tio 0-1 t hbull Utl i l 1DCC T1lt 11 1l1 inhl IJ rl i cm m i11CLJZI Ihi-1ffvii omiddot -mgt[Ii )u dJsco r tkri ALL~ r -oin i1r~ tLmiddot reo~ middott ro~ 1i)11 ~11pc- l~ri i Ii 11 ~ it m h a -1middot-c imiddot-p nioikl ait r~ ] 1ng th - middot 11 1 1cLi riitic Ili I1di ti ~gtttbullrn ~middoti pr 1bull1de i)tshyi-Jr r 1_i1 ibullLL ll(C(~~llT~ 11 iqC-J)i~v ldegfI~r r_~n Ii II ct lo rti I
Pre-serv-ed Pmprti-es C I uu=p middot1gtjbullrl i JI) tlJ j I Lchr Ibull ctc-pk 1middot 1h t --mctrmiddot )f 11 1gt (fU lLr ra-c c 11LUd hjlI l~
I middot
-----1 ~middotmiddotmiddot - _ I - --i- -middot bullbull
i -middotmiddotmiddot Ccn lc
l1 11-9 - - middot shy
middot~ 1
J ~
FIGLIRJ A-6 11~ middot I Imiddot bullmiddot ii lt middot1 middot-lmI d ilI Ibulli 1 rj middot i111 bull
1111 1im middotI i11 bull_ 11 ---J 1cL-ri to1ri -_i - (_~middotbull
FIGURE 14-7 1 -( L L igt lLn~ ir i~r-rrr lr 1 j middot im middot-gt ~1 middot -i bulllrk - ~ In~1mr-6- ~ 1 h - 1middot i 1 I ~-bull 1fr_l ~rf 11_bull
~middotr bull-- 1hbull ~ -1ti~ rttJJncs o( l i~LIL~bull ihnh--1- -n ~1~ r nT 1 j1~111 l~y 1 1111aL - ri - di y laquoccir -l -Lcd 1 i tlolw bbullJ L i ibull- n -1 1 px-i blc- ou a tlu 1JLII1 middot middoti ])11)~TI( 11 middotmiddoti- ri t--r l-~JnJlc a hl~J1 rakt r ri 11 Jbull 1 -f ( Ir -r hu hpCi LL IL ~ at-ll id -l 1a 1e u1 r nm ~ -~ middotmiddot-~5-1rc-d OU Lh~ ~llmr m~p- Tgt~middot-=irt b -inction rni duu-middot n 1m J oint ~T(~ ln115[ x middot d iL(~1 J
~JL11i l1 ~I I ) r- ro--lt~rI -- ~ 1rO-li a~ d 11 U i 11 rn 1rri ~ _-lli111 I i1tr ~-~ i tc b~ di~WIT~ t gt 11 u~ 111 -1middot l1r~ mrta ~
_middotcncUJmiddots -= 1 Jl 11 - li m Jrorr - r-~middot pc lr i-1) 1111iI II I Ii---_ 11 -middot i gtfo middot- prmi ntit-bull ~-lictonsli ijo- m ic -ibull1 on sU 11ar iT~1c--riou 1]i Lriik i 111 pl 1 ibull thn- dJGco1mrni ii ~- ~ cli middot ill ilW th k lc irupa-c --u UJ I -1gta iJ I r~I ~i in~hmiddotpc n1 bull1ai ic ch- mamiddot u1 J 11 1r- I~l
vmiddotr m J I 1 middotlrbullFn l whc-u -re 1J~ -micro=Liii Irrrn- h ~(ll ~i th egt
P ==J tl middot-~-= tl-ty H-11middotJ u 11 ht on tu ing T ~ ~-oilmiddot middot d Lb f-l uiliamiddot plmi ibullmiddot vbullry 11-middoth-middotal middotwm th8 l or a -ph ngt ~--1 bullmiddotl
F-~GIJRli A-a middot ti 1 h 1middot - ~r-J laquoLix- -vrrrr ~ bull ~-111 _ 1 middotL~ui1 I 1middot bull i1 middot middotmiddotr 11 11 1) 1( ~ 1irJiYi middot -~i -1~ middot bull middot
