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Safe Use of Cockpit Automation
Prepared by: Michael G. Gaffney, MCFI, MGI
March 29, 2010
Prepared for: Sun N Fun
FAA Safety ForumFAA Production Studio
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Michael G. GaffneyFlightlogics Aviation Consulting
Melbourne, FL2007 National Flight Instructor of the Year
Four (4) time Master CFI Two (2)time Master Ground Instructor
How do we safely take advantage of all this great technology?
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Evolution of General Aviation is Underway
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Many of us were taught to fly in these…
1969 Citabria 1976 Cessna C172
OR
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Now we are flying in this…
Cirrus with Avidyne Entegra
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Or this…
Cirrus with Avidyne Release 9
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Or This…
Cirrus with Garmin Perspective
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Or even a simple LSA…
The Cessna Skycatcher
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Tale of the GA Training Cockpit
Cockpit Safety starts with the fundamentals of how we train
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Speed Relativity – Base 60 cockpit math
Diamond 138 Knots
Cirrus 170 Knots
Mooney 170 Knots
Cessna Corvalis 400 225 Knots
Diamond DJet 325 knots
Cessna 122 knots Can you keep up with the speed and technology of your mission platform?
Airc
raft
Tra
nsi
tion
Pa
th f
rom
Tra
inin
g to
Mis
sio
n P
latf
orm
Fly the aircraft first always, regardless of the mission
Quest Kodiak 155 Knots
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Instructional emphasis in the limited number of hours an instructor has with a student
OR
OR
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The answer is that instructors and students must master all 3!
But How?
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Pilot and instructor skills must evolve with technology
Master Automation Operation
Disciplined SchoolingUnderstand Digital
AppliancesNew TechniquesConstant evaluation of
options available
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The GNS 430 – The Cockpit Automation Genesis
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The Global Positioning System
A pilot must have at least 5 of the 24 satellites tuned in to fly an instrument approachGPS Constellation is designed so there are at least 4 satellites visible anywhere on earth
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NAV System Course Widths
ApproachPhase
Destination
TerminalPhase
EnroutePhase
7 nm
30 nm
.3 nm
1.0 nm
5.0nm
Localizer
VOR
2.5 °10 °
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Knobology
The GNS 430 and the G1000 use the same “Super-knob” style FMS
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G1000 MFD Menu Navigation
Map WPT FPLAUX NRST
Traffic
Terrain
Stormscope
Weather
TripPlanning
SystemSetup
Utility
GPSStatus
Airport
VOR
Intersect
NDB
Current FPL
Catalog
VNAV
Airport
VOR
Intersect
NDB
UserDefined
UserDefined
LRUStatus
XMSubscribe
“Bump” theInside knob
“Scroll” the Outside knob
“Twist the inside knob”
This turns cursor function
on and off
This highlights selections in a menu or tabs field to field
This pops down selection menus – then press ENT to
confirm!
Scroll with Outer Knob
Tw
ist
wit
h I
nn
er K
no
b
Tells you what page You are on
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Conventional and Glass Flight Instruments
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Importance of Color Coding
Green = Active
White = StandbyMagenta = GPS Derived
Yellow = Caution
RED = Warning
CYAN = Reference
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How the Pieces of the System Play Together
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The Avidyne Entegra – Schematic of an Analog System
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Generation 2 -G1000 System Digital ComponentsWith GFC 700Autopilot
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GRS 77 AHRS Unit- Attitude Heading Reference Unit Processing
Air Data Computer #1
Magnetometer #1Magnetometer #2
GPS #1 GPS #2
AHRS #1 AHRS #2
GIA 63 #1 GIA 63 #2
Air Data Computer #2
Ethernet Data Bus
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GDC 74 Air Data Computer Unit(s)
AirframeStaticPort
AirframePitotTube
OutsideAirTemp (OAT)Probe
OutsideAirTemp (OAT)Probe
Air Data Computer #1
Air Data Computer #2
GIA 63 #1 GIA 63 #2
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Three Autopilots found in GA Aircraft•S-TEC 55
•Bendix-King-Honeywell•KAP140
•Garmin GFC 700Integrated Digital Autopilot
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Keys to Understanding and Keeping up with Technology Know your equipment- blindfolded Diligent training using realistic
scenarios Develop Aeronautical Decision
Making (ADM) skills Approach every operation with Risk
Management in mind Single Pilot Resources Management
(SRM) Maintain an inclusive Scanflow Use all available tools to maintain
situational awareness
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Single Pilot Resources Management
•Without a crewmember, a pilot is forced to rely on their own ability to manage the aircraft and any emergency situations that arise during flight
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The Art of Managing a Busy Cockpit
Planningand Contingent
Planning
Situational Awareness
Aeronautical Decision Making
“What will Happen?”
