Russian Medicine in XVIII century

B.L.Lichterman

Peter I Alexeevich

Ruledfrom 1696 till

1725

(1672 – 1725)

Peter I era• “Great embassy" - Peter I trip to

European countries in 1697-1698

• Many Western specialists (including medical doctors and pharmacists) were invited to Russia

Peter I era(late 17th – early 18th cent.)

• Rapid growth and development of Russian state, from isolated Moscovia to great Russian Empire (1721)

Мария Милослаская Наталья Нарышкина

Федор (ум. 1682)

Софья Иван (ум. 1696) Петр

Два царя1682 – 1696 г.

Царь Алексей Михайлович Романов

(1629-1676)

(1651-1694)

Наталья

(1624-1669)

Foundation of St.Petersburg

(founded in 1703 )

Peter the Great

• 1721 – peace treaty with Sweden, end of Northern War

• 1721 г. Peter I was entitled “Father of Fatherland, All-Russian Emperor, Peter the Great".

• Russian Empire was formed

Peter the Great, first Russian emperor

(1721)

Peter I era• Multiple expeditions to Siberia, Middle Asia

and Far East. Exploration of natural resources.

• Mapping of Azov, Caspian, Baltic and White seas

Vitus Behring

(1727 – 1729 гг.)

Alexei Chirikov

Map of Russian Empire(mid XVIII c.)

Culture• Accelerate the pace of cultural

development , which was associated with the development of the economy.

• Secularization of art and culture, the end has come to the dictates of the church in determining the nature of Russian culture.

• Features of the new culture : secularism , democracy , openness in dealing with other cultures.

Science

• To establish contacts with the leading scientists in Europe .

• Disparate knowledge on various branches began to turn to science.

• In the XVIII century in Russia revealed the need for a large number of physicians , primarily to meet the needs of the Army and Navy , the service nobility and the emerging merchant class , as well as for health care factories and plants, which were built at a distance from the administrative and cultural centers of the country .

Education reform

• A system of secular education itroduced by Peter I played a key role in secularization of Russian culture

Education reform

• In 1699 in Moscow was founded Pushkarnaya school , and in 1701 the building was opened Sukharev Navigation School , which was the first institution of higher education in Russia.

• First Hospital school was opened in Moscow in 1707 , and followed her shipbuilding , mate , engineering , mining and trade schools .

Nickolas Bidloo (1670-1735)

First director of Moscow hospital school

Compiled byManuscriptguide" For studentssurgeryin the anatomicaltheater »

Hospital schools

• In 1733 there were also open hospital schools for land and Admiralty Hospital in St. John's Petersburg, Admiralty Hospital in Kronstadt .

• In 1758 the school was opened at the hospital Kolyvano Resurrection factory hospital , which released about 160 doctors.

• From 1788 to 1796 there was a hospital school at Elisavetgrad hospital , which released 152 physician.

Hospital schools• The program of teaching in hospital schools

were included all the theoretical and practical medical disciplines and to a greater extent than in the medical faculties of foreign universities.

• Teaching subjects: human anatomy and physiology, pathology, medical material, and surgery.

Hospital Schools

• Clinical disciplines taught in the hospital wards, primary education was considered surgery.

• In the course of internal diseases included familiarization of students with infectious diseases, dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases and children .

• From 1763 , it was introduced to study midwifery.

Hospital Schools1. Characteristic features of these schools were:

high educational level of the students who came from schools of spiritual department familiar with the Latin language , philosophy, works of Greek and Latin philosophers , democratic origin of students.

2. Education lasted for 5 - 7 years years followed by graduation exams: answering questions and 3-4 surgeries upon cadaver

Healthcare reforms

• Aptekarsky prikaz was replaced by Meditsynskaya kantselyariya in 1716, headed by Robert Erskine, Peter’s physician-in-attendence

Реформа образованияeducation Reform

• In the XVIII century in Russia for the first time in the world was developed and put into practice a new system of medical education , provide training of qualified doctors universal .

• Graduates of hospital schools have made in Russia in the XVIII century the bulk of the outstanding figures of Russian medicine , and played an important role in the development of national health care.

Academy of sciences • In 1724 Peter I issued a decree on

foundation of Petersburg academy of sciences with gymnasium and university

Russian academy of sciences• 1725 - Academy of Sciences was opened.• Grammar School and the University of the

Academy of Sciences were designed to train personnel for scientific work.

• Under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences started drawing maps, carried out extensive geological and oceanographic research.