middot tkr I11 ii n~p [D I ~ WC 1ro Ill lC- I l11i l i11 J 11bullf n-J C- t- ch ~[J ~riul l ~imiddotcl1 h middot-middota middot1111nl1l I s ht1p~-prccr-crp p1 i 1ri -shyion o~ i-im plo- ibull 1n11 fn l co Jo cal J-_1 middot(---ul1ibull lb t r~btshyaq-~l - middotm bull ing it lt1c t 11di middotuJ k 11 t i1 l~ lin~ -- b11t doc LC-L p middot~itLYo slipt- I 1m 1ir1-middotnri I 11 g lobciJ leplusmn_ A 1li~1 rn o- Jgtr~ lt r in- rrcj ti lt-n --~1 JmiddotJCCJ-middot LLi1 p n bullp-r lJ rnrn c c pom middot _m middotchc- ruap ri ll LUJlt- i i1n~bull ir fmm ~ J1middot1mb-r of lgt fJ UJ ir1 -rmiddot
ttI d1re111 r1 i l-1t rit~Jl( C- Clll LLlt~[ b i= 1--_-r r--] i11 tr grmiddot11c-r~ ~1 ~ l l l~ rnn 1 E prt-1bull1-~ I) in-tk U em ~Gmiddot b~ xfT~fr
Uf pr0 i-r middotrd ri 11 1_- jrigi poin o m i tmiddot ral ( i11 middot1 imiddotn frmr n 1rn bl ei p om 1r nr1 I1 bull111 ii l ~liJ li im11t1n-ouI T1u1 ~ h=ip middot- Jiamiddot1 11o Pr ~linbull middotti T-~K$CLriy pri ito Ii gtn ~ L u1l1f11l t1 1h-1bull abull p1ry--r tk onI lLL plLI L
P~1ti$l trmJ- ln IllgtL Ih o- orll -n r[ll-= K middotC Of Ult1LIS (~1 m Li II P
l -11~ t iri lo 1 fl 1 1 1_1middot middot~icc- ouc p 1- lidi u- ~- gtk i1 1h11middot tr111 shyr-r ~ti-- by ex Llgtiu Ir aiI Ih I mbull middotFmiddoto 1= idc-nJ lc- l ll L1 l~)I sp-Jtk appl lc-ci1iin 11- -of tisc- is tb fou i)u- -h1[1~ 1Tshy
i I_g_ ) middotrcwr r ~i~~IIJ I ( [-J t] lf _ i 111 11middotbulll ii ltlr i1 ] POCiccci~n rU i ~ LYr- m a1l r11 11 i1tll) a Lh l YbullS so cllar a ~111111rno-s l1cine ~1 ll~d TfrmI Jmc- bi l middot~~CLLu1_ 1-middot- fl im lU tlK -==r 1- t-O lld p 0 0Llt ~ni~l middot1lirlI - r lh~ TI1 lf J-1t md l L 11bullmiddot
i~middotLLbull~ l lri lil~ ~n-1 f i- loobull ltOlUo i Li iLltt 11 1 it iri amiddot1d d tishyn ti T)_ b1 t it - a 1J1j ~--r_J a 11-~ ~-p n - j t middotcmiddot-mi ~11il l ~IA gtL_ LICI l)il rl j Ih- TI1_~ in o [llE ]J (1_11L Lilbullmiddotll ( -tr _I r1 ii rni1middot1 in 1middoti~m-- - -8) Al tl 01Ji1 I 1~ 1-nmiddot1 Igtr -n j-~r1ion J5 1dJm L-i lil s ritcd tol US 111Igt 1-i~-l [-l lyY---- it _i cts1middotuJ bu ir1appmrr -li ll Ll ~Y rIr i u-n~ticn-t pu7)r =~ ha~ ] middotJI middot1 r rem di L0
cridc-mt lJ t ~1 - r 1 i aJ~O lLC-Wll umiddotmiddoti~I i 11 l[ fa ii pl3-
ir 1eiici1 bull1th Lht middotbullbullli_amiddotmiddotmiddot r middot ha rwtvri citdeg ot -hO-t middot 11
-bu LC~L bullltgtr flt JI rinmiddot Imiddotbull) middot~u cc rnr01 1 1u ~ 1bull)1gt Li in 1bull (1middot
1middot~ bullnTth ~ ~ ~tr ugtc lti~ _ )11 ~i-o- 1 nr bull n~-middot igtor tiI5C micro N Lh12 grca[ d 1~k L(~llr ~ l--111middot~ --rigi1 and -middoti~LUJ~ LiA 11 1 11 a ~rl(l shyrr n r prij--cimiddot-J) Fi_u lt A-i 1r1middot l~ xr middoth - tr=-m for Lb i
l t i- 111 l 11 1r 11 M u ~1rr pr---1u~ r1 -r _t- cncmiU~middot appaJa ~ ~ i ll bull-~iFi1 A ( l-- 11 ) rn1 1-i ri al Ibull- u~i11 11 LL-ai l1 -lii11 ~ -
_ I bull i f)