“What is Happening?”
“What do I do about it?”
“Go back and modify the plan”
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Scanflow cockpit management to stay ahead of the aircraft
Primary Flight Display(PFD)
(Flight Parameter Adherence)
Outside the Aircraft(Traffic and Terrain Avoidance
Chores(Checklist, engine monitor,
Chart management, passenger briefings, baby sit autopilot)
Multi Function Display(MFD)
(Electronic Situational AwarenessNEXRAD, Stormscope, Traffic,
Terrain, cabin entertainment)
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Examples of Cockpit Distractions
Multi Function Display(MFD)
(Electronic Situational AwarenessNEXRAD, Stormscope, Traffic,
Terrain, cabin entertainment)
Examples of Heads Down Times for Various Tasks
Task
Distraction Time for FITS Trained Pilot
Distraction Time for Inefficiently Trained Pilot
Build Initial Flightplan :45 seconds :60 seconds
Amend that Flightplan :30 seconds :45 secondsDelete a Flightplan waypoint :06 seconds :35 secondsLoad an Approach :08 seconds :15 seconds
Activate an approach :08 seconds :15 secondsRespond to Traffic Alert :15 seconds :25 secondsLookup Weather :10 seconds :25 secondsAnalyze Fuel impact to a clearance diversion or reroute :15 seconds :60 secondsProcess Missed Approach and Configure MFD and Autopilot for Holding Pattern :15 seconds :60 secondsDiagnose System Warning or alert :25 seconds :50 secondsCouple Autopilot to fly an instrument procedure such as a Departure Procedure or STAR :25 seconds :50 seconds
Note: Based upon Personal Observations of pilots in FITS Training Scenarios
:35
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NEXTGEN Architecture
The NEXTGEN system will revolutionize how aircraft and the ground interoperate
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NEXTGEN Air to Ground Network Connectivity Agents Architecture (NAGNAA)
ClearanceWeatherTrafficTCAS PlanningOptions
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Prototyping using Simulation
Airbus A380 Level D Flight Simulator used for Prototyping Scenarios to test cognitive design
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External Data Feeds Unified-Digitized ATC clearances and ATC delay information Navigation data Communication data (digitized) ACARS company dispatch data Weather forecasts and onscreen radar data Traffic conflict and resolution data Terminal Procedures Onscreen charts and updates Airport and Taxi data Company procedures and checklists Aircraft technical data and manuals
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Digital Flight Management Systems
Garmin G3000 Touch Screen Digital Flight Management System
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Conclusion Evolution of technology will continue at its
blistering pace The pilot and the instructor must maintain
proficiency over the all three aspects of Training; Flight Skills, Technology Management, and Systems Understanding
Safe use of cockpit technology remains an issue of distraction and complacency management
Always fly the aircraft first but know your technology and how it can help you
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Michael G. Gaffney, Lead Technical Consultant of Flightlogics Aviation Consulting of Melbourne, Florida, is a 4 time Master Flight Instructor (MCFI) and a two time Master Ground Instructor (MGI). He was named the 2007 National Flight Instructor of the Year by the Federal Aviation Administration and the General Aviation Awards executive committee. He was also awarded the 2007 NATA Excellence in Aviation Training Award.