Era of palace coup d'etat• Peter I died on January 8, 1725 and did

not leave a will .• In the history of the Russian Empire from

1725 to 1762 years, according to the definition of the historian VO Kliuchevskoi was " the era of palace revolutions ."

• For 37 years there has been a coup d'etat 3 with the feudal aristocracy and Guarodii.

Catherine I Alexeevna

.

(1684 -1727)

Termsfrom 1725 to 1727

Peter II Аlexeevich

(1715 – 1730)

Terms fromс1727 to 1730 гг.

Anna Ioannovna

(1693 – 1740)

Term from1730 to 1740.

Ioann Antonovich (Ivan VI)

(1740-1764)

NominallyruleD from 1740 to 1741 .under the regencyAnna Leopoldovna

Elisabeth Petrovna

(1709 – 1761)

Terms from 1741 to 1761

Peter III Fedorovich

(1728 – 1762)

TermsFrom 1761 to1762 .

Catherine II the Great

(1729 – 1796)

Terms from1762 to1796.

Pavel I

(1754 – 1801)

Terms From 1796 to1801.

Science

• In the XVIII century is becoming a science in Russia the European level.

• The most striking and versatile representative of Russian science was M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) - first Russian member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ( 1745).

Мikhail Lomonosov

(1711 – 1765)

Laboratory MV University

Мозаика М.В. Ломоносова

Моsаiк М.V. University

MV Lomonosov

MV Lomonosov

MV Lomonosov

• In 1746, Professor of Chemistry• Academician Lomonosov in Russia for

the first time began to give public lectures for students in Russian .

Моscow University

• The idea of opening the University of Moscow was embodied in the project II Shuvalov , written in collaboration with M. Lomonosov, which the Empress Elizabeth approved January 24, 1755 the nominal decree " On the establishment of the University of Moscow and two gymnasiums ."

• April 26, 1755 the opening ceremony of the Moscow University and two high schools.

Old building of Moscow University

М.V. Ломоnоsоv• Especially important written by MV Lomonosov in

1761 appeal to Count II Shuvalov letter " On the reproduction and preservation of the Russian people ", in which he drew attention to a number of issues related to the state of medicine in Russia at the time.

• Lomonosov said poor care at birth , high infant mortality in childbirth at an early age , high adult morbidity and mortality , lack of medical care as the civilian population of Russia, and in the army.

М.V. LомоNоSоV• Lomonosov set the objective of improving

medical care , increase the number of doctors, hospitals , pharmacies , compilation and publication available to a wide circle of books for assistance in childbirth, on the treatment of children.

• He called for improved childcare , fight unhygienic habits in everyday life, in particular related to church ceremonies , considered measures to combat infant mortality.

М.V. Lомоnоsоv

Era of Catherine II(1762 -1796)

• Catherine II to formulate the challenges facing the Russian monarch :

• Need to educate the nation , which should be controlled.• You must enter the good order of the state, society and

support to make it comply with the laws .• It is necessary to establish in the country a good and

accurate police.• Need to contribute to the flourishing of the state and

make it fertile .• It is necessary to make the state a formidable in itself

and inspiring respect for neighbors.

The era of Catherine II• The territory of the Russian Empire grew at the

expense of joining the fertile southern lands - the Crimea, the Black Sea region , as well as the eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and others .

• The population increased from 23.2 million ( in 1763 ) to 37.4 million ( in 1796 ), Russia has become the most populous country in Europe ( on it accounted for 20 % of the European population ) . Catherine II formed 29 new provinces and built about 144 cities.

The era of Catherine II

• The structure of the country for 1796 included the northern Black Sea , Sea of Azov , Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine , the land between the Dniester and the Bug , Belarus, Lithuania , and Courland .

• In 1726 , there were 336 cities to beg. XIX century - 634 cities.

• At the end of the XVIII century the city was about 10 % of the population.

Era of Catherine II

• In a separate administrative unit was placed city . At the head of it instead of the governors was put mayor , endowed with all the rights and powers.

• In the cities, introduced strict police control . City was divided into parts , which were over the supervision of the private bailiff , and parts were divided into quarters, quarterly warden controlled.

War (Войны)• Azov campaigns of 1695 - 1696 years.• Russian - Swedish war of 1700 - 1721

years.• Prut campaign against the Turks in 1711• Khiva Expedition 1716-1717,

A.Cherkasskogo .• The war with Persia 1722-1723 gg.• Russian - Turkish war of 1735-1739 .• Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 period .