en c 1y coLmiddot-11ct ~1 ~-Ypro -irr ti ---r - thr ~- - 11 ro-- (I rhbull 11 rlJ I pi LI ~_m -~middot-imicro Li1 LlL~ --~1ulLL l our i([middotr lCll
otigiT nd lt1~middot51in~1 1 th TI bull11 middot-~middotmiddot-~ f1l11 _ i 11 1 middotmiddotw middot1r~iimiddot1r
I I I ~--r- ~ I
I
bulllJ ~--
FIGURE Ar9 ~1 t1=m-middot1middotmiddot - ~=i~1middot 11 t -1 -111 I middot - 1 1-- _ bull1 1-=bullj 1 if11 bull -i h i lu i b r~ c- r__o 1middot-~r--
-1-g mtn l- f 1r 1~bull- - J liLl 1naki Lf ltliLtLi L1 1~l (1 LtiLi 1JL
b-r-tmiddotccr cgn-11ts rK t he f 1_t r r m_i-middotrim lhlt (111 ia ilrl
w 1)11 ~1i p r ~j1i Li )1 iL1o1Li OLid _pL1al opc-rrlc ~ ~-middotcHly t i- it ~h(- Id n- t I 1i-d r r my [1 11 x I )lhr middot- II a- i al i1111
rn 1llLL Ll C8DOJ1S
Projections Used in Te-iitboQki -1bull~ mh middotrr 1p r rt-_ ltfLoll --3 mor b ihe -t dtst-1-ckn i m J1~itc1t one- c-r ibull i Il l p11liJ [ rlr li middot [ 1middot-- 1~ 11middotmiddot1 lll~n ~ l~nm ldy r 111 11 r fDp n~ nc S8rif-cd The tw pr-i(ctkns 1middots-rl for x tt ~ClilJt 1hr middot11g_lmiddot u1 middot igt kgt 1h- ] il11Ji l r~ lfmiddot 111~1I ~1ni middotd I ~middot)1lP~ lhr r-(i-1 11 pr~~--~(tf m -h-n it1 ri~lI( bullbull H) - lw 11bull 1(I 1hr )lbull 1 l L~middotl lte~ H siJ -Lii vbullS ara a_--- IJ =ic-hmiddot 1cbomiddot1_l i PLYC-~ th~ ~mp1 CS$i middotn th~ I I ht --- 11ih1 bullmiddot11fo1middotL 11Jbull middotmiddot-~ rl I II n ft ~l o- 11 u l
fubullLLbull I id 11~c 111e n aortS tu Flgt C A-1(bullhff- occn pl -- 1 Ln th~ m1_i1sr 1gtrJI il- ilJ-bull i11~ X middotmiddotI ill ILil t I lh t l _j l i ] IILImiddotlgt t~ ( k~m ltmiddotE -ould be iannd nm-1d lrybull pk--irg irti-r11p1k-n in th~ [ 111 1irllr I- ( il - iiu- I I h~ I p~ ii in rupl oltl 1bullt-1_lt ~Ll J gtbulli 1l-middot dt01cs roJrti r~ ~ti i-n 5hip5 (_11~-- middot 11 tly i (l -n bullT1 I)-1middot on~ 1he TO]) fT ri =- rt di=tr-nc fl tmiddot~ciou mi sb1-12 amiddot IJ) (l ~Lgtr l~d lbullJ 1-ryi II 11 b~~r li Ir 1li IOI I f sn f(d I YI 11 III imiddot11middot middot-
rhar ot cylmdraJ prajc~ci n iltb tl1-- cqr100Lid z- --r ht mo~t rmicro(Lh fl) 11 - rt-bull1~ t1 L1ti1 ~1-i~ Jmiddot t 1 -
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
l1 11-9 - - middot shy
middot~ 1
J ~
FIGLIRJ A-6 11~ middot I Imiddot bullmiddot ii lt middot1 middot-lmI d ilI Ibulli 1 rj middot i111 bull
1111 1im middotI i11 bull_ 11 ---J 1cL-ri to1ri -_i - (_~middotbull
FIGURE 14-7 1 -( L L igt lLn~ ir i~r-rrr lr 1 j middot im middot-gt ~1 middot -i bulllrk - ~ In~1mr-6- ~ 1 h - 1middot i 1 I ~-bull 1fr_l ~rf 11_bull
~middotr bull-- 1hbull ~ -1ti~ rttJJncs o( l i~LIL~bull ihnh--1- -n ~1~ r nT 1 j1~111 l~y 1 1111aL - ri - di y laquoccir -l -Lcd 1 i tlolw bbullJ L i ibull- n -1 1 px-i blc- ou a tlu 1JLII1 middot middoti ])11)~TI( 11 middotmiddoti- ri t--r l-~JnJlc a hl~J1 rakt r ri 11 Jbull 1 -f ( Ir -r hu hpCi LL IL ~ at-ll id -l 1a 1e u1 r nm ~ -~ middotmiddot-~5-1rc-d OU Lh~ ~llmr m~p- Tgt~middot-=irt b -inction rni duu-middot n 1m J oint ~T(~ ln115[ x middot d iL(~1 J
~JL11i l1 ~I I ) r- ro--lt~rI -- ~ 1rO-li a~ d 11 U i 11 rn 1rri ~ _-lli111 I i1tr ~-~ i tc b~ di~WIT~ t gt 11 u~ 111 -1middot l1r~ mrta ~
_middotcncUJmiddots -= 1 Jl 11 - li m Jrorr - r-~middot pc lr i-1) 1111iI II I Ii---_ 11 -middot i gtfo middot- prmi ntit-bull ~-lictonsli ijo- m ic -ibull1 on sU 11ar iT~1c--riou 1]i Lriik i 111 pl 1 ibull thn- dJGco1mrni ii ~- ~ cli middot ill ilW th k lc irupa-c --u UJ I -1gta iJ I r~I ~i in~hmiddotpc n1 bull1ai ic ch- mamiddot u1 J 11 1r- I~l
vmiddotr m J I 1 middotlrbullFn l whc-u -re 1J~ -micro=Liii Irrrn- h ~(ll ~i th egt
P ==J tl middot-~-= tl-ty H-11middotJ u 11 ht on tu ing T ~ ~-oilmiddot middot d Lb f-l uiliamiddot plmi ibullmiddot vbullry 11-middoth-middotal middotwm th8 l or a -ph ngt ~--1 bullmiddotl
F-~GIJRli A-a middot ti 1 h 1middot - ~r-J laquoLix- -vrrrr ~ bull ~-111 _ 1 middotL~ui1 I 1middot bull i1 middot middotmiddotr 11 11 1) 1( ~ 1irJiYi middot -~i -1~ middot bull middot
middot tkr I11 ii n~p [D I ~ WC 1ro Ill lC- I l11i l i11 J 11bullf n-J C- t- ch ~[J ~riul l ~imiddotcl1 h middot-middota middot1111nl1l I s ht1p~-prccr-crp p1 i 1ri -shyion o~ i-im plo- ibull 1n11 fn l co Jo cal J-_1 middot(---ul1ibull lb t r~btshyaq-~l - middotm bull ing it lt1c t 11di middotuJ k 11 t i1 l~ lin~ -- b11t doc LC-L p middot~itLYo slipt- I 1m 1ir1-middotnri I 11 g lobciJ leplusmn_ A 1li~1 rn o- Jgtr~ lt r in- rrcj ti lt-n --~1 JmiddotJCCJ-middot LLi1 p n bullp-r lJ rnrn c c pom middot _m middotchc- ruap ri ll LUJlt- i i1n~bull ir fmm ~ J1middot1mb-r of lgt fJ UJ ir1 -rmiddot
ttI d1re111 r1 i l-1t rit~Jl( C- Clll LLlt~[ b i= 1--_-r r--] i11 tr grmiddot11c-r~ ~1 ~ l l l~ rnn 1 E prt-1bull1-~ I) in-tk U em ~Gmiddot b~ xfT~fr
Uf pr0 i-r middotrd ri 11 1_- jrigi poin o m i tmiddot ral ( i11 middot1 imiddotn frmr n 1rn bl ei p om 1r nr1 I1 bull111 ii l ~liJ li im11t1n-ouI T1u1 ~ h=ip middot- Jiamiddot1 11o Pr ~linbull middotti T-~K$CLriy pri ito Ii gtn ~ L u1l1f11l t1 1h-1bull abull p1ry--r tk onI lLL plLI L
P~1ti$l trmJ- ln IllgtL Ih o- orll -n r[ll-= K middotC Of Ult1LIS (~1 m Li II P
l -11~ t iri lo 1 fl 1 1 1_1middot middot~icc- ouc p 1- lidi u- ~- gtk i1 1h11middot tr111 shyr-r ~ti-- by ex Llgtiu Ir aiI Ih I mbull middotFmiddoto 1= idc-nJ lc- l ll L1 l~)I sp-Jtk appl lc-ci1iin 11- -of tisc- is tb fou i)u- -h1[1~ 1Tshy
i I_g_ ) middotrcwr r ~i~~IIJ I ( [-J t] lf _ i 111 11middotbulll ii ltlr i1 ] POCiccci~n rU i ~ LYr- m a1l r11 11 i1tll) a Lh l YbullS so cllar a ~111111rno-s l1cine ~1 ll~d TfrmI Jmc- bi l middot~~CLLu1_ 1-middot- fl im lU tlK -==r 1- t-O lld p 0 0Llt ~ni~l middot1lirlI - r lh~ TI1 lf J-1t md l L 11bullmiddot
i~middotLLbull~ l lri lil~ ~n-1 f i- loobull ltOlUo i Li iLltt 11 1 it iri amiddot1d d tishyn ti T)_ b1 t it - a 1J1j ~--r_J a 11-~ ~-p n - j t middotcmiddot-mi ~11il l ~IA gtL_ LICI l)il rl j Ih- TI1_~ in o [llE ]J (1_11L Lilbullmiddotll ( -tr _I r1 ii rni1middot1 in 1middoti~m-- - -8) Al tl 01Ji1 I 1~ 1-nmiddot1 Igtr -n j-~r1ion J5 1dJm L-i lil s ritcd tol US 111Igt 1-i~-l [-l lyY---- it _i cts1middotuJ bu ir1appmrr -li ll Ll ~Y rIr i u-n~ticn-t pu7)r =~ ha~ ] middotJI middot1 r rem di L0
cridc-mt lJ t ~1 - r 1 i aJ~O lLC-Wll umiddotmiddoti~I i 11 l[ fa ii pl3-
ir 1eiici1 bull1th Lht middotbullbullli_amiddotmiddotmiddot r middot ha rwtvri citdeg ot -hO-t middot 11
-bu LC~L bullltgtr flt JI rinmiddot Imiddotbull) middot~u cc rnr01 1 1u ~ 1bull)1gt Li in 1bull (1middot
1middot~ bullnTth ~ ~ ~tr ugtc lti~ _ )11 ~i-o- 1 nr bull n~-middot igtor tiI5C micro N Lh12 grca[ d 1~k L(~llr ~ l--111middot~ --rigi1 and -middoti~LUJ~ LiA 11 1 11 a ~rl(l shyrr n r prij--cimiddot-J) Fi_u lt A-i 1r1middot l~ xr middoth - tr=-m for Lb i
l t i- 111 l 11 1r 11 M u ~1rr pr---1u~ r1 -r _t- cncmiU~middot appaJa ~ ~ i ll bull-~iFi1 A ( l-- 11 ) rn1 1-i ri al Ibull- u~i11 11 LL-ai l1 -lii11 ~ -
_ I bull i f)
en c 1y coLmiddot-11ct ~1 ~-Ypro -irr ti ---r - thr ~- - 11 ro-- (I rhbull 11 rlJ I pi LI ~_m -~middot-imicro Li1 LlL~ --~1ulLL l our i([middotr lCll
otigiT nd lt1~middot51in~1 1 th TI bull11 middot-~middotmiddot-~ f1l11 _ i 11 1 middotmiddotw middot1r~iimiddot1r
I I I ~--r- ~ I
I
bulllJ ~--
FIGURE Ar9 ~1 t1=m-middot1middotmiddot - ~=i~1middot 11 t -1 -111 I middot - 1 1-- _ bull1 1-=bullj 1 if11 bull -i h i lu i b r~ c- r__o 1middot-~r--
-1-g mtn l- f 1r 1~bull- - J liLl 1naki Lf ltliLtLi L1 1~l (1 LtiLi 1JL
b-r-tmiddotccr cgn-11ts rK t he f 1_t r r m_i-middotrim lhlt (111 ia ilrl
w 1)11 ~1i p r ~j1i Li )1 iL1o1Li OLid _pL1al opc-rrlc ~ ~-middotcHly t i- it ~h(- Id n- t I 1i-d r r my [1 11 x I )lhr middot- II a- i al i1111
rn 1llLL Ll C8DOJ1S
Projections Used in Te-iitboQki -1bull~ mh middotrr 1p r rt-_ ltfLoll --3 mor b ihe -t dtst-1-ckn i m J1~itc1t one- c-r ibull i Il l p11liJ [ rlr li middot [ 1middot-- 1~ 11middotmiddot1 lll~n ~ l~nm ldy r 111 11 r fDp n~ nc S8rif-cd The tw pr-i(ctkns 1middots-rl for x tt ~ClilJt 1hr middot11g_lmiddot u1 middot igt kgt 1h- ] il11Ji l r~ lfmiddot 111~1I ~1ni middotd I ~middot)1lP~ lhr r-(i-1 11 pr~~--~(tf m -h-n it1 ri~lI( bullbull H) - lw 11bull 1(I 1hr )lbull 1 l L~middotl lte~ H siJ -Lii vbullS ara a_--- IJ =ic-hmiddot 1cbomiddot1_l i PLYC-~ th~ ~mp1 CS$i middotn th~ I I ht --- 11ih1 bullmiddot11fo1middotL 11Jbull middotmiddot-~ rl I II n ft ~l o- 11 u l
fubullLLbull I id 11~c 111e n aortS tu Flgt C A-1(bullhff- occn pl -- 1 Ln th~ m1_i1sr 1gtrJI il- ilJ-bull i11~ X middotmiddotI ill ILil t I lh t l _j l i ] IILImiddotlgt t~ ( k~m ltmiddotE -ould be iannd nm-1d lrybull pk--irg irti-r11p1k-n in th~ [ 111 1irllr I- ( il - iiu- I I h~ I p~ ii in rupl oltl 1bullt-1_lt ~Ll J gtbulli 1l-middot dt01cs roJrti r~ ~ti i-n 5hip5 (_11~-- middot 11 tly i (l -n bullT1 I)-1middot on~ 1he TO]) fT ri =- rt di=tr-nc fl tmiddot~ciou mi sb1-12 amiddot IJ) (l ~Lgtr l~d lbullJ 1-ryi II 11 b~~r li Ir 1li IOI I f sn f(d I YI 11 III imiddot11middot middot-
rhar ot cylmdraJ prajc~ci n iltb tl1-- cqr100Lid z- --r ht mo~t rmicro(Lh fl) 11 - rt-bull1~ t1 L1ti1 ~1-i~ Jmiddot t 1 -
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
l t i- 111 l 11 1r 11 M u ~1rr pr---1u~ r1 -r _t- cncmiU~middot appaJa ~ ~ i ll bull-~iFi1 A ( l-- 11 ) rn1 1-i ri al Ibull- u~i11 11 LL-ai l1 -lii11 ~ -
_ I bull i f)
en c 1y coLmiddot-11ct ~1 ~-Ypro -irr ti ---r - thr ~- - 11 ro-- (I rhbull 11 rlJ I pi LI ~_m -~middot-imicro Li1 LlL~ --~1ulLL l our i([middotr lCll
otigiT nd lt1~middot51in~1 1 th TI bull11 middot-~middotmiddot-~ f1l11 _ i 11 1 middotmiddotw middot1r~iimiddot1r
I I I ~--r- ~ I
I
bulllJ ~--
FIGURE Ar9 ~1 t1=m-middot1middotmiddot - ~=i~1middot 11 t -1 -111 I middot - 1 1-- _ bull1 1-=bullj 1 if11 bull -i h i lu i b r~ c- r__o 1middot-~r--
-1-g mtn l- f 1r 1~bull- - J liLl 1naki Lf ltliLtLi L1 1~l (1 LtiLi 1JL
b-r-tmiddotccr cgn-11ts rK t he f 1_t r r m_i-middotrim lhlt (111 ia ilrl
w 1)11 ~1i p r ~j1i Li )1 iL1o1Li OLid _pL1al opc-rrlc ~ ~-middotcHly t i- it ~h(- Id n- t I 1i-d r r my [1 11 x I )lhr middot- II a- i al i1111
rn 1llLL Ll C8DOJ1S
Projections Used in Te-iitboQki -1bull~ mh middotrr 1p r rt-_ ltfLoll --3 mor b ihe -t dtst-1-ckn i m J1~itc1t one- c-r ibull i Il l p11liJ [ rlr li middot [ 1middot-- 1~ 11middotmiddot1 lll~n ~ l~nm ldy r 111 11 r fDp n~ nc S8rif-cd The tw pr-i(ctkns 1middots-rl for x tt ~ClilJt 1hr middot11g_lmiddot u1 middot igt kgt 1h- ] il11Ji l r~ lfmiddot 111~1I ~1ni middotd I ~middot)1lP~ lhr r-(i-1 11 pr~~--~(tf m -h-n it1 ri~lI( bullbull H) - lw 11bull 1(I 1hr )lbull 1 l L~middotl lte~ H siJ -Lii vbullS ara a_--- IJ =ic-hmiddot 1cbomiddot1_l i PLYC-~ th~ ~mp1 CS$i middotn th~ I I ht --- 11ih1 bullmiddot11fo1middotL 11Jbull middotmiddot-~ rl I II n ft ~l o- 11 u l
fubullLLbull I id 11~c 111e n aortS tu Flgt C A-1(bullhff- occn pl -- 1 Ln th~ m1_i1sr 1gtrJI il- ilJ-bull i11~ X middotmiddotI ill ILil t I lh t l _j l i ] IILImiddotlgt t~ ( k~m ltmiddotE -ould be iannd nm-1d lrybull pk--irg irti-r11p1k-n in th~ [ 111 1irllr I- ( il - iiu- I I h~ I p~ ii in rupl oltl 1bullt-1_lt ~Ll J gtbulli 1l-middot dt01cs roJrti r~ ~ti i-n 5hip5 (_11~-- middot 11 tly i (l -n bullT1 I)-1middot on~ 1he TO]) fT ri =- rt di=tr-nc fl tmiddot~ciou mi sb1-12 amiddot IJ) (l ~Lgtr l~d lbullJ 1-ryi II 11 b~~r li Ir 1li IOI I f sn f(d I YI 11 III imiddot11middot middot-
rhar ot cylmdraJ prajc~ci n iltb tl1-- cqr100Lid z- --r ht mo~t rmicro(Lh fl) 11 - rt-bull1~ t1 L1ti1 ~1-i~ Jmiddot t 1 -
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
4 n Lt-uuli~middoti 1i ~~al- 111--middotr-~y pra_1c- 1 ~rch --=- H
t--~llal-1c ~a (~) c1middot~ h--1-i-k~ ri i5 C C-)Ju p n 1rr i - plD_lgtvLi HI lr cbL amiddot- m1 spo~ ~middotrigtp~ t i~ a~h irmiddoti- m c H c~ 1igt middot1~r -i 1JI br-- 11nd dlmiddotiJ Ii ri ibull r1~1-r emiddotmiddotrnl~- discrilLL~- i1 middotm ng thcshy
bull-arim1 flDpCiLit inbullt011c d Liti 11 g [uu-d rm 1111middot i- ~-r iilcral p1cpiLLi tbull1 Thbull P11-=rA -11 middot-- fillih ii albullr 11-d 1L Lh i~ --ll11 fni u o d11l c J_gr-ry (_ ~~uJ~ i- l l 1c- u bull 1L1m
r lim b~- ii _ikhi f- ~wimiddot-1i Iikc- cb11 1 (1111dcshy
hi n lo~m ll J 1 1h--- Rob-rt)J1 ~ r1j-bull tion smiddot Lr- 1h~ ~ o ch Pol II ud Ihbull S 11c1 h lo bull Iir l cbu 1 r -I ii=h I~middot m01 i 1h a ri
FIGIJRE A-1 1 h middot ~11 00-r-x Imiddot 11middot middotI h m~rr_ middot~ h ii- _- middot1j1- middot 11n hi lh rmiddot middot bull -1 _1 r ~ f_i_r_(~l31p middot 1-- I -- ~t 1ri_ ) -t ~~( middot
I
l bulli1lf -_i Jrnrh cf the- iip1aco~ middotmiddot~ ltiltUCJll middot 1igdfacoi-- 11fC
re- L)E- r I hi __gtI- An-11~ Jl la1i~L middot h L th (bull~ j 11-- i IL
middot-It~ h ltl I I bullIi middotl-- c~ 1 thbullJr tlr po 1-lt) m- mitllir tUu (bf co111 - 1rr i1 c- l w ijiui~ ( near 1 oillLrn) In Add 11middot r
111 1 ltlbullL rmiddotrn-~~ ~n i ~iajrn1 1-ui inci bullrcLar rJihr i~ i tbcy i L1CI Iho- ltr -3~ lcno I hill Ihe- middotgtblfJ-) 1 plDJ _
tiol d i IW l prcbull lit Il in 001 gtr -bar-~ JI 1TbulltmiddotbmiddottJ L
lL~i 111~middot-~r llolJ u pl ic o t l--U 1b ( i gtN~iI hou middotI ~-i[loi d bull _ ILJ
i I pres~~ pr iJ 1jl~- bctr--tmiddot rLI 1middotmiddot1- lfobiic-n microJ)1r middot ci0 n fot a ~ 1)()d ~ t ur r~rnmiddotcmL1~ -Jt~LiJI Lihti-UiJJpI ~pci-i-11~-ir -t k middot I I I Ill iddi Jatirn1]a~ an~ 111--r fl th c--n ITIIl m~ridillrbull
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography l ) ripn 1I bamiddoti J middotiotk~I- c-L111) Ih -flt_ LLL _ 1- middot-1 Lllll[I
1middot Lgttaik rl( i u ol _ Lb~ pre-1 ~c trnth i rn 1p5 middot middoti r- -0 ~b-1 1Limiddotmiddot Iiri~-C-middotll~l1c1iri md (1--~11- imiddot--- t l bullJllltkt I 1_t
i=IGURIE A-12 Lic gt (11111-bull~ -Jti11~m in ji I 11 bullbullmiddotih ~middotxi 1 middot I~ illltIrJJHlins d middoti-middot-1 iux middotmmiddot 11middotmiddotmiddot ~ r n c- ~middot pnmiddotr-1 ~ ~- ---~ _I 1~~-4
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n
FlGURE h-13 i-ill i11 ( li e I V 1h gt 1lhd1I J bull UU IJil
1r-- 1 1middotT (rlt- i i1 1Jmiddot ~ middot- -1 -t i t--~u~ iL-- ---middot 1-- - --HImiddot - middot -~ r-bull rJ L0
1 ( ~ I 1 t-d J llL J--
t( llllW t - 111 ow t J lr JltLJ 1Ll ga_bull middot-~ 1r-middot ~ 11] vltL j(middot1) 11-r= f--middot Fa- mi Tmiddot1-nr I I Lr_-middoti 1g UJ J ~L JU-bull1- lur p1 rshypa- JLJ ulnd ltl li Ll 11-1p r ~-=middot1_~r~ E- 1 Lv L - i-~ la rt- 1 Clto ~ 11 middot1 rnpu1 tL 1t1 il11pi u~ [_( 11 - n oT-t~ p1 (111 -1io n m ~ fi ~rh I l-1 p-1 ~ L1v1 w la(middot Ii middot -1M1n(ly r11--1J 11 plt_v_i_fL_- JL- middotb ~l lf II rT ITI i middot -1 ~ iJ Cll~b -middotill 1fo l1(T 1wm 1r~pp1u- u11l11l Lb bibull-c--onron-~bullltI middot1rbull~ d 1 rh-y -~-rnT in llll j1
GUlUl-l l11 middot_ ( -middot-~~-~ 1-pr-~1L1111 i i1 -~lt I -i bT l~bullv[I Ll i- middotr j cr11 -_rl11n r r middot11nmiddot -middott10 - 1)1 L J - t _)
middotn~ nd middotrli vl ~i grrli-fa111 - 1 1- -nmiddot1bullT--i in1- -mmiddot~-1-(middot - nrny ryr -bull ntmiddot 1111 bull - bull middot r I11 i u Li ii 111L iJlmiddotvI in Jibull 11 = b _1c middot i v ~middot- t in f11 =1i n= lXL-- 11 uJ bull vlwLt~ 111 ha-111mrr 11 _d -r1~11litgt 1llJ l 1 _middotLUaUul m h middotmi ri middot1 fT rrr - I[ (middot1( Il l m i1t o 1a1 ~ nl-imd q jumiddot1~middot _ - middot1 middot1 1 -doLl ~ilimiddoti a- ~middotol n i - II 1~-1 t t1 th~ Jr1L ~=tbulliLJi = Llo
nd 1 JL Tw la -11 ll lt -- i--=-middot1 lw =11 n rrn1 t lt I -
t -1r-J_1-w -- n il t- 11~ti-- ~ cm iJ L- I Fiuri- bull1- I i~ bullmiddot ti middotU L11
i wb l-middotl- j-- k 1middotmiddot ~ prro 1~- ~-t n rcj11TJici 1t Ivr li Jbi1)~ -Lw middot1--m J lknal ~- JRsmiddotc _r =- 1 middot pin- ~ 1middott- -- lx1i -r bulli
middot-=~ middot - middot1 ~-)r-n -f ii I m-- -t-i~os1- la1-Ll 1-1(bullj c- ti - n 1-nd I Ji1v ln middot rhl r o--o nopbullbullh111 middot liL-lt Ll 1 J L-Ji 1111 i bull LI( mi iu m_1hmiddotJ [ nhimiddotmiddot- t 1=-T ~-_ - lfo_J ~ ~tl)_lfJshy
middot) inbull at1bullp 1bull-1dbull m k 11 wk~t -J[ l11 1-~1 ~~~ middot1~-- - h-r 7X TI 1 middot - ~ pr-y tl -n