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marina musxeliSvili
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba:
SedarebiTi analizi
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia “socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mxardaWeriT, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The edition was developed and published with the support of the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and with the contribution of the High Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 6 - 9
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Pippa Norris
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cornwall
M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003
Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995
G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996
G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998
111
www.carnegie.ru. 21pp.
Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132
Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, chapter 5: The media, civil society, political democracy and the market; chapter 6 conclusions: The media, journalism and democratization, pp. 124-174
Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195
M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic Social Context, conference papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.
Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.311-370
John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity. A social theory of the media, Stanford University Press, 1995, Chapter 5: The Globalization of Communication, pp. 149-178
Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge University Press; (2003)
John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003)
m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi
demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi.
`epoqa”, 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003
J. J.Linz, A. Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Concolidation. Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996
Charlese E.Lindblom The Policy-Making Process. Foundations of Modern Political Science Series, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, chapter 8: Interest-Group Leaders.
Robert D. Putnam, Bowling alone: America’s Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy 6:1, Jan 1995, 65-78
Richard Rose, Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust, Journal of Democracy, V.5, N.3, 1994
Stephen P Turner Liberal Democracy 3.0 : Civil Society in an Age of Experts: Sage Publications; (2003)
Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе, www.carnegie.ru
Hernando de Soto. `The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000
Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004
Mancur Olson, The Logics of Collective action. (Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis
qrestomatiaSi)
g.JorJoliani, T.berekaSvili, m. musxeliSvili. demokratia gardamaval
sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002
110
sarCevi
1. Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis cnebis ganmartebisadmi 4
2. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo:
cnebis evolucia istoriaSi 13
3. patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali 19
4. tokvili: demokratia amerikaSi 27
5. Tanamedrove Teoriebi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
(respublikuri midgoma liberaluris sapirispirod) 31
6. demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia 43
7. sami politikuri tradicia, politikuris
diskursuli ganmarteba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 49
8. habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli transformacia 57
9-10. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi 66
11. masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da
diskursuli eTikis sami tipi 84
12. saqarTvelos masmedia 94
13. globalizacia: globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 101
bibliografia 109
CIVIL SOCIETY – COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 112
komentari: saleqcio kursi Sedgeba 32 saauditorio saaTisgan (16 mecadineoba).
maT Soris 13 eTmoba warmodgenili sakiTxebis Seswavlas (1 saaTi - leqcia, 1 saaTi —
garCeva da diskusia), xolo bolo 3 mecadineoba eTmoba studentebis mier warmod-
genili naSromebis prezentacias da ganxilvas.
studentebs moeTxovebaT daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba (Sefasebis 40%), re-
feratis momzadeba da prezentacia (30%) da damoukidebeli muSaoba literaturas-
Tan, romlis codnisa da gagebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinon gamocdaze (30%).
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leqcia 1
Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
cnebis ganmartebisadmi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba didi Teoriuli debatebis sagans Seadgenda gasuli
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi (am debatebis gadevneba SeiZleba lokis, adam fergiusonis,
adam smitis, hegelis, tokvilis, marqsis naSromebSi), magram meoce saukuneSi igi
praqtikulad daiviwyes da am cnebisadmi xelaxali interesis gaRviveba mxolod 1980-
iani wlebidan, postkomunistur tranzitebTan dakavSirebiT xdeba (magram amasTanave
ganaxlebuli mniSvnelobiT). swored postkomunisturi qveynebis socialurma
moZraobebma, garkveulwilad postmarqsistuli ideebiT STagonebulebma (gramSi,
rogorc yvelaze cnobili magaliTi) aiRes lozungad es cneba politikur reJimebTan
sabrZolvelad.
komunisturi sistemis kraxis Semdeg samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, damoukidebeli,
arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis sferos mniSvnelobiT, dawyebuli
samezoblo kavSirebiT da damTavrebuli yvela saxis interesTa jgufebiTa da
saqvelmoqmedo fondebiT, xdeba farTo msjelobis sagani da ganixileba fuZemdeblur
komponentad, romlis formireba aucilebelia rogorc demokratizaciisTvis, aseve
damkvidrebuli demokratiis sijansaRisTvis. am fonze miT ufro saocaria Seusabamoba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis farTo aRiarebasa da mis Sinaarsobriv bundovnebas
Soris. SesaZloa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom ara marto samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,
aramed gacilebiT ufro damkvidrebuli terminebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
demokratia, bolo aTwleulebis gardaqmnebis Suqze mkvlevrebs sul ufro sakamaTod
da arasakmarisad gaazrebulad eCvenebaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas Cven aq da
qvemoT sxva, masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis ganxilvis Suqze SeviswavliT.
Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi vigulisxmebT ubralod `samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis
xSir qsels~, masTan dakavSirebuli bevri kiTxva upasuxod dagvrCeba. zogierTi es
kiTxva ubralod ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor
gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba ama Tu im viTarebaSi da
ama Tu im dros. Sedis Tu ara `bazari~, biznesi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferoSi, Tu
igi Seadgens saqmianobis sxva, `kerZo~ sferos? Tu es asea, xom ar unda gamovricxoT
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferodan biznesis asociaciebi, profesiuli gaerTianebebi
da sxva? ra mimarTebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikas Soris? sad Tavdeba
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da iwyeba politikuri sazogadoeba? miekuTvneba Tu ara
politikuri gaerTianebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferos, da Tu ara, sad gadis
zRvari interesTa jgufsa da politikur partias Soris? aris Tu ara nebayoflobiTi
gaerTianebebis arseboba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani, Tu igi aris raRac ufro Rrma,
arsobrivi sazogadoebrivi mowyobis arsebobis garegani gamomxatveli niSani?
sxva kiTxvebi ukavSirdeba ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganmartebas, aramed mis
arss da mniSvnelobas. ra funqcionaluri, normatiuli da struqturuli wanamZRvrebi
ganapirobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc cnebisa da rogorc fenomenis,
arsebobas? da ras ganapirobebs, Tavis mxriv is, rasac SeiZleba samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba vuwodoT? da saerTod, ras SeiZleba vuwodoT samoqalaqo sazogadoeba —
arsebobs Tu ara mis ukan raime garkveuli normatiuli ideali, rogorc es demokratiis
cnebasTan mimarTebaSi xdeba, Tu es mxolod empiriuli, normatiuli datvirTvisgan da
Sinagani logikisgan gamoclili movlenaa? samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba Tuki
marTlac warmoadgens demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebis aucilebel komponents
4
bibliografia
dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gv. 205-228
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)
Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28
Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books chapters 10, 11,12,29
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123
Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan, 10
gv.
Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments
Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000
Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. N.Y.
(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia
Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press
Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112
vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri
instituti, Tbilisi, 1995
Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, 1994 pp. 86-162
Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18
Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117
Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52
m. musxeliSvili. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. broSura, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri,
Tbilisi, 2000, gv.37-47
m. musxeliSvili. `demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi `arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8)
CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.
Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra:
109
axali migrantebi da mosaxleebi, romlebic ikavebdnen miwas amerikaSi, Zlier
TviTmmarTvelobiT jgufebs qmnidnen. amerikuli mmarTvelobis sistema marTlac, rom
qvevidan zeviT viTardeboda. anu jer araformalur doneze cnobili xdeboda
garkveuli wesebi, romlebiTac adamianebi adgendnen erTimeoris uflebebs, rac maT
mudmivi sisxlisRvrisgan da qiSpisgan icavda, xolo Semdgom koleqtiurad icavdnen am
erToblivad dadgenil wesebs. anu ideboda patara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi,
romlebic Semdgom kargad muSaobda wesrigisa da uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad.
SesaZloa, sxva qveynebSi, sadac araformaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ukve
damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis CarCoebSi viTardeba, amgvari SeTanxmebebis miRweva da
institucionalizeba Zneli saqme iyos. samagierod amerikis ekonomika yvelaze swrafad
da efeqturad ganviTarda swored misi amgvari principuli mowyobis Sedegad. kanonis
legitimaciaSi sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis mZlavrad gamoyenebam kanonebi gaxada
efeqturi, da ara ubralod, abstraqtulad `samarTliani~.
kanonSemoqmedeba axal demokratiebSi da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebSi samwuxarod
zedmetad xSirad atarebs ideologiur xasiaTs. es ideologiuroba mdgomareobs
kanonebis abstraqtul `SemuSavbaSi~, im imediT, rom sazogadoeba moergeba kanons, da
ara piriqiT. am dros xdeba realurad arsebuli da sazogadoebis mier daculi
urTierTobebis, anu moqmedi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ignorireba, da Sedegad
kanonebi ar muSaobs, xolo ekonomika cudad viTardeba. rusos `sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis~ idea ar aris sruli abstraqcia, aramed politikuri (da ara
iuridiuli) samoqmedo gegma. kanoni, rogorc amas ruso amtkicebs, ar arsebos kargi an
cudi. kanoni unda Seesabamebodes im sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac is iwereba.
vinaidan am qveynebSi politikosebi zedmetad did yuradRebas aqceven globaluri
ekonomikis kanonmdeblobasTan morgebas, da naklebs — sakuTari qveynis realobis
gaTvaliswinebas, globalizacia xSirad sargeblis momtani xdeba mxolod mcire
nawilisTvis, xolo msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili masTan dapirispirebaSi
vardeba, vinaidan uflebrivad daqvemdebarebuli xdeba. iqmneba, brodelis gamoTqmiT,
globalizaciiT Seqmnili daxuruli areebi (`bell jars`), romelTa SigniT raRaca
viTardeba, magram romelTa miRma rCeba yvela danarCeni, romlebisTvisac
globalizaciis am `privilegirebuli klubis~ SeuRwevloba mxolod uTanasworobas
niSnavs. Sedegad globalizaciisa da sabazro ekonomikis advokatebi aRiqmebian
rogorc mikerZoebuli, viwro klasis an saerTod `ucxo agentebis~ uflebebis
damcvelebi. isini xSirad ar aqceven yuradRebas imas, rom maT mier SemoTavazebuli
reformebi realurad yvelas sasargeblod ar moqmedeben.
es analizi saocrad waagavs im problemebs, romlebsac vawydebodiT saqarTveloSi
globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da, zogadad, mosaxleobis urTierTmimarTebis
analizisas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis globalizaciam saqarTveloSi Seqmna
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic ufro kunZulebia sazogadoebaSi, vidre Ria
inkluziuri xelSekrulebis damcveli organoebi. maT qmnis ufro moZroba `zevidan
qvemoT~, da ara `qvemodan zeviT~. es ki qmnis gaTiSulobas da daZabulobas globalur
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da lokalur, araformalurad arsebuli sazogadoebriv
xelSekrulebebs Soris, romlebic rCeba `arakodificirebuli~, arareprezentatiuli,
araartikulirebuli, da, saboloo jamSi, politikurad represirebuli.
globalizacia adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze Tu misi
neoliberaluri konkurenti — globalizacia saeqsperto da universalisturi,
moduliri institutebis safuZvelze — es aris Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri
gamowveva, romelic ayalibebs momavali msoflio globaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis saxes, Tuki am termins gamoviyenebT.