Healthcare reform• All healthcare institutions including

teaching schools were governed by Meditsynskaya kollegiya ( Collegium Medicum), created in 1736

Реформа здравоохраненияHealth Care Reform

• In the middle of the XVIII century made the new health care reform is to increase the number of doctors in the cities paid great attention to the education and training of medical specialists and the teacher

Epidemics

In XVIII there were several plague epidemics in Russia. Plague

epidemic in Moscow 1770—1772 was particularly disastrous

.

Count Grigory Orlov

Current Vagankovskoe , Danilovskoye Dorogomilovskaya Pyatnitskoe, Kalitnikovskaya , Transfiguration and Semenovskoe cemetery , known as historical, are monuments of the invasion of Moscow plague in 1770 -1772 years.

Epidemic• When Catherine II the fight against epidemics

in Russia began to acquire the character of public activities directly under the responsibility of the Imperial Council and the Senate.

• By Catherine II were created outposts placed not only at the borders, but also on the roads leading to the center of Russia .

• Was created by the "Charter of border and port quarantine ."

Smallpox inoculation

In October 1768 , Catherine II has subjected himself and his son Paul smallpox vaccination ( inoculation ) .

Since that time in Russia began to be established ospoprivivatelnye home.

Era of Catherine II

• When Catherine II Russian absolutism reached unprecedented power. Nobility has received huge privileges , Russia became one of the first world powers.

• Tightening of serfdom was the main cause of the peasant voyny1773-1775 years under the leadership of E.I.Pugacheva.

Peasant War1773 – 1775 гг.

Pugachev rebellion• Peasant uprising of 1773-1775 . seized land

Yaitsky troops , Orenburg region , the Urals, Kama , Bashkiria , part of Western Siberia , Middle and Lower Volga .

• To the Cossacks joined Bashkirs, Tatars , Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs of all provinces , the territory of which the peasant war unfolded .

• Sep 12 . 1774 Pugachev captured, after which he was executed .

Science and Education of the XVIII century

• In the 1780s . Catherine II made another attempt to create a unified system of education.

• In 1786, in provincial cities opened four-year college major ; in the county - two year low .

• " Charter public schools " provides an opportunity to transition from a small school in the main , and then - the university entrance.

Medical Education• In the second half of the XVIII century in

the Russian Empire has been considerably developed medical education.

• From 1764 , we started regular classes at the medical faculty of Moscow University.

Semyon Zybelin(1735—1802)

Moscow University

First Russian professor of Moscow University, professor of anatomy and surgery, practice of medicine and chemistry member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Медицинское образованиеMedical Education

• In 1764 the Medical Board recognized the equal rights of Russian and German language teaching in hospital schools.

• In 1795, in the " preliminary order of positions who teach , students ' stated: " ... Professor should know perfectly the Russian language for precise and intelligible to express their thoughts on the hold the teaching of doctrine; in case of necessity, when it will be impossible to find such permitted knowing thoroughly the Latin language , which will be required to teach in 3 years (follow-up 3 years) , during which period it has to learn the Russian language . "

Medical Education• In 1764 the Medical Board received the right

to confer the degree of Doctor of doctors of medicine, but in the XVIII century it was given only 16 physicians trained in hospital schools.

• Medical faculty of Moscow University has received the right to confer the degree of doctor of medicine only in the 90s of the XVIII century .

• In the 1859-1860 period . were allowed to defend their dissertations in Russian .

Foma Barsuk-Мoiseev

The first MD thesis "On the physiology of breathing " at Moscow University (1794).

Меdicine

• In the XVIII century continuously developing new areas for Russian medicine.

• Hospitals have been opened for the treatment of syphilis , psychiatric hospitals and orphanages ;

• Issued a number of fundamental works on medicine .

Education reforms

• 1753—1760 - аcheaters‘• . Z. Kondoidi and М. I. Shein Pimprove the teaching of anatomy and

clinical disciplines , staged clinical wards, were introduced mandatory autopsy , the teaching of obstetrics and gynecological diseases , changed the procedure for examinations.

Pavel Kondoidi

(1709 – 1760)

Arhiatrand ChiefDirectormedicalThe Office of the(1753-1760)

CreatorRussia's firstmedicallibraries(1756 )

P.Z Kondoidi• From the middle of the XVIII century when

arhiatre• P. 3 Kondoidi in hospital schools began

to teach mainly in Russian .• With this was a big step forward in the

preparation of Russian medical personnel.

П.З. Кондоиди• Arhiatr PZ Kondoidi decided to train their own

staff of doctors , worthy substitute teaching positions , direct gifted graduates of hospital schools in foreign universities for doctoral title .

• Young doctors trip abroad began in 1761 .• Gradually hospital schools no longer need the

foreign teachers.

Медицинская литератураThe medical literature

• For the medical literature of Russia in XVIII century is characterized by a large number of translated works.

• By order of Peter I have been translated into Russian and published at public expense , foreign works on medicine, for example, " Aphorisms of Hippocrates ", " Anatomy of the Human Body " Bidloo , " Marching and the home pharmacy " and others .

Медицинская литература

• In 1757 MI Shein published the first translation of the widespread Geystera textbook on anatomy, in 1761 g.- transfer textbook on surgery Platner .

• Work on the translation of medical textbooks and books continued to NM - Ambodik Maksimovic , M. Terekhovsky , FI Barsuk - Moiseev et al .

Мartyn SheinThe first drawing teacher in Kronstadt hospitalschool (from 1738 ) .Intrigued medicine, graduated from the hospitalschool and in 1745 received the title of Doctor .Was appointed senior physician PetersburgNaval Hospital .Being a master of freehand it on materialsKronstadt hospital carried out a largenumber of original drawings that are included in itsanatomical atlas , first published in Russianin 1744When founded the Academy of Fine Arts ( 1757 )MI Shein became its first professor of anatomy .

• Great merit MI Shein was to create a medical terminology

• in Russian , which previously did not exist.

• Many medical terms proposed by M. Shane , remained unchanged up to the present time, for example :

• blood vessels , ileum , phrenic barrier , vas deferens , and others .

Constantin Stchepin (1728—1770)

• Russian physician and botanist , anatomist and military surgeon of the XVIII century .

• Developed a scientifically based system of training doctors made training programs for hospital schools. Lectures conducted in Russian , introduced compulsory teaching of anatomy on the corpses of PEOPLE.

К.I. Schepin

• KI Schepin prepared in Russian two manuscripts - " Anatomical Lectures" ( 1763 ) and "On the anatomy in general" ( 1764 ) . In them, he expounded in an accessible form for students general and particular anatomical teaching.

• KI Schepin introduced repetition of material tests of knowledge for a week and monthly exams for each medical science rather than existed before his exams for every third year.

Nestor Maximovich-Ambodik

(1744—1812)

Creator" Anatomiko-physiologicalDictionary " (1783)

founderscientificObstetricsand gynecologistsin Russia ,teachings about caringfor infants

Danila Samoilovich

(1744-1805)

Major worksassociated withepidemiologyplague and povertyplague

Медицинское образованиеMedical Education

• Medical College in 1785 sent two experienced doctors Terekhovsky M. and A. Shymlanskaya in Europe to familiarize with the medical education. A year later, on his return they received a report on the transformation of hospital schools and their staffs .

• Since 1786 under the new law, hospital schools Petersburg and Kronstadt turned into medical and surgical schools , and teachers have received the title of professor .

• Each school was created 4 chairs . School has been granted the right to confer doctoral degrees . They were separated from the hospital and began to exist independently.

Медико-хирургические училищаMedical and surgical school

•With the transformation in 1786 of hospital schools in the medical and surgical schools were introduced chemistry, mathematics to physics . When hospitals were organized anatomical museums.•Since 1795 , in the medico-surgical schools established a 5-year period of study. Students of the first three courses studied general subjects , anatomy, recipes , physiology , surgery, etc. ophthamology . Specialized disciplines .•On the 4th and 5th courses were mainly practical training and duty in the clinical wards of hospitals . After passing the exam school graduates receive the title of healers .

Медико-хирургические училищаMedical and surgical school

Major changes in the activities of medical and surgical schools conducted by the director of the Medical College of ( 1793 )

Privy Councillor AI Vasiliev

Medico-Surgical Academy

• Nominal decree of December 18, 1798 Emperor Paul I ordered AI Vasilyev create the necessary material base to open in St. Petersburg institution of higher education for the training of doctors .

• This date is considered the foundation of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy , which eventually became the leading educational - scientific center of the Russian Empire in the training of physicians and the development of medical science.

Medical- Surgical Academy (now - the Naval Academy . Kirov )

Высшее медицинское образованиеGraduate Medical Education

• Phase of development of the national higher medical school was a difficult and lengthy ; it covers the reign of Peter I to Paul I. It is possible to allocate the following periods and significant events :

• background of higher education in Russia ( Emperor Peter I),

• Opening of the Moscow University ( Empress Elizabeth )

• the formation of the Medical-Surgical Academy ( Emperor Paul I).

XVIII Century

• XVIII century was an important stage in the development of medicine in Russia . This was the period of formation and growth of Russian medical science , when Russia appeared and quickly developed scientific medicine . Among physicians to promote the development of medical science , a major role in the XVIII century, played a Russian hospital school students .