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- ratom xdeba es, romel meqanizmebs eniWeba am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba?
asustebs Tu ara samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifos zegavlenas mosaxleobaze, Tu
piriqiT - emsaxureba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis legitimizacias? ratom aris miCneuli,
rom nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis arseboba demokratiis xelSemwyobi faqtoria?
imisda mixedviT, Tu ras gulisxmoben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebaSi, sxvadasxva
avtorebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis areals gansxvavebuli geografiuli da
droiTi sazRvrebiT Semofarglaven. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Segvxvdes gamoTqma
`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iranSi~, meore mxriv ki, gelneri amtkicebs, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba arsebobs mxolod dasavlur individualistur
sazogadoebebSi, Tanac savaraudod 1945 wlis Semdeg. erTi nawili mkvlevrebisa
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs Tanamedroveobas, sxvebi miuTiTeben
am terminis gamoyenebaze jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi. erT naSromSi SeiZleba SexvdeT
mtkicebas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebebma daamarcxes komunisturi reJimebi
aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, xolo meoreSi - rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoebebi am qveynebSi ar arsebobda da mxolod amJamad yalibdeba TandaTanobiT
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad.
minimaluri da liberaluri demokratia,
minimaluri da srulyofili samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
rTuli sazogadoebrivi struqturebis gaigiveba am sazogadoebaSi moqmed
institutebTan, anu struqturis yvelaze TvalsaCino da saanalizod martiv
niSnebTan, normatiuli datvirTvis da socialuri konteqstis ganxilvis gareSe,
arsobrivi maxasiaTeblebis dakargvis garkveul saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es
problema gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa cneba `demokratiis~ magaliTze.
msoflioSi demokratiis mzardi aRiarebisa da swrafi gavrcelebis fonze
aqtualuroba SeiZina Semdegma sakiTxma - riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
demokratiuli da arademokratiuli reJimebi? rogor unda iyos mowyobili
politikuri sistema, rom mas demokratiuli ewodos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Camoyalibda demokratiis e.w. institucionaluri (Sumpeteriseuli) gansazRvreba,
romlis Tanaxmad (uxeSi miaxloebiT) demokratia aris konkurentul arCevnebze
dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba; konkurentuli arCevnebi ki gulisxmobs iseTi
Tavisuflebebis arsebobas, rogoricaa sityvis da azris Tavisufleba, politikuri
gaerTianebis Tavisufleba da sxva (aq es ganmarteba srulad ar aris asaxuli, misi
variaciebi sxvadasxva institutebis nakrebia sxvadasxva avtorebis naSromebSi, ix.
bibliografia, romelic `demokratizaciis~ saxelmZRvaneloSia moyvanili).
magram am gansazRvrebis misadagebiT politikuri sistemebis
klasificirebisaTvis, male aRmoCnda, rom is politikuri reJimebi, romlebic
formalurad jdebian am ganmartebis CarCoebSi, xSirad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian
Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan. zogierTi maTgani ver uzrunvelyofs Tavisi
moqalaqeebis uflebebis srulyofil dacvas, demokratiis sxva idealebis
realizebas. sxva sityvebiT, zogi maTgani aris naklebad liberaluri, vidre
dasavluri demokratiebi; pirovneba yovelTvis ar aris am sistemebis arsebobis
amosavali wertili. Sedegad dResdReobiT asxvaveben e.w. minimalur da liberalur
demokratiebs, Tumca ki erTic da meorec xelisuflebis arCevis weszea
dafuZnebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiis niSnebi, mocemuli mis
institucionalur gansazRvrebaSi, warmoadgenen liberaluri demokratiis
arsebobis aucilebel, magram arasakmaris komponentebs.
5
cxadia, rom metad sasurvelia rTuli da kompleqsuri movlenis arseboba-
ararsebobis kriteriumebi davafuZnoT xelSesaxeb, Semowmebad, TvalsaCino da
`gazomvad~ parametrebze (maT magaliTs warmoadgenen konkurentuli arCevnebi),
magram ama Tu im cnebis gansazRvris metismetma formalizebam, Tumc ki sasargeblom
wminda pragamatuli TvalsazrisiT, ukritiko gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
mcdar daskvnebamde migviyvanos, rogorc amas zemoT moyvanili magaliTi
adasturebs. es saSiSroeba naTlad Cans samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSic,
vinaidan Tu mas ubralod `damoukidebeli, arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi
gaerTianebebis erTobliobad~ ganvixilavT (rac iolad Semowmebadi, TvalsaCino da
`gazomvadi~ parametria) Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT iseTive `arasrulyofili~
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, rogori `arasrulyofilicaa~ minimaluri demokratia
liberalur demokratiasTan SedarebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela Sexeduleba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze SeiZleba
kamaTis sagnad gavxadoT, albaT upriania dasawyisSive davafiqsiroT erTi
gavrcelebuli midgoma, romelic garkveul gezs miscems momdevno msjelobas da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionaluri, institucionaluri da istoriuli
sawyisebis ufro Rrma gaazrebas. es aris institucionaluri gageba, romelic
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da romelic sakmaod detalurad aRwers samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mTel rig institutebs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba: institucionaluri midgoma
cnobili amerikeli mecnieris, lari daimondis statiaSi mocemulia erT-erTi
yvelaze konkretuli da mravalmxrivi mimoxilva imisa, Tu ra institutebi miekuTvneba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, da ra saqmianobas axorcieleben isini.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, daimondis mixedviT, aris organizebuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sfero, romelic nebayoflobiTia, TviTwarmoqmnadi, (farTod)
TviTganviTarebadi, saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuria da Sekrulia sakanonmdeblo
wesrigiT an gaziarebul wesTa erTobliobiT. zogadad, is gansxvavdeba
`sazogadoebisgan~ im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi individebi moqmedeben koleqtiurad
sazogadoebriv sferoSi sakuTari interesebis, miswrafebebis da ideebis
gamosaxatavad, informaciis gasacvlelad, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad, saxelmwifos
winaSe moTxovnebis wamosayeneblad da saxelmwifo moxeleTa angariSvaldebulebis
uzrunvelsayofad. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris Sualeduri warmonaqmni, romelsac
ukavia adgili kerZo cxovrebis sferosa da saxelmwifos Soris. amgvarad, is ar moicavs
pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas, sargeblis miRebisken mimarTul jgufur aqtiobas (mag.,
dasvenebaze, garTobaze, sulier dakmayofilebaze zrunvas), calkeuli firmebis
komerciul wamowyebebs da saxelmwifoze kontrolis misaRwevad warmoebul
politikur qmedebebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi moqmed pirebs esaWiroebaT
institucionalizebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigi maTi avtonomiurobisa da moqmedebis
Tavisuflebis dasacavad. amgvarad, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ara marto zRudavs
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, aramed legitimur xasiaTsac aniWebs mas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
es xelisufleba dafuZnebulia kanonis uzenaesobaze. iq, sadac sakuTriv saxelmwifo
arRvevs kanonierebis CarCoebs da ugulvebelyofs individualur da jgufur
avtonomiurobas, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba mainc arsebobdes, (Tumca ki
`Canasaxovani~ an `damaxinjebuli~ formiT) Tu misi Semadgeneli elementebi moqmedeben
6
sakuTrebis mflobelis dadgenis SesaZleblobas. sakuTrebad gadaqcevis es procesi
metad rTulia da mravali nawilisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mimofantulia
kanonmdeblobis sxvadasxva nawilebSi da sistemis sxvadasxva elementebSi. (komentari:
cxadia, ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom garda am sistemisa, unda arsebobdes
saxelmwifo, romelic avlens unars da keTil nebas raTa werilobiTi ufleba realobad
aqcios. de soto kanonSemoqmedebiT procesze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre
kanonaRsrulebaze. orive mniSvnelovania, raTa samoqalaqo sazogadoebamac da
ekonomikamac samarTlebriv regulirebas daeyrdnos).
mesame samyaros da postkomunisturi samyaros qveynebSi xdeba uprecedento
siswrafis gardaqmnebi, socialuri, ekonomikuri da industriuli, romlebic sruliad
cvlian iq arsebul urTierTobebs. samarTlebrivi cvlilebebi ubralod ver ewevian am
swraf process. adamianebi moZraoben, gadaadgildebian, qmnian axal biznesebs da
dovlaTs, da es xdeba nacnobobis, viwro wreebis da araformaluri urTierTobebis
meSveobiT, romlebic jamSi Seadgenen uzarmazar eqstralegalur sistemas, romelsac
formaluri kanoni ar faravs. es eqstralegaluri (araformaluri) seqtori aris
uzarmazari, da sul ufro mzardi. mis CarCoebSi msoflioSi mimdinareobs axali
industriuli revolucia, romelic ar aris saTanadod gaazrebuli da Seswavlili.
iqmneba uTanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis udides nawils ara aqvs samarTlebriv
sivrceSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba, rodesac Cndeba barieri, romelsac saxelmwifo ver
spobs (an, piriqiT, qmins) da romlis miRma arsebobs qveynis mosaxleobis udidesi
nawili, pirvel rigSi did qalaqebs miRma, migrantebi, da sxva.
Tuki xelisuflebam Seigno, rom qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili afuZnebs Tavis
cxovrebas saqmianobaSi, romelic ar jdeba daweril kanonebSi, es ukve kargia. maSin mas,
Tuki ar unda rom yovelTvis arsebobdes konfrontacia oficialur samarTlebriv
urTierTobebsa da araoficialur cxovrebas Soris, unda Seswevdes unari moaxdinos
araformaluri urTierTobebis legalizeba da samarTlebrivi kanonebi misadageba
realurad arsebul viTarebasTan. es gza gaiares Tavis droze evropulma qveynebma,
romlebmac, industriuli revoluciis kvalobaze, aRiares, rom problemas
Seadgendnen ara adamianebi, romlebic araformalurad moqmedebdnen, aramed kanonebi.
saboloo jamSi is qveynebi, romlebmac moaxdines samarTlebrivi reformebi
araformaluri seqtoris formalur ekonomikaSi integrirebis mizniT ganviTardnen
ufro swrafad, vidre isini, vinc es ar gaakeTa.
rogorc Cans, ganviTarebuli qveynebis istoria arasdros yofila gaazrebuli procesis
(proceduris) kuTxiT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Seiqmna sakuTreba, rogorc instituti, am
qveynebSi. `aTasobiT furclis kiTxvam mimiyvana fundamentur daskvnamde, rom Sekrul
samarTlebriv sakuTrebiT sistemaze gadasvla ar ukavSirdeboda raime teqnologiebs. . .
sakvanZo cvlileba ukavSirdeboda kanonebis misadagebas mosaxleobis umravlesobis
socialur da ekonomikur moTxovnebTan. TandaTanobiT, dasavlurma erebma SeZles imis
gacnobiereba, rom sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi, romlebic oficialuri samarTlis
miRma warmoiqmna, kanonis legitimur wyaros warmoadgenda. maT ipoves gzebi am
kontraqtebis samarTlebriv sferoSi integrirebisa. kanonebi gaxda saSualeba kapitalis
warmoqnisa da ekonomikuri zrdis. es aris is, rac sicocxlis Zalas aZlevs dasavleTSi
arsebul sakuTrebis instituts. metic, es sakuTrebiTi revolucia yovelTvis iyo
politikuri gamarjveba. yvela qveyanaSi is momdinareobda ramdenime ganaTlebuli
adamianisgan, romlebmac CaTvales, rom oficialur kanons azri ar hqonda, Tuki
mosaxleobis didi nawili mis miRma cxovrobda~ (gv. 106).
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoria, romelsac aRwers de soto miwaze
sakuTrebis uflebis damkvidrebis kuTxiT, SesaZloa, swored imiTaa saintereso, rom
107
ubralod kulturuli faqtorebiT da sazogadoebebis CamorCenilobiT ara marto
arahumanuri, aramed aradamajerebelic iqneboda. yvela am qveynanaSi arsebobs didi
raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac aqvT unari awarmoon biznesi, gaswion riski da
CaerTon samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. ratom ver xerxdeba sabazro meqanizmebis mier am
qveynebSi simdidris Seqmna, maSin roca dasavleTSi mas ayvaveba moaqvs?
pasuxi, gacemuli de sotos mier, saocrad waagavs patnemis pasuxs imaze, Tu ratom
ar muSaobs demokratiuli institutebi efeqturad iq, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
ar arsebobs. `am wignSi me vapireb vaCveno, rom ZiriTadi barieri, romelic ar aZlevs
danarCen samyaros SesaZleblobas sargebeli naxos kapitalizmisgan, aris am samyaros
uunaroba warmoqmnas kapitali. kapitali aris is Zala, romelic zrdis Sromis
nayofierebas da qmnis erebis simdidres. is aris kapitalisturi sistemis sasicocxlo
sisxli, progresis safuZveli, da is aris is, rasac Raribi qveynebi TavisTvis rogorc
Cans, ver qmnian, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad surs mis mosaxleobas CaerTos yvela
danarCen saqmianobaSi, rac kapitalistur ekonomikas Tan axlavs.” (gv.5).
de soto amtkicebs, faqtebiT da cifrebiT, rom mraval mesame samyaros qveynebSi
Raribebi xSirad floben im qonebas, romelic maT sWirdebaT raTa kapitalizmisgan
sargebeli naxon. `yvelaze Rarib qveynebSic ki Raribebi akeTeben danazogebs. am
danazogebis odenoba ormocjer aRemateba mTel im ucxour daxmarebas, romelic am
qveynebs miuRiaT 1945 wlidan.”. magram mokled rom vTqvaT, es resursebi maT aqvT ara
sabazro qonebis saxiT. maTi qoneba ar aris adekvaturad dokumentirebuli, xSirad
Crdilovania, misi gadaqceva kapitalad, yidva-gayidva viwro nacnobobis wris gareT,
sesxis aRebisTvis gamoyeneba da a.S. ar xerxdeba.
amdenad, mesame samyaros qveynebis mosaxleobas aqvs maT mflobelobaSi myofi
fizikuri simdidre, magram maT ara aqvT sakuTreba. Sedegad is, rac maT gaaCniaT, aris
mkvdari kapitali, romelic ar muSaobs saTanadod ekonomikaSi. maTi Sinauri kapitali
ar muSaobs.
Tu gavixsenebT sxvaobas or gamonaTqvams Soris: `me maqvs fanqari” da `es fanqari
Cemia”, romelTagan erTi gamoxatavs mflobelobas, xolo meore —sakuTrebas, de sotos
azri xdeba gasagebi. fanqari, romelsac axlavs reprezentacia mis legendaSi,
dokumentSi an zepir codnaSi misi mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb aris gacvlis obieqti.
mepatrone mas advilad miscems sxvas, Tuki misi dabruneba ganpirobebulia misi
mflobelis vinaobis gacxadebulobiT. fanqari, romlis mflobeli ar aris dadgenili,
ver `itrialebs”. reprezentacia virtualur sivrceSi qmnis mflobelobidan
sakuTrebas, da es ver xerxdeba Rarib qveynebSi. ratom?
amis gasagebad unda gavixsenoT dasavleTis istoria, SeviswavloT, Tu rogor
damkvidrda sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi iq, da ar movelodoT, rom `do as we say, not as we do” moutans raime sikeTes samyaros sxva qveynebs. ganviTarebul qveynebs aqvT gavlili
sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis rTuli gza, da am gzis gameorebis gareSe
warmatebis miRweva Zneli iqneba.
“mecxramete saukuniT dawyebuli qveynebs gadmohqondaT TavisTan dasavluri
kanonebi, raTa produqciis sawarmoeblad samarTlebrivi CarCoebi SeeqmnaT. isini
dResac agrZeleben amgvari kanonebis kopirebas, da cxadia, isini ar muSaoben.
moqalaqeTa umravlesobas kvlavac ar SeuZlia kanonis gamoyeneba da sakuTari
danazogebis gadaqceva sakuTrebad.” (gv.12).
dasavleTSi kapitalis, anu, faqtobrivad, abstraqciis, mier Tavisi potencialis
gamovlena ukavSirdeba sakuTrebis uflebebis mravalnairi xerxebiT dacvas, ufro
SesaZloa rTuliT da mravalricxovaniT, vidre materialuri mflobelobis dacva
moiTxovs. esenia formalizebuli Canawerebi da sxva, romlebic aregulireben
106
garkveuli gaziarebuli wesebis Sesabamisad (romlebic, magaliTad, uaryofen
Zaladobas da pativs scemen pluralizms). gaziarebuli wesebis arseboba aris
aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom es urTierTobebi `samoqalaqod~ CaiTvalos.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba moicavdes organizaciaTa mraval formas, maT
Soris formalurebs da araformalurebs. es jgufebi SeiZleba iyos: 1. ekonomikuri
(samewarmeo da komerciuli asociaciebi da qselebi); 2. kulturuli (religiuri,
eTnikuri, komunaluri da sxva asociaciebi da institutebi, romlebic icaven
koleqtiur uflebebs, Rirebulebebs, Sexedulebebs, rwmenasa da simboloebs); 3.
informaciuli da saganmanaTleblo (romlebic awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi codnis,
ideebis, axali ambebisa da informaciis warmoebas da gavrcelebas); 4. interesebze
dafuZnebuli - (Seqmnili Tavisi wevrebis saerTo materialuri an funqcionaluri
interesebis dasacavad; es wevrebi SeiZleba iyon muSebi, veteranebi, pensionerebi,
profesionalebi da a.S.); 5. orientirebuli ganviTarebaze (organizaciebi, romlebic
Tavs uyrian individualur resursebs adgilobriv doneze infrastruqturis,
institutebis da cxovrebis donis gasaumjobeseblad) 6. garkveul problematikaze
orientirebuli (garemos dacvis moZraoba, qalTa uflebebis dacva, miwis reforma,
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva) 7. moqalaqeobrivi (romlebic cdiloben
arapolitikuri gziT gaaumjobeson politikuri sistema da gaxadon is ufro
demokratiuli adamianTa uflebebze monitoringiT, amomrCevelTa mobilizebiTa da
ganaTlebiT, arCevnebis procesebze Tvalyuris devnebiT, antikorufciuli
saqmianobiT da a.S.).
am organizaciebTan erTad samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi is institutebic Sedis,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebaSi `ideologiuri bazris~ arsebobas da
informaciisa da ideebis daubrkolebel gacvlas. am institutebis ricxvSi Sedis ara
mxolod damoukidebeli masmedia, aramed, agreTve, is institutebic, romlebic
ganekuTvneba avtonomiuri kulturuli da inteleqtualuri saqmianobis ufro farTo
sferos - universitetebi, samecniero institutebi, gamomcemlobebi, Teatrebi,
kinofirmebi, da a.S.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris ubralod
raRac naSTi, romelic miiReba `sazogadoebisgan~ im yvelafris gamoklebiT, rac
miekuTvneba saxelmwifos an formalur politikur sistemas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
organizaciebi gansxvavdeba sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebisgan ramdenime aspeqtiT
(garda imisa, rom unda iyvnen nebayoflobiTi, TviTwarmoqmnadi, avtonomiuri da
garkveuli wesebis farglebSi moqmedi): 1. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba isaxavs miznebs,
romlebic sazogadoebrivia, da ara piradi. produqti, romelic iqmneba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis institutebis mier warmoadgens sazogadoebriv sikeTes (public good);
2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebi saqmianobis procesSi ama Tu im gziT
amyareben kavSirebs saxelmwifosTan, magram ar cdiloben mis CarCoebSi formaluri
postis an Zalauflebis mopovebas. amis sanacvlod samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
organizaciebi cdiloben saxelmwifosagan miiRon materialuri sargebeli,
politikuri kursis cvlileba, Tanadgoma, kompensacia an angariSgeba. moqalaqeobrivi
organizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, romlebic cdiloben saxelmwifos
bunebis Secvlas SeiZleba mainc mivakuTvnoT samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu maT Zalisxmevas warmarTavs sazogadoebrivi sargeblis motanis survili da ara
TviT jgufisTvis saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mopoveba. magaliTad, demokratiuli
gardaqmnebis mxardamWeri mSvidobiani moZraobebi, rogorc wesi, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebidan warmoiqmneba.
7
Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba
pluralizmiTa da mravalferovnebiT. Tuki romelime organizacia - iqneba es
religiuri fundamentalistebi, revolucionerebi an sxva - cdilobs moaqcios
politikuri an funqcionaluri sfero Tavisi monopoliis CarCoebSi - dauqvemdebaros
sazogadoeba erTaderT aRmsareblobas, an politika - erTaderT ideologias - imis
mtkicebiT, rom erTaderTi legitimuri gza swored mis mieraa dasaxuli, is
upirispirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pluralistur da bazarze orientirebul
xasiaTs. amas ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meoTxe ganzomileba,
danawevrebuloba, romelic migvaniSnebs, rom masSi arc erTi jgufi ar cdilobs
individis an Temis interesTa mTeli speqtris asaxvas. sanacvlod, sxvadasxva jgufebi
gamoxataven sxvadasxva interesebs, xolo individs SeuZlia gawevrianeba erTdroulad
mraval sxvadasxva jgufSi, romelic gansxvavebul miznebs isaxavs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gansxvavebulia da avtonomiuria ara mxolod
saxelmwifosgan da mTeli sazogadoebisgan, aramed, agreTve, sazogadoebrivi
qmedebebis meoTxe arenisgan - politikuri sazogadoebisgan (romelic upirvelesad
partiebis sistemas niSnavs). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebma da kavSirebma
SeiZleba Seqmnan aliansebi partiebTan, magram Tu partiebi moaqceven maT Tavisi
gavlenis qveS, an sulac warmarTaven maT saqmianobas, am SemTxvevaSi kavSirebis
moRvaweobas ukve politikuri xasiaTi eZleva, isini gadadian politikur sferoSi da
ZiriTadad kargaven unars ganaxorcielon garkveuli, mxolod maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli funqciebi adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris Suamavlobisa da
demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis sferoSi.
lari daimondi gamoyofs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aT demokratiul funqcias.
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris `saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvis
bazisis uzrunvelyofa~. am funqcias aqvs ori ganzomileba: demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi - saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis monitoringi da
SezRudva, xolo avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi - maTi demokratizeba.
meore - sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis maRali aqtivoba avsebs politikuri
partiebis saqmianobas iseT sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa politikuri monawileobis
stimulireba, moqalaqeTa politikuri efeqturobis da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, da
demokratiuli moqalaqeobriobis movaleobaTa da uflebaTa aRiareba. rogorc
tokvili aRniSnavda, nebayoflobiTi `asociaciebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT did
sayovelTao skolad, romelsac eswreba yvela mcxovrebi gaerTianebis zogadi Teoriis
Sesaswavlad.`
mesame - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi demokratiuli
Rirebulebebis da praqtikis damkvidrebis adgili, rogorebicaa tolerantoba,
Tanxmoba, kompromisis monaxvis survili, sawinaaRmdego azris pativiscema. es
Rirebulebebi da normebi yvelaze stabiluri xdeba maSin, rodesac isini warmoiqmneba
gamocdilebidan, da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi organizaciuli monawileoba am mxriv
did gamocdilebas iZleva.
meoTxe - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba emsaxureba demokratias imiT, rom qmnis
politikuri partiebisgan gansxvavebul arxebs interesebis gamosaTqmelad,
dasabalanseblad da warmosaCenad. es funqcia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
maSin, rodesac exeba politikisgan tradiciulad gaTiSul jgufebs - rogorebicaa
qalebi an rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
8
erTmaneTs upirispirebs mis momxreebsa da kritikosebs.
kritikosebis gancdas warmoadgens is rom globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
laparakobs `dasavluri aqcentiT~. globaluri vesternizaciisa da lokaluri
sazogadoebebis dapirispirebis negatiur magaliTad avtors moyavs TurqeTis
modernizaciis gamocdileba, rodesac modernizatorma saxelmwifom, aRWurvilma
islamuri qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtoritaruli atributebiT, moaxdina pro-
dasavluri reformebi. amgvar gardaqmnebs, rogorc wesi, mohyveba pre-socialuri
urTierTobebis, socialuri institutebi da da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
kompleqsis ngreva an deformireba, xolo warmoqmnili vakuumi ivseba etatisturi
struqturebiT. `axali qemalisturi TurqeTi (1923-38) amis naTeli magaliTia:
saxelmwifos nacionalisturma mSeneblobam, romelsac mustafa qemali awarmoebda
(SemdgomSi aTa Turqad, anu Turqebis mamad wodebuli) mospo religiuri skolebis
mTeli sistema, rasac ganaTlebis saministro uZRveboda. italiur, Sveicariul da
germanul precedentebze dafuZnebuli sekularuli samarTlebrivi kodeqsebi
mtkiced damyarda samoqalaqo sisxlis samarTlisa da komerciul samarTalSi. arabul
da sparsul enebze dabeWdili masalebi aikrZala, da mxardaWeril iqna
fundamentalist muslimTa mier dagmobili yuranis Turquli Targmani. aikrZala
religiuri wignebi da maTi gamoyeneba. derviSebis organizaciebi daixura. propaganda
gaewia dasavluri tansamclis tarebas; kvira dRe gamocxadda dasvenebis oficialur
dRed muslimuri paraskevis sanacvlod. adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris Zveli sistema,
romelic mibmuli iyo moednebTan, Seicvala saxlebisa da nagebobebis danomvriT da
yvela quCisTvis saxelis darqmeviT, evropuli tradiciis Sesabamisad. Catarda
pirveli Turquli silamazis konkursi, daSvebul iqna alkoholis moxmareba;
samoqalaqo qorwineba gaxda yvelasaTvis aucilebeli. da yovelive amis fonze, rac
samxedroTa muqaris fonze mimdinareobda, aTaTurqis qandakebebi da portretebi
ganTavsda yvelgan — rac arRvevs muslimur tradicias, romlis Tanaxmadac cocxal
arsebaTa gamosaxva dauSvebelia.`
keani globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs e.w.
turbokapitalizmis ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri aqtorebi dasavleTidan inacvleben
mTel msoflioSi, rac qmnis kapitalis nakadebs centrisken da centridan. unda
vaRiaroT, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis globalizaciis mibma globaluri ekonomikis
warmoqmnasTan marTebulia, da globaluris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (SeiZleba
globaluri mmarTvelobis sistemac momavalSi) swored am sawyisidan gamoviyvanoT
(Tuki determinizmis cdunebas Zalian Sors ar gavyvebiT). Tumca am SemTxvevaSi
marTebulia yuradReba mivaqcioT, pirvel rigSi lokaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebebisa da globaluri sabazro ekonomikis mimarTebas. amas gavakeTebT
hernando de sotos wignis `The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000-is mixedviT. am wignis fokusi swored im sxvaobis
xazgasmaSi devs, romelsac rusosTan aRvniSneT — gansxvaveba sakuTrebasa da
mflobelobas Soris, da rekomendaciac rusos stilSi moiazreba — sazogadoebrivi
kontraqti rogorc sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis dadgenis saSualeba. de sotos
midgoma erT-erTi inovaciuri xedvaa, romelic bolo dros mkvlevarTa did
yuradRebas iwvevs.
de soto swavlobs im qveynebs, romlebic kapitalizmisken miiltvian Tavis
ganviTarebaSi, maT Soris postsabWoTa qveynebi. riTia ganpirobebuli am qveynebis
siRaribe da CamorCeniloba, Tuki misi mosaxleoba Sromobs da iRwvis imisTvis, rom
gaWirvebas Tavi daaRwios? simdidris uzarmazari sxvaoba, romelic arsebobs
dasavleTsa da danarCen msoflios Soris imdenad didia, rom am sxvaobis axsna
105
uflebebis deklaracias da adamianTa bunebaSi universalurobis komponentis
xazgasmas. is gamoiyeneba globaluri sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis mier rogorc
mobilizaciuri lozungi, ZalisxmevaTa gasaerTianeblad, Tavisuflebisa da
samarTlianobis misaRwevad.
rogorc empiriuli faqti is warmoCindeba egreT wodebuli INGO-ebis
(arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa moqmedebis areali ar aris SezRuduli
saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT da saerTaSoriso xasiaTs atarebs) uprecedento zrdaSi,
romelic SeimCneva bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. zogadad meoce saukinis
ganmavlobaSi amgvari organizaciebis ricxvi (da komerciuli firmebis ricxvic)
gaizarda arnaxulad. am axali INGO-ebis 90 procenti 1970 wlis mere dafuZnda. am
organizaciebSi asiaTasobiT adamiania dasaqmebuli da bevrjer meti moxalise muSaobs.
maTi meSveobiT meti saxsrebi ixarjeba, vidre gaeros meSveobiT.
keani gansazRvravs globalur samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc `urTierT-
dakavSirebuli socialur-ekonomikuri institutebis dinamiur arasamTavrobo
sistemas, romelic mTel dedamiwas swvdeba, da romlis saqmianobis mravalmxrivi
Sedegebi yvelgan igrZnoba. is ar aris arc statikuri obieqti, da arc fait accomli. is aris
qselebi, piramidebi, klubebi im socialur-ekonomikuri institutebisa da moqmedi
pirebis, romlebic erTiandebian raTa gaaerTianon samyaro axleburad. isini
miiswrafvian pluralizmisken da Zaladobis acilebisken; Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianobis
mSvidobiani anu samoqalaqo Sedegebi igrZnoba yvelgan, yvela doneze~ (gv.8)
rogorc xedavT, es ganmarTeba Znelad Tu SeiZleba `ganmartebad~ aRviqvaT, imdenad
yvelafris momcvelia da arafrismTqmelia. es bundovneba aZnelebs normatiuli
idealisa da empiriuli realobis erTmaneTisgan garCevas. ase, ras niSnavs rom misi
gavlena yvelgan igrZnoba —es rogor unda gaizomos, Tuki es empirikaa, xolo Tu es
SefasebiTia — igulisxmeba, rom ase unda iyos?
meore, rasac cdilobs avtori (romelic aSkarad Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT
aris ganwyobili rogorc aqtivisti, da ara rogorc neitraluri mkvlevari) aris is,
rom globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba warmoadginos, rogorc sazogadoebis
socialuri forma: `globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris met-naklebad mWidrod
gadabmuli socialuri procesebis dinamiuri erToba~ (gv.10). es mtkicebuleba
bazisurad mcdari meCveneba; gacilebiT ufro adekvaturia, Cemi azriT, ulrix bekis
SeniSvna, rom globalur doneze sazogadoebebi erTiandebian ara uSualo socialuri
komunikaciis meSveobiT, aramed mxolod mediis meSveobiT. mas swored rom uSualo
komunikaciis komponenti aklia. anu, komunikacia mediis gziT — es aris is mTavari, rac
globalur doneze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis proeqts asxvavebs lokaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisgan, da mas `sazogadoebis~ struqturisgan clis. keani cdilobs rom
warmoadginos globaluri samoqalaqos sazogadoeba ufro farTo cnebad, vidre
ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis nakrebi; rom lokaluri sazogadoebebi mis
harmoniul Semadgenel komponentad warmoidginos; magram es warmodgena
garkveulwilad calmxrivi, an ufro normatiuli meCveneba, da TviTonac principSi
aRiarebs, rom amgvar warmodgenaSi is ufro aRwers sasurvel ideals, da ara
praqtikul relaobas.
am kuTxiT danaxuli, globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaaRmdegobrivi
buneba didad ar gansxvavdeba misi lokaluri winamorbedis winaaRmdegobrivi
bunebisgan. `burJuaziuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~, erTi mxriv (gavixsenoT habermasi)
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da eTikuri, moraluri qcevis
arealia, xolo meore mxriv, uTanasworobisa da `klasobrivi dominaciis~ yalbi
cnobiereba. daaxloebiT esaa is problematika, romelic globalur donezec
104
gansakuTrebiT maSin uwyobs xels demokratias, rodesac igi qmnis mmarTvelobaSi
monawilebis SesaZleblobebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis demokratizacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas.
mexuTe - pluralisturi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, amcirebs klasobrivi konfliqtisa da politikuri dapirispirebis safrTxes,
vinaidan igi mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos mravalferovani interesebis warmoqmnas.
ramdenadac individebi erTiandebian sxvadasxva organizaciebiSi sakuTari
mravalferovani interesebis dasacavad da dasakmayofileblad, ufro savaraudo xdeba
maTi urTierToba sxvadasxva politikuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mqone
adamianebTan. am urTierTgadamkveTma zemoqmedebam unda Seamciros maTi sakuTari
politikuri Sexedulebebis kategoriuloba da xeli Seuwyos ufro vrceli da
mravalmxrivi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas, rac uzrunvelyofs tolerantobasa
da met mzadyofnas kompromisebisaTvis.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meeqvse funqcia aris axali politikuri liderebis
rekrutireba da swavleba. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmatebuli
funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi maTi liderebi da aqtivistebi iZenen unar-Cvevebsa da
praqtikas, romelic saWiroa mTavrobaSi da partiul politikaSi moRvaweobisaTvis.
isini swavloben, Tu rogor moaxdinon adamianebis mobilizeba da motivireba,
sakiTxebis ganxilva, fondebis mopoveba da marTva, biujetebis Sedgena, programebis
gamoqveyneba, personalis marTva, SeTanxmebebis miRweva da koaliciebis Seqmna.
meSvide - arasamTavrobo organizaciebma SeiZleba pirdapiri roli iTamaSon
demokratiis gamtkicebais saqmeSi. gardamaval periodSi maT SeiZleba Tvalyuri
adevnon arCevnebs, imuSaon saarCevno sistemis reformis mizniT, SeimuSaon
xelisuflebis decentralizebis da politikuri partiebis demokratizebis gegmebi da
a.S. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis warmatebis Semdeg adamianTa uflebebis damcavi
organizaciebi agrZeleben mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas samarTlebrivi
reformebis CatarebaSi, cixeebSi adamianTa uflebebis dacvaSi, da umciresobebis
interesebis warmoCenaSi.
merve - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba avrcelebs informacias da amiT emsaxureba
moqalaqeebs maTi interesebis koleqtiur dacvasa da miRwevaSi. Tavisufali presa aris
infromaciiTa da alternatiuli SexedulebebiT sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofis erT-
erTi instrumenti. damoukidebel organizaciebs aseve SeuZliaT miawodon
sazogadoebas Znelad mosapovebeli informacia mTavrobis saqmianobis Sesaxeb,
romelic ar iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu ras acxadebs mTavroba sakuTari
saqmianobis Taobaze.
mecxre - axali informaciisa da ideebis gavrceleba arsebiTia demokratiis
pirobebSi ekonomikuri reformebis Casatareblad. rogorc wesi, ekonomikis
stabilizebis programebi unda ganxorcieldes swrafad, Zalismierad da erTbaSad
arCeuli xelisuflebis mier krizisul situaciaSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ufro
struqturuli ekonomikuri reformebi - privatizeba, ekonomikuri da savaWro
liberalizeba - im SemTxvevaSi iReben ufro mdgrad da srulyofil formas, Tu isini
miiRweva demokratiuli procesis CarCoebSi. ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebisaTvis
aucilebelia farTo mxardaWera, rac saWiroebs specialuri muSaobis Catarebas.
marTlac, im interesebs, romlebisTvisac reformebma SesaZloa arasasurveli Sedegi
moitanon rogorc wesi bevrad ufro organizebuli saxe aqvT, vidre im adamianTa
interesebs, romelTaTvisac reformebi potenciurad mogebis momtania. am jgufSi
Sesuli adamianebi - fermerebi, wvrili mewarmeebi, momxmareblebi - rogorc wesi,
9
gaTiSulebi da cudad informirebuli arian.
meaTe funqcia damokidebulia pirveli cxra funqciis warmatebul
ganxorcielebaze. politikuri sistemis pasuxismgebluri xasiaTis, misi efeqturobis,
masSi adamianebis CarTulobis gazrdiT da amdenad sistemis legitimurobis
xelSewyobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoeba amkvidrebs moqalaqeebSi saxelmwifos
pativiscemas. is aumjobesebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiT potencials da zrdis mis
SesaZleblobas daeyrdnos moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT morCilebas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis demokratiuli funqciis farglebi
yvelaze TvalsaCino, rac SeiZleba aRiniSnos demokratiisa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis analizisas aris is, rom liberalur demokratiebs,
rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT sicocxliT savse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba. Tumca
es, pirvel rigSi, exeba dasavlur demokratiebs; maTgan gansxvavebiT, magaliTad,
iaponiaSi, miuxedavad am qveyanaSi ndobis maRali donisa, arasaxelmwifo asociaciebi
wevrebis mcire raodenobas iTvlian.
magram, cxadia, swori ar iqneboda im metad Sorsmimavali daskvnis gakeTeba, romlis
Tanaxmadac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gagebuli rogorc `arasamTavrobo asociaciebis
xSiri qseli~, warmoqmnis demokratias. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli
kulturuli da ekonomikuri konteqsti xelSemwyobia rogorc demokratiis, aseve
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis. demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
urTierTmimarTebis ufro siRrmiseuli analizi ubiZgebs bevr avtors, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ganxilul iqnes ara ubralod rogorc arasamTavrobo
asociaciaTa erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva qveynebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, aramed
rogorc sazogadoebis garkveuli tipi, rogorc socialuri kategoria, romelic
gansazRvravs demokratiis sazogadoebriv safuZvlebs da aniWebs demokratias mis
WeSmarit xasiaTs.
~. . . sinamdvileSi yvelaze arsebiTia is institutebi da is konkretuli socialuri
konteqsti, romelic mas (demokratias) warmoSobs. am institucionaluri pirobebis
miRma `demokratiis~ arsi bundovani rCeba, xolo Tavad is - miuRweveli. . . `samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba~ ufro seriozul lozungad meCveneba, vidre `demokratia~, vinaidan igi
miuTiTebs konkretul institucionalur pirobebze da aucilebel istoriul
konteqstze~ (gelneri)
cxadia, amgvari midgoma ufro zogad xasiaTs atarebs, vidre is, romelzedac zemoT
iyo laparaki. igi swavlobs sazogadoebrivi institutebis garkveuli tipis
(arasamTavrobo organizaciebis) Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebs yvela sxva faqtorTan
mimarTebaSi -ekonomikasTan, kulturasTan, politikasTan da istoriul
gamocdilebasTan, da sulac ar gamoyofs am erTobliobidan mxolod erTs -
asociaciur cxovrebas.
amdenad, lari daimondi da gelneri miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave termins
iyeneben, sxvadasxva Sinaarss deben masSi. erTi laparakobs arasamTavrobo
organizaciebze, romlebic ama Tu im doziT SeiZleba arademokratiul qveynebSic
arsebobdes (da demokratizaciasac uwyobdes xels), xolo meore - garkveul socialur
wesrigze, romelic warmoSobs rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, aseve TviT
demokratiasac.
am konteqstidan gamocalkevebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganxilva asociaciebis
erTobilobis saxiT qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom sakuTriv arasamTavrobo
10
miuxedavad am sxvaobisa, ekonomikuri krizisis gamowvevaze reagirebis arsi
arsebiTad erTi da igive aRmoCnda. is SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc modernizacia
internacionalizaciis (globalizaciis) gziT. sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebi
kapitalistur samxreTSi da postkomunistur aRmosavleTSi ver xedaven alternativas
`CrdiloeT-dasavleTis gzisa`: gzisa, romelic miiyvans maT sazogadoebebs pirvel
samyaroSi. es aris gza politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli organizaciis
gadmoRebisa, romelnic ukve arseboben: demokratia, bazari da individualisturi,
moxmarebaze orientirebuli kulturisa, romelic gabatonebulia ganviTarebul
kapitalistur samyaroSi. am strategiaSi modernizacia xdeba sinonimi internacio-
nalizaciisa: integracia msoflio ekonomikaSi, kombinirebuli imitaciasTan ekono-
mikuri, politikuri da kulturuli modelebisa, romelic prevalirebs ganviTarebul
kapitalistur qveynebSi. `aRmosavleT evropuli silogizmi~ acxadebs: `Tu ara
komunizmi, Cven viqnebodiT rogorc dasavleTi~.
es strategia gansxvavdeba omis Semdgomi modernizaciis strategiebisagan, rom-
lebic ganixilavda ganviTarebas, rogorc proeqts nacionaluri ekonomikuri da
politikuri damoukideblobisa. imdroindeli midgomebi icavda erovnuli kulturis
mniSvnelobas, miiswrafoda politikuri institutebisaken, romelic Seicavda erov-
nul tradiciebs, erovnul industrias miiCnevdnen ekonomikuri zrdis warmmarTvelad
da orientirebulni iyo lokalur bazrebze. amis sapirispirod strategia moder-
nizaciisa internacionalizaciis meSveobiT nebayoflobiT aRiarebs, sul mcire,
erovnuli suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
sferoSi. es strategia aRebs lokalur bazrebs ucxouri SeRwevisaTvis, is arRvevs
kulturul barierebs, da axdens politikuri institutebis modelirebas sayovel-
Taod gavrcelebuli nimuSebis mixedviT. koka-kola aRar aris imperialisturi
batonobis narkotiki, aramed universaluri ayvavebis neqtari.
alternativebi aRar arsebobs: dRes modernizacia niSnavs liberalur
demokratias, moxmarebaze orientirebul kulturas da kapitalizms.
marTalia, adgilobrivi politikuri da ekonomikuri viTareba da miswrafebebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, magram erTdrouloba am cvlilebebisa msoflios
sxvadasxva nawilebSi warmoSobs varauds, rom internacionaluri faqtorebi
gadamwyvetia. amas ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, Seqmnili saerTo garemo, romelSic
naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs uwevT operireba, xolo, meore mxriv,
internacionalur aqtorTa specifikuri qmedebebi, romelnic (aqtorebi)
axorcieleben zewolas cvlilebebze.
globaluri samoqalaqo sazogdoeba (John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003)
globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba — es aris erTi mxriv, empiriuli movlena,
xolo meore mxriv —normatiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi.
rogorc nomratiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi is aris msoflios gaerTianebis
programa, romelic unda gamoixatos erTiani msoflio sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi. am mxriv
is agrZelebs azrovnebis im tradiciebs, romlebic jvarosanTa laSqrobebsa Tu
komunisturi revoluciebis meSveobiT kacobriobis srulyofas da gaerTianebas
cdilobda. pirveli Tavis uzenaes misiad qristianobas da adamianTa sulier gadarCenas
isaxavda; meore klasobriv dayofas utevda da yvela qveynis proletarebis
gaerTianebas cdilobda. globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba eyrdnoba adamianis
103
proeqtTan. maT ganaxorcieles inteleqtualuri proeqti, romelic gamomuSavda
CrdiloeT amerikis akademiur wreebSi da gaziarebul iqna saerTaSoriso safinanso
institutebis mier. es aris radikaluri proeqti: is mimarTulia yvela arsebuli
socialuri urTierTobebis ugulebelyofaze, gadatrialebaze. es proeqti gvTavazobs
erTaderT panaceas, jadosnur joxs, romlis erTi aqnevac umkurnalebs yvela
avadmyofobas. pirvelad istoriaSi kapitalizmi moxda aRiarebuli, rogorc
doqtrinis aplikacia da ara rogorc ganviTareba gamocdisa da Secdomis istoriuli
procesisa.
gardaqmnebis es procesi daeyrdno ideologias, es aris neoliberaluri ideo-
logia, romelic modis aSS-sa da multinacionaluri saagentoebis ganacxadebebidan
imis Taobaze, rom kursi, romelsac unda mivsdioT aSkaraa, cxadia. es ideologia
dafuZnebulia bazrisa da kerZo sakuTrebis Rirsebis, siqvelis, ukeTesobis rwmenaze,
rac ar aris damtkicebadi, gamarTlebadi, argumentirebadi Tanamedrove ekonomikis
Suqze, maT Soris neoklasikuri Teoriisa. is ayenebs efeqturobas ganawilebaze ufro
maRla, imdenad, rom gamarTlebulad miiCnevs mosalodnel socialur safrTxeebs. is
ganaTavsebs ekonomikur mosazrebebs politikurze zemoT, da mzadaa miitanos sxva
ekonomikuri da politikuri Rirebulebebi efeqturobis samsxverploze. is
dafuZnebulia Rrma rwmenaze, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi gza, romelsac aucileblad
unda mivsdioT: ara mxolod oponireba, aramed msjeloba, diskusiac ki ganixileba
rogorc reaqcioneroba, romelic gamomdinareobs sakuTari, `populisturi~ kerZo
interesebidan. am ideologiis mimdevarni acxadeben, ise, TiTqos isini flobdnen
saboloo WeSmaritebas: TiTqos es aris zogadi modeli politikuri da ekonomikuri
dinamikisa, romelic iZleva SesaZleblobas Sefasebul iqnes saboloo Sedegebi yvela
calkeuli nabijisa. es aris modernizaciis axali paradigma, romelmac
postkomunistur qveynebSi gauwia magivroba moZvelebul, popularobadakargul
paradigmas — modernizacias mbrZanebluri ekonomikis gziT.
II msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi ganxorcielda modernizaciis ramdenime
modeli, kerZod, komunistur aRmosavleTSi da kapitalistur samxreTSi.
laTinur amerikuli modeli daefuZna kerZo sakuTrebas, saxelmwifos aqtiur
rols da proteqcionistuli politikis warmarTvas, romelic orientirebuli iyo
importis Semcvlel industrializaciaze. aRmosavleT evropis modeli daefuZna
saxelmwifo sakuTrebas da centralizebul mbrZaneblur ekonomikas. orive regioni
didi internacionaluri sistemis damokidebuli nawili iyo: mTavari gadawyvetilebebi
investiciebis, warmoebis, fasebis Sesaxeb miiReboda calkeuli qveynebis sazRvrebs
miRma. aRmosavleT evropis sistema dominirebuli iyo erTi centris mier da
gadawyvetilebebi upiratesad politikuri gaxldaT, xolo samxreTSi SesaZlebeli iyo
sxvadasxva centrebis metoqeoba da gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda naklebad xiluli
kerZo institutebis mier.
orive strategia warmatebuli iyo xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da rigma
qveynebisa Seqmna mniSvnelovani industriuli baza - ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi iyo
umeteswilad ufro maRali, vidre ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi (1950 -80 ww-
Si). magram es zrda 1980 wlidan ferxdeba, xdeba tempebis dacema da TiTqmis ekonomikis
kolafsi.
Znelia ilaparako am dacemis mizezebze da gardauvalobaze. faqtia, rom es
movlenebi erTdroulad ganviTarda aRmosavleT evropisa da laTinuri amerikis
qveynebSi, Tumca ki garegnulad gansxvavebuli reagireba gamoiwvia - aRmosavleT
evropam uaryo ekonomikis Tavisi modeli (mbrZanebluri ekonomika), laTinurma
amerikam ki - ara.
102
organizaciebis Seqmna aris demokratiis ganmsazRvreli elementi. es, Tavis mxriv,
xSirad xels uwyobs imgvari arajansaRi praqtikis damkvidrebas, rodesac
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcionirebas damaxinjebuli, ideologizirebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
erT ukiduresobaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari, rodesac vixilavdiT samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aZlevs
Zlier saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas daamyaros diqtati sazogadoebaze. magram Tu
saxelmwifo sustia, misi gaZliereba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani amocanaa, vidre
laparaki misi SezRudvis Taobaze. Zlieri saxelmwifos gareSe SeuZlebelia im ZiriTad
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofa, romelTa damcvelad samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba gvevlineba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba ukavSirdeba
saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, da ara piriqiT mis dasustebas. ,
Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ganvsazRvravT tradiciuli gagebiT, rogorc
`istoriul warmonaqmns, romelSiac erTobebi, individTa Soris kavSirebi,
sazogadoebrivi institutebi da erovnuli kultura iqmneba drois xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi da mdgradi xdeba politikuri Zalauflebis yvelaze mZlavri
zewolis mimarT~ (ix. zemoT), SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom amgvari samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
xelis Sewyobis magier dabrkolebebs uqmnis demokratizebis procesebs, vinaidan es
procesebi SeiZleba swored istoriulad damkvidrebuli kavSirebis da institutebis
gardaqmnas moiTxovdnen.
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mimarT aseve SeiZleba
gadaizardos saxelmwifos da politikis ignorirebaSi, rac gamoixateba demokratiul
procesSi politikuri partiebis rolis dakninebaSi. magaliTisaTvis, patnemis Teoriis
(ix. leqcia 4) kritikisas aRiniSna, rom CrdiloeT italiaSi mravali sazogadoebrivi
asociacia Seiqmna swored politikuri partiebis iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT.
amasTan, xSirad zRvari politikur partiasa da interesTa jgufs Soris aris sakmaod
bundovani da araerTmniSvnelovani. interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba iRebdnen mcire
partiebis formas, romelTa programebi erT prioritetul sakiTxzea orientirebuli
(magaliTad, ekologiuri moZraoba) da iRebdes monawileobas arCevnebSi taqtikuri
mizniT - sakuTari ideebis popularizebisTvis.
amave dros politikis da saxelmwifos ignorireba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
sasargeblod xSirad gamoixateba TvalsazrisiT, romlis mixedviTac politikuri
sakiTxebis ganxilva da maTze msjeloba araa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqme, igi unda
iyos depolitizirebuli da ar ereodes politikur brZolebSi, rac mxolod
politikosebis da saxelmwifo moxeleebis samoqmedo asparezia. aseTi
depolitizebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi politikuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas xdebian metismetad damokidebulni
politikosebis Sexedulebebze, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia postsabWouri
sivrcisTvis - gansxvavebiT demokratiuli qveynebisgan, sadac masobrivi infromaciis
saSualebebi bevrad ufro kargad axerxeben swored politikaze da saxelmwifo
sakiTxebze damoukidebeli, sazogadoebrivi azris gamoTqmas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
zurgs ar umagrebs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi asrulebs komunikaciur funqcias xelisufleba - xalxi, magram ver
asruleben sxva funqciebs xalxi - xelisufleba da xalxi - xalxi. politikuri dRis
wesrigi demokratiul qveynebSi nawilobriv mainc masmediis gavleniT yalibdeba, rac
demokratiis mniSvnelovani elementia. politikuri ideebi da Rirebulebebi swored
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi unda iRebdnen saTaves, Tuki laparakia demokratiis
xelSewyobaze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mier. depolitizirebuli samoqalaqo
11
sazogadoebis fonze masmedia ver itvirTavs meoTxe xelisuflebis funqcias.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis depolitizebis survili xSirad ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom postsabWour sivrceSi sazogadoebrivi konfliqti politikuri sferos
maxasiaTebladaa warmodgenili, rac Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisagan, romelic
xSirad undaT warmoidginon Tbili, ukonfliqto urTierTobebis sferod.
sinamdvileSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnis TavidaTavi swored konfliqtis
arsebobaa (pirvel rigSi ekonomikuris). Tu sazogadoebaSi ar Camoyalibda
konfliqtebis (konkurenciis) pirobebSi erToblivi moqmedebis kultura, nebismieri
konfliqtis gadaWra avtomaturad gadainacvlebs saxelmwifos kompetenciis sferoSi,
rac asustebs, da ar aZlierebs demokratias, zrdis saxelmwifos mier Zalismieri
meTodebis gamoyenebis saSiSroebas.
literatura:
Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18 Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52 Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra:
www.carnegie.ru. 21pp. Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе,
www.carnegie.ru
12
leqcia 13
globalizacia: globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
globalizacia
meoce saukunis bolo xasiaTdeboda ori movleniT, romlebic Cveni ganxilvis
konteqstSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. esenia demokratizaciis mesame talRa da
globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis swrafi zrda. orive erTi da imave movlenis
fonze ganviTarda- esaa globalizacia.
globalizaciis konteqstis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe bevri Tavisebureba imisa,
rac Cvens irgvliv xdeba, darCeba gaugebari. gaugebari, cxadia, Tuki gavyvebiT im
midgomas, romelsac aqamde viyenebdiT —SedarebiT analizs. rodesac erTmaneTs
vadarebT wina wlebSi ganxorcielebul demokratizaciebs da mesame talRis CarCoebSi
mimdinare procesebs, rodesac vswavlobT mecxramete saukunis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebebs da Tanamedrove arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, advilad SesaZlebelia
erTmaneTSi avrioT sxvadasxva bunebis movlenebi, Tuki globalizaciis process
yuradRebis miRma davtovebT.
sainformacio sivrcis, informaciuli teqnologiebisa da ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis mier saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gadalaxva da ugulebelyofa, rogorc
mniSvnelovani da pirvelxarisxovani faqtorisa, ekonomikaSi codnaze dafuZnebuli
dargebis zrdam, romelTaTvis mTavari kapitali ara miwa an nedleulia, aramed
ganaTlebis sistema da Tavisuflad moazrovne adamani, msoflios rukaze axali
realiebis Seqmna transnacionaluri biznesis mier, yvelaferi es ganapirobebs CvenSi
mimdinare movlenebis xasiaTs, da garkveulwilad svams am movlenebs erT
ganzomilebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT modernizacia
internacionalizaciis gziT.
modernizacia internacionalizaciis gziT
demokratizaciis mesame talRam, romelic 1974 wels daiwyo, moicva samxreT
evropis, samxreT amerikisa da postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebi. demokratizaciisa
da sabazro ekonomikuri reformebis erTdrouli ganxorcieleba postkomunistur
sivrceSi jerjerobiT ar gamxdara Cveni ganxilvis sagani; Cven mas aq SevexebiT rogoc
is warmodgenilia naSromSi Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis Zireuli gardaqmna postsabWoTa sivceSi ar
iyo sul mTlad unikaluri im mxriv, rom ekonomikuri transformaciisa da
demokratizaciis procesebis erTdrouloba mesame talRis sxva qveynebisTvisac iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. ekonomikuri krizisebi, romelic ganicada argentinam, braziliam da
meqsikam 80-ian wlebSi uprecendento aRmoCnda am qveynebis istoriaSi.
rigma qveynebma (gansakuTrebiT postkomunisturi sivrcidan, magram ara marto maT)
gaswies riski da miiRes monawileoba eqsperimentSi, romelic udidesia stalinisturi
forsirebuli industrializaciidan (1929w.) moyolebuli. ekonomikur
transformacias am qveynebSi bevri aqvs saerTo transformaciis wina, socialistur
101
udidesi nawili dResdReobiT mxolod sixSiruli mauwyeblobiT sargeblobs, anu misTvis
arxebis mxolod SezRuduli raodenobaa misawvdomi, rac did politikur mniSvnelobas
aniWebs am arxebis samauwyeblo struqturas.
televizia uaRresad did gavlenas axdens amomrCevelTa politikur qcevaze da
mosaxleobis samoqalaqo aqtiobaze. politikuri mecnierebis mier es gavlena ar aris
calsaxad Sefasebuli rogorc liberaluri demokratiis xelSemwyobi. zogierTi mkvlevari
miiCnevs, rom satelevizio gadacemebis specifika ar iZleva politikuri problemebis
siRrmiseulad gaSuqebis saSualebas. telereportaJs aqcenti gadaaqvs garTobaze,
pirovnebebze da skandalur movlenebze, da sakmarisad mkafiod ver warmoaCens politikuri
dRis wesrigis ZiriTad sakiTxebs. zepiri sityva, romelic qaRaldze ar fiqsirdeba,
naklebad saimedo wyaroa samarTlebrivi xasiaTis informaciis gasavceleblad. sareklamo
drois maRali fasebi aZvirebs winasaarCevno kampaniebs da zrdis politikuri korufciis
albaTobas. arxebis raodenobis SezRuduloba maTi politikuri mikerZoebulobis fonze
araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi amas amZafrebs
is viTareba, rom dResdReobiT mosaxleobisTvis televizia politikuri informaciisa da
Sexedulebebis miRebis ukonkurento (xolo zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis
praqtikulad erTaderTi) wyaroa.
mauwyeblobis Teoria asxvavebs mauwyeblobis sam institucionalur formas —
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da komerciul mauwyeblobas. dRes Tvali unda
gavusworoT meoTxe formis institucionalizaciasa da ganviTarebas. formalurad
komerciuli arxi, miTumetes Tu igi finansurad momgebiani ar aris, an formalurad
saxelmwifo arxi, SesaZloa Tavis realur miznad ara mogebis naxvas an saxelmwifo
interesebis dacvas isaxavdes, aramed politikuri zegavlenis moxdenas erTi romelime
politikuri Zalis sasargeblod an sazianod. es viTareba metad TvalnaTelia
saqarTveloSi, sadac, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo mauwyebloba ar aris transformirebuli
sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobad, xolo, meore mxriv, sareklamo bazari viwroa da
satelevizio kompaniebis Semosavlebi xSirad ar faraven maT xarjebs.
masmediaSi dRes arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, politikurad mikerZoebuli
mauwyebloba ar unda ganvixiloT droebiT da gardamaval movlenad, romelic SeiZleba
misi akrZalvis gziT gadailaxos. piriqiT, mosalodnelia, rom am tipis mauwyeblobis
wvlili da misi gavlena amomrCevlebze da politikuri brZolis xasiaTze sul ufro
gaizrdeba. amdenad, saWiroa miRebul iqnes zomebi am zegavlenis demokratiis
sasargeblod, da ara mis sazianod Semosabruneblad. amerikis demokratiis gariJraJze
politikuri partiebi aseve xSirad ganixileboda rogorc demokratiisTvis saSiS-
roebis Semqmneli boroteba, da mxolod xangrZlivi politikuri procesis Sedegad
moxerxda politikuri partiebisa da demokratiis Tanaarsebobis institucionaluri
Camoyalibeba. amis uzrunvelmyofeli meqanizmebi ki Riaoba da konkurenciaa.
marTalia, saqarTvelos samauwyeblo mediaSi pluralizmis garkveuli done arsebobs,
magram isic aSkaraa, rom calkeuli samauwyeblo kompaniis gaCenasa Tu eTeridan gaqrobas
dResdReobiT SeiZleba arsebuli politikuri lanSaftis mniSvnelovani cvlileba mohyves.
amdenad, samauwyeblo kanonmdeblobas, sazogadoebrivi televiziis formirebas da licen-
ziebis gamcemi maregulirebeli organos institucionalur xasiaTs demokratiisTvis
aranaklebi mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, vidre saarCevno kanonmdeblobas.
literatura:
M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003
100
leqcia 2
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi: cnebis
evolucia istoriaSi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba axali ar aris, magram man droTa ganmavlobaSi
ramdenjerme Seicvala mniSvneloba. cnebis evoluciis istoriis gacnoba sasargeblo
iqneba mis dRevandel SinaarsSi ukeT garkvevisTvis.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas anda ideas, Zvel berZnul civilizaciaSi, an
Tundac ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, dRevandelTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro farTo
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hqonda. am ganxilvisas Cven mivyvebiT dominok kolas
`politikuri sociologiis~ saxelmZRvanelos.
aristotelesTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba igive iyo, rac `politikuri erToba~.
is, rasac aristotele uwodebs Polis (qalaqi-saxelmwifo) da rasac warmoadgenda aTeni
Zv. w. V saukuneSi, berZeni filosofosisaTvis iyo imavdroulad `politikuri erToba",
an `politikuri sazogadoeba~, anda `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba". aristoteles mixedviT,
adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli ("zoon politikon"), vinaidan mas SeuZlia icxovros
samoqalaqo, anu politikur sazogadoebaSi; is aris moqalaqe, an, ufro sworad,
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia organizebuli politikuri erTobliobis wevroba,
saxelmwifos (anu qalaqi-saxelmwifos) wevroba, romelic Sedgenilia moqalaqeebisagan.
rasakvirvelia, aristoteles drois yvela adamiani ar cxovrobda politikur
erTobaSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, qalaqSi anu saxelmwifoSi; arsebobdnen
barbarosebi, romlebic erTiandebodnen eTnosebis (xalxebis) saxiT. magram maTi
TviTorganizebis es forma polisTan SedarebiT ufro dabal doneze iyo da ar
atarebda `politikuri erTobis~ niSnebs. magram adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisgan
gansxvavdeba Tavisi bunebiT, im TaviseburebiT, rom adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli
anu aqvs unari icxovros politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT.
aristotelesTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, qalaqi, nebismieri sxva saxis
asociaciaze maRla dgas, vinaidan moicavs yvela sxva asociacias (ojaxi, saZmo, samuSao
jgufi) da isaxavs ara gansakuTrebul, kerZo, aramed yvelasaTvis saerTo mizans.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizani aris yvelas interesi da es mizani maRla dgas yvela
danarCen mizanTan SedarebiT. amasTan qalaqi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris is adgili,
sadac xdeba samarTlianobis gamijvna usamarTlobisgan. amgvarad, swored aq
warmoCindeba adamiani yvelaze didi simaRliT.
dawyebuli aristoteledan da damTavrebuli rusoTi, es ori termini, romelic dRes
esoden xSiradaa dapirispirebuli - `saxelmwifo~ da `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~ -
didxans sinonimebs warmoadgendnen, sanam ar moxdeboda am cnebebis daSoriSoreba.
Tumca, Tanamedrove epoqamde `saxelmwifosac~ dRevandelisgan sakmaod
daSorebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda. saxelmwifo, misi Tanamedrove, universalisturi
gagebiT, anu eri-saxelmwifo, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, ekonomikisgan da
religiisgan calke mdgomi instituti, kacobriobis istoriis SedarebiT gviandeli
epoqis produqtia. mxolod reformaciis periodSi xdeba legitimuri saxelmwifo,
romelic gamoyofilia eklesiisgan, rac SemdgomSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ideologiuri pluralizmis damkvidrebis sawindari gaxda. netari avgustinesTvis
amqveyniuri sazogadoeba upirispirdeba RvTis qalaqs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
13
adamianebi arian codvilebi da borotebisken midrekilni, maT sWirdebaT saxelmwifo,
anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (RvTis samflobelosa da eklesiis sapirispirod),
romelic daamyarebs wesrigs da daicavs mSvidobas. da Tumca RvTis qalaqs upirobo
prioriteti eniWeba, dedamiwaze RvTis qalaqis dafuZnebis SeuZlebloba legitimurs
xdis amqveyniuri politikisa da saxelmwifos arsebobas.
SemdgomSi, rodesac Cndeba saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakontraqto
Teoria (politikuri erToba iqmneba adamianTa SeTanxmebis, kontraqtis safuZvelze),
hobsi asabuTebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis anu politikuri wesrigis saWiroebas im
varaudidan gamomdinare, rom adamianebi `bunebriv mdgomareobaSi~ midrekilebi arian
destruqciuli konfliqtebisken. Tu adamianebma ar Seqmnes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, maT
moeliT `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iZleva saSualebas
damyardes yovlisSemZle politikuri Zalaufleba, romelic amave dros ver waarTmevs
adamianebs maT uflebebs. amgvarad, aq ukve laparakia adamianTa bunebriv uflebebze,
romelTa dacvasac emsaxureba saxelmwifo. qvemoT, rodesac Cven ganvixilavT samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis gavrcelebul Tanamedrove xedvas - rogorc saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebuli
Sualeduri warmonaqmnisa, romelic icavs adamianis Tavisuflebas saxelmwifos
Zalauflebis gadametebuli zrdisgan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom swored saxelmwifo aris
am uflebebis realizebis mTavari garanti, da rom saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuri
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba, mravali avtoris azriT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod
Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
rusoc, hobsis msgavsad xazs usvamda sakontraqto urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas
politikuri erTobis formirebaSi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas bunebriv
mdgomareobas upirispirebda. magram misTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris
konfliqturi arseboba. piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ganmartoebuli adamiani
bednieri iyo. adamiani iZulebulia mimarTos sxva adamianebs TanamSromlobisaTvis,
dados maTTan kontraqti da Seqmnas samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, vinaidan es mas
gadasarCenad sWirdeba, magram swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi swavlobs igi
agresiasa da konfliqts. rusos mixedviT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnaze
SeTanxmebis miRweviT adamianebi Tmoben Tavisi individualizmis da Tavisuflebis
nawils koleqtivis sasargeblod, emorCilebian mas. rusos `kargi moqalaqe~ `Tavis
kerZo survilebs uqvemdebarebs saerTo moswrafebebs~, warmoadgens mTlianobis
ganuyofel nawils. `kargi moqalaqis~ amgvari, erTgvarad koleqtivisturi Teoria
meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi Sotlandieli moralistebis adam smitis, adam
fergiusonis da sxvebis naSromebSi TandaTan icvleba Tanamedrove samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis liberalur-individualisturi koncefciiT.
adam fergiusonis naSromi aris erT-erTi pirveli, romelSiac samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba warmoCindeba saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebaSi. gelneris mixeviT,
fergiusoni aRwerda imas, rac mis Tvalwin xdeboda - aristokratiuli sazogadoebis
gardaqmnas komerciul sazogadoebad, da adamianis da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis
cvlas. fergiusons awuxebda kiTxva - rogor SeiZleba am axal wesrigSi, romelic
dafuZnebulia Sromis ganawilebaze, moqalaqe ar aRmoCndes damonebuli saxelmwifos
mier? rodesac adamianebis erTma nawilma - moqalaqeebma ician mxolod fexsacmlis
kerva an sxva xeloba, xolo sxvebs - politikosebs da meomrebs evalebaT maTi dacva, xom
ar daimorCileben es ukanasknelebi maT, visi dacvac Seadgens maT movaleobas?
es axali ekonomikuri da socialuri konteqsti, romelic aqtualurs xdis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis arsebobas, istoriulad da Teoriulad ukavSirdeba meTvramete saukuneSi
(da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi kulturis warmoqmnaSi) kerZo da sazogadoebrivi
sferoebis, ekonomikisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebas.
14
problemebze da masSi praqtikulad ar aisaxeba sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
problematika, ar xdeba refleqsia im problemebze, romlebic uSualod mkiTxvelis
cxovrebas exeba. ibadeba kiTxva — riTia es gamowveuli — imiT, rom gazeTebis
gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi ideologiaze, da ara bazarze orientirebis sabWour
tradicias agrZeleben, Tu imiT, rom amgvaria sabazro SekveTa. dResdReobiT
sazogadoeba TiTqmis ar figurirebs mediis mier Seqmnil virtualur sivrceSi. es
sivrce mxolod politikuri elitis da politikuri brZolis problematikiT ivseba
(gasarTob programebs da publikaciebs aq ar movixseniebT, vinaidan isini cdeba Cveni
ganxilvis sagans). es midgoma, erTis mxriv, asaxavs arsebuli politikuri sivrcis
mkveTrad elitistur xasiaTs, magram meores mxriv, kidev ufro amZafrebs
mosaxleobisa da politikuri klasis gaucxoebas, zRudavs sazogadoebis unars
gaiazros mis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebi.
4. interneti
internetis Tavisufali misawvdomoba da misi meSveobiT globalur sainformaciis
sivrcesTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi sityvis, mediisa da infor-
maciis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi sabaziso elementia. internetis meSveobiT vrceldeba
sainformacio saagentoebis biuletenebi, misawvdomi xdeba msoflios sxva qveynebis
ambebi, qveyndeba werilebi da publikaciebi. TviT faqti internetis arsebobisa da
internetiT komunikaciis akrZalvis SeuZleblobisa didwilad azrs ukargavs sxva
RonisZiebebs sityvis akrZalvis mizniT.
internetiT sargebloba dRes aranair SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareba. funqcio-
nirebs ramdenime internet-provaideri, romelTa Soris konkurenciis wyalobiT
sargeblobis fasebi SedarebiT misawvdom doneze narCundeba am sferoSi axali
firmebis licenzireba avtomatur reJimSi warmoebs.
miuxedavad amisa, interneti saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT elitaruli mediis rols
asrulebs da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebas ar warmoadgens. es gamowveulia
sazogadoebis kompiuterizaciis arasakmarisi doniTa da satelekomunikacio kavSirebis
arasrulfasovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi, satelefono xazebis
uvargisobisa da ufro dabali ekonomikuri donis gamo, am mxriv regionebi arian.
miuxedavad amisa, internetis qarTulenovani da qarTuli resursebi nel-nela
viTardeba, iseve rogorc qarTulenovani sanavigacio teqnologiebi. ivseba
internetze qarTulenovani resursebis baza — gazeTebis sruli teqstebi, satelevizio
programebi, sakanonmdeblo baza da sxva. amasTan, sruliad aradamakmayofilebelia
saxelmwifo organoebis mier internetze ganTavsebuli informaciis odenoba.
5. telemauwyebloba
dRes saqarTveloSi axali ambebis gasagebad moqalaqeebi ZiriTadad televizias
mimarTaven. arsebobs mravalferovani radioarxebic, romlebic, marTalia, didwilad
musikaluri da gasarTobi mauwyeblobiT arian dakavebuli, magram mosaxleobis
garkveuli (arc Tu umniSvnelo) nawilisTvis politikuri xasiaTis informaciis
miwodebasac emsaxureba.
bolo wlebis politikuri cvlilebebi gacilebiT gvian da Znelad aisaxa televiziaze,
vidre presaze. amis mizezi iyo, erTis mxriv, is, rom telemauwyeblobis materialuri baza
bevrad ufro Zviria, meores mxriv ki is, rom saxelmwifos meti berketi aqvs eleqtronuli
mediis regulirebisaTvis samauwyeblo arxebis ganawilebis meSveobiT. mosaxleobis
99
kandidatis Taobaze aRniSna orma gazeTma, xolo saarCevno komisiis axlad-
daniSnuli xuTi wevridan am gazeTebSi aravin ar iyo naxsenebi, garda komisiis
Tavmjdomarisa, romlis gvari erTma gazeTma daasaxela. aRsaniSnavia, rom am
saparlamento gadawyvetilebaTagan arc erTi ar iyo naxsenebi am dReebSi gamosul
oficialur presaSi.
analogiuri mdgomareoba SenarCunda 2002 welsac. 10 aprils parlamentma
ganixila ramdenime Sesworeba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis kanonSi da saarCevno
kodeqsSi. ra operatiuli informacia miewoda amis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas presiT?
11 aprils gamosuli yovledRiuri (an kviraSi ramdenjerme gamomavali) gazeTebi
an ar aqveyneben informacias parlamentis 10 aprilis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, an
mas SecdomiT da/an mikerZoebulad aqveyneben. ar ityobineba miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb `saqarTvelos respublika~ da `axali Taoba~ (Tumca ki, am
ukanasknelSi TviT saparlamento sxdomis mimdinareoba vrcladaa gadmocemuli).
danarCenebidan yvelaze informatiul `dilis gazeTs~ aviwydeba imis aRniSvna, rom
gadawyvetilebebi miRebulia ara sabolood, aramed pirveli mosmeniT (rogorc
Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, meore da mesame kenWisyra aRarc Semdgara). sakiTxiT
yvelaze did dainteresebas iCenen gazeTebi `alia~ da `rezonansi~, romlebic
vrclad akritikeben parlamentis gadawyvetilebas, magram TviT gadawyvetilebis
Sesaxeb informacias ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixsenieben frazebiT `deputatebma
yvelaferi ucvlelad datoves~. Tumca saqmes nawilobriv asworebs gazeT
`rezonansSi~ gamoqveynebuli interviu deputat xmalaZesTan, mTlianobaSi faqtebis
gageba mkiTxvelebisTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebeli rCeba.
2. profesiuli da eTikuri Jurnalistika. am mxriv yvelaze seriozul gamowvevas
postsabWouri JurnalistebisTvis codnisa da Sefasebebis daSoriSoreba da in-
formaciis obieqturad gadmocema warmoadgens. gansxvavebiT dasavluri profe-
siuli mediisgan, sadac gazeTis an calkeuli avtorebis poziciis dasafiq-
sireblad specialuri sivrcea gamoyofili, saqarTvelos gazeTebSi praqtikulad
ar xdeba politikuri informaciis gadmocema misTvis garkveuli Sefasebis micemis
gareSe, garda sainformacio saagentoebis mokle Setyobinebebisa. amgvari Sefaseba
xSirad ekuTvnis ara Tavad Jurnalists, aramed redaqcias, romelic gamoxatavs mas
saTaurSi an statiis win darTul anotaciaSi. is, rom rogorc wesi movlenis
Sefaseba mocemulia saTaurSi an teqstis dasawyisSi, anu mkiTxveli mas ecnoba
manam, sanam Tavad informacias Seityobs, kidev ufro amZafrebs teqstis
politizirebis elfers. xSiria Sinaarsis Seusabamo saTaurebi, sasamarTlo
procesis erTi mxaris gamarTleba ganCinebis gamotanamde, aSkarad `SekveTili”
publikaciebi, arasakmarisad argumentirebuli braldebebi da bevri sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari problemebi met-naklebad yvela gazeTs axasiaTebs.
politikuri informaciis amgvari gadmocemis stili safrTxes uqmnis
aramanipulirebuli sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas, medias politikuri
propagandis iaraRad aqcevs da politikuri cxovrebis ukidures polarizebas
uwyobs xels. sazogadoeba iZulebuli xdeba ara Tavad Seafasos esa Tu is movlena
Tu faqti, aramed gaiziaros an ar gaiziaros misTvis miwodebuli mza Sefasebebi
arasakmarisi informirebulobis fonze.
3. presa rogorc samomxmareblo produqcia. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic presis Sinaarss
exeba, aris is, rom presa TiTqmis mTlianad aris orientirebuli maRali politikis
98
Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi evropis Sesvlis procesi ukavSirdeba adgilobrivi,
teritoriuli da ZirZveli kavSirebis rRvevas, tradiciuli ierarqiuli socialuri
struqturis moSlas. naTesaur-megobruli, teritoriuli da adgilobrivi Cveulebebi,
romlebic gansazRvravda da akavSirebda dasavlur evropul sazogadoebebs veRar
axorcieleben adrindel SemakavSirebel rols axal sabazro urTierTobebSi,
romlebic agebulia gaTvlaze, interesze, kontraqtze da axal idustriul warmoebaze,
romelic Sromis danawilebas moiTxovs.
kapitalisturi suliskveTeba da industriuli revolucia, Sromis ganawileba da
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba, tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis rRveva da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis racionalizacia da formalizacia, saboloo jamSi
ayalibebs erTi mxriv, erovnul saxelmwifoebs maTi dRevandeli formiT, xolo meore
mxriv - saxelmwifosgan gamoyofil samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. ras warmoadgens es axali
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, Tanamedrove epoqam
warmoqmna, da ra mimarTebaSia igi saxelmwifosTan?
ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis didi miRweva iyo imis gaazreba, rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba istoriulad Camoyalibda rogorc Sualeduri warmonaqmni pirad
cxovrebasa da politikur saxelmwifos Soris. es xedva ar iyo wminda Teoretizebis
Sedegi, aramed asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im sferos zrdas, romelic
faqtobrivad damoukidebeli iyo politikuri sazogadoebisgan da efuZneboda
Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi komerciis, gacvlisa da Sromis danawilebaze dafuZnebuli
warmoebis burJuaziul samyaros. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferoSi individi moRvaweobs,
pirvel rigSi, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis damoukidebeli mepatrone (rogoric ar unda
iyos es sakuTreba - kapitali, miwa, fuli, kerZo qoneba, samuSao Zala an sakuTari Tavi). es
adamiani iRvwis piradi miznebis misaRwevad, risTvisac Tavisuflad amyarebs
urTierTobebs sxva adamianebTan, TviTonve ayalibebs am urTierTobebs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba am xedvs Sesabamisad moqceulia or poluss - kerZo sakuT-
rebasa da saxelmwifos - Soris. kerZo sakuTreba aq ganixileba rogorc bunebrivi Tavi-
suflebis realizeba, rogorc kacobriobis emansipacia da ganTavisufleba pirovnuli
damokidebulebisgan, wodebrivi uTanasworobisgan da sxva usamarlobebisgan, romle-
bic Zvel politikur wesrigs axasiaTebda rogorc Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tavisufle-
bis winapiroba. kerZo sakuTreba aq Cndeba rogorc pirovnuli uflebebis, universa-
luri Tanasworobisa da sxvebis uflebaTa pativiscemis materialuri safuZveli.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iqmneba rogorc `moqalaqe (biurgeri) individebis~
sazogadoeba, romelic ar aris Tavisufali konfliqtebisgan; am konfliqtebs
ganapirobebs klasobrivi uTanasworoba kapitalis, miwis da Sromis mflobelebs Soris,
bazris anarqiuli xasiaTi, ekonomikuri krizisebi da sxv. amgvarad, saWiroa
saxelmwifo, romelic moagvarebs am konfliqtebs, SezRudavs bazris negatiur
gamovlinebebs da sazogadoebis arsebobas daafuZnebs im universalur principebze,
romlebic aklia samoqalaqo sazogadoebas.
ori polusi, saxelmwifo da bazari, romelTa Sorisacaa moqceuli samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, gansxvavebulia Tavisi bunebiT. saxelmwifo aris centralizebuli
warmonaqmni, maregulirebeli organizacia, romelic Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi
Camoyalibda rogorc erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Zala, romelic `flobs
Zaladobis gamoyenebis legitimur monopolias mocemul teritoriaze~ (veberi). amave
dros Tanamedroveobis epoqa - es aris decentralizebuli industriuli sabazro
ekonomikis epoqa. es ekonomika ar SeiZleba iyos centralizebuli, Tuki gvsurs, rom is
iyos efeqtiani. mzardi ekonomikuri ganviTareba gulisxmobs Tavisufal ekonomikur
subieqts, mesakuTres, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli saxelmwifos mier. rogor unda
15
CairTos es individualuri, egoisturi elementi mTlian erTobaSi ise, rom ar moxdes
misi piradi Tavisuflebis sruli CamorTmeva mTlianis, saxelmwifos mier?
hegelis azriT, korporaciebis Seqmna, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struq-
turirebas axdens da icavs adamianebs socialuri danawevrebisgan (romelic SeiZleba
gamoiwvios TiToeuli individis mier mxolod sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare
moqmedebam), SesaZlebeli xdeba swored universaluri saxelmwifos pirobebSi. swored
saxelmwifo aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis winapiroba. saxelmwifos gareSe
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba daiSleba, vinaidan Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTobebis
arsebobis realobidan gamomdinare mas veRar akavSireben tradiciuli, ojaxuri,
patriarqaluri socialuri urTierTobebi.
marqsma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara hegelis Teoria. marqsis mtkicebiT,
saxelmwifo ar warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris
arsebul konfliqtze maRla mdgom warmonaqmns; piriqiT, saxelmwifo eqceva
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi jgufis, gabatonebuli klasis, burJuaziis
gavlenis qveS da iqceva mis iaraRad sxva klasebis damorCilebis saqmeSi. swored
amitom, marqsis SexedulebiT, klasTa Soris brZolis dasrulebiT, kapitalizmidan
komunizmze gadasvliT unda moxdes saxelmwifos sikvdili.
marqsis Teoriis leniniseuli interpretaciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sedegad
saxelmwifo ar gamqrala, aramed gadaiqca partia-saxelmwifod da saboloo jamSi
sruliad STanTqa samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic, marqsis mixedviT, ruseTSi arc
arsebobda). saboloo jamSi moxda saxelmwifos `totalitarizacia~. totalitarizmi
ki, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, xasiaTdeba swored saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis SerwymiT.
totalitarizmi
totalitarizmis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daxasiaTeba
ekuTvnis karl fridrixs. misi SexedulebiT, totalitaruli sazogadoeba
xasiaTdeba eqvsi niSniT, romelTagan yvela unda iyos warmodgenili, raTa cneba
gamoyenebuli iyos mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.
1/ oficialuri ideologia, romelic Sedgeba oficialuri doqtrinisagan da
moicavs adamianis arsebobis yvela sasicocxlo aspeqts; mas unda daeTanxmos yvela,
vinc cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi pasiurad mainc; es ideologia
mimarTulia aTaswlian amocanebze, rogorc adamianis saxeobis umaRlesi
`srulyofili~ sazogadoebis momavalze.
2/ masebis erTaderTi partia, romelic aerTianebs mTliani mosaxleobis,
kacebisa da qalebis SedarebiT mcire ricxvs (ara umetes 10%-isa), romlebic
mxurvaled da uyoymanod uWeren mxars ideologias da nebismieri saSualebiT
cdiloben gamoavlinon sruli Tanxmoba mis mimarT. msgavsi partia organizebulia
mkacrad ierarqizirebuli da oligarqiuli wesiT. aq, rogorc wesi, erTaderTi
xelmZRvanelia. is an yvelaze maRla dgas an gaigivebulia samTavrobo
biurokratiul organizaciasTan.
3/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi)
efeqtur samxedro sabrZolo saSualebebze. es monopolia partiisa da misi kadrebis
xelSia, anda sxvanairad rom iTqvas, biurokratiisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
xelSia.
4/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikur SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi)
komunikaciis efeqtur saSualebebze, rac aseve partiis xelSia moqceuli.
16
yovelkvireul gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs, rac Seexeba ufro xSirad (kviraSi samjer da
metad) gamomaval presas, 20 000-iani tiraJi misTvis saocnebo maqsimumia. es
dabaltiraJianoba ar ukavSirdeba presis specializacias, piriqiT, mkiTxveli pirvel
rigSi presaSi mravalferovnebas afasebs. mkiTxvelis mozidva gazeTebisTvis
upirvelesi problemaa, ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblobis sawindari.
TiTqmis yvela mkiTxveli met-naklebad Tanxmdeba imaze, rom presis xarisxi dabalia,
rom mas `siyviTle” dahkravs. am mosazrebas Tavad Jurnalistebic iziareben. Tumca am
movlenis Sefasebisas azrebi ZiriTadad orad iyofa. erTni (da maT Soris Jurnalistebis
didi nawili) Tvlian, rom `rogori sazogadoebacaa, iseTi Jurnalistikaa~, anu arsebuli
gazeTebi Seesabameba mosaxleobis moTxovnebis dabal standarts. presis ZiriTad
problemad isini zogad ekonomikur siduxWires asaxeleben, xolo ekonomikuri
problemebis daZlevas da tiraJebis zrdas swored am dabali standartis dakmayofilebas
ukavSireben. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom mosaxleoba mSvenivrad arCevs karg da uxarisxo
publikaciebs da rom arsebobs sabazro moTxovnileba ufro profesiul presaze, romelic
jer ar aris dakmayofilebuli. am Sexedulebis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom presis dabali
tiraJebi aixsneba ara imdenad mosaxleobis ekonomikuri siduxWiriTa Tu interesis
naklebobiT, aramed auditoriis moTxovnebis ardakmayofilebiT presis mxridan. amasve,
maTi azriT, sociologiuri gamokvlevebic adasturebs.
gazeTebis Sinaarsis analizi aSkarad ayenebs Semdeg problemebze msjelobis
aucileblobas.
1. gazeTebi rogorc operatiuli informaciis wyaro. vinaidan mosaxleobis politikur
sakiTxebze operatiuli informirebis funqcias ZiriTadad televizia asrulebs,
gazeTebma am funqciis Sesrulebaze arsebiTad xeli aiRes da Tavis rols ufro
movlenebis komentirebaSi da SefasebaSi xedaven. es exeba ara marto yovelkvireul,
aramed yoveldRiur gazeTebsac. wina dRis movlenebis Taobaze mkiTxvelis
dawvrilebiTi informirebis funqciis ukana planze gadatana problematurs xdis
yoveldRiuri gazeTebis momavals. amasTan, es midgoma mosaxleobas misTvis
aucilebeli informaciis gareSe tovebs. is gansakuTrebiT sazianoa samarTlebrivi
xasiaTis informaciisTvis, romelic zust, werilobiTi gadmocemas saWiroebs. es
viTareba metad araxelsayrelia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobisTvis.
SesaZloa damoukidebelma presam meti izrunos im samomxmareblo bazris
aTvisebaze, romelic swored amgvar operatiul informacias saWiroebs, Tundac
aseTi auditoria SedarebiT mcire iyos. televiziisTvis konkurenciis gasawevad
gazeTebma SeiZleba ukeT gamoiyenon werilobiTi gadmocemis upiratesobebi, meti
imuSaon werilobiT wyaroebze, cifrebze da konkretul detalebze.
samarTlebrivi siaxleebis asaxva qarTul presaSi: ori magaliTi.
1999 wlis 20 ivliss parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli
sakonstitucio cvlilebebi da Seitana rigi arsebiTi Sesworebebisa saarCevno
kanonSi. rogor aisaxa es movlenebi qarTul presaSi?
momdevno ori dRis ganmavlobaSi TbilisSi gamovida 10-mde gazeTi, maT Soris 2 -
oficialuri. am gazeTebidan mxolod erTma moixsenia, rom Seicvala saarCevno
biuletenSi partiebis numeraciis wesi (Zlieri partiebis sasargeblod).
partiebisTvis saarCevno barieris gazrda 5-dan 7 procentamde aRniSnuli iyo 8
gazeTSi, maT Soris 7-Si - rogorc sakuTari komentarebisa an politikosebis
Sefasebebis sagani. axali sakonstitucio SezRudvebi prezidentobis SesaZlo
97
ZviradRirebul investiciebs srulfasovani produqciis sawarmoeblad.
• ekonomika sustia da masSi didia Crdilovani seqtoris wili, bevri ekonomikuri
subieqti Tavs aridebs produqciis reklamirebas. saqonlis reklamirebas xels
ar uwyobs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobac.
• ekonomika araTanabradaa ganviTarebuli saqarTvelos masStabiT. Sida
produqtis didi wili iwarmoeba TbilisSi, rac Seexeba regionebs, adgilobrivi
bazari Tavisi siRaribis gamo praqtikulad ver uqmnis adgilobriv medias
damoukideblobis ekonomikur safuZvels.
• media, iseve rogorc mTeli danarCeni ekonomika, didwilad Crdilovan seqtorSi
funqcionirebs. gazeTebi, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, gaurbian
Tavisi namdvili tiraJebis gamocxadebas. amis gamo, media ganicdis imave tipis
deprivacias, rasac sxva ekonomikuri subieqtebi — is damokidebulia politikur
mfarvelobaze da/an pirad kontaqtebze, arsebuli reJimis keTil nebaze, Tvali
daxuWos mediis mier Cadenil ekonomikur darRvevebze.
Sesabamisad, metad sustia mediis damoukideblobisa da ganviTarebis ekonomikuri
safuZvlebi. dResdReobiT misi didi wili sxvadasxva saxis subsidiebiT arsebobs, rac
mediis damoukideblobis xarisxs amcirebs da misi politizirebis xarisxs zrdis.
Jurnalistebis xelfasebi metad dabalia, Sesabamisad maRali kvalifikaciis mqone
specialistebi xSirad profesias icvlian da uSualod Jurnalistikas ar misdeven.
mediis finansebis gaumWvirvale xasiaTi erTi mxriv aCens undoblobas momxmarebelTa
mxridan, xolo meore mxriv qmnis sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulirebis winapirobebs.
rac Seexeba xelisuflebisa an msxvili kapitalis mxridan mediis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis ekonomikur meqanizebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom mediis materialuri baza ar
aris monopolizirebuli saxelmwifosa an romelime ekonomikuri subieqtis mier.
bevria sxvadasxva mflobelobaSi myofi stamba Tu poligrafiuli sawarmo. SedarebiT
gvian (Tavisi siZviris gamo) gaCnda studiebi da samauwyeblo simZlavreebi,
adgilobrivi teleproduqciis warmoebis potenciali. arsebobs konkurencia internet
provaiderebsa da presis gamavrcelebel kompaniebs Soris.
3. beWdviTi media
saqarTveloSi dRes gamomavali mravalferovani presis udidesi nawili
damoukidebeli gamocemaa, ar igrZnoba monopolizeba arc saxelmwifosa da arc
romelime ekonomikuri dajgufebis mxridan. TiTqmis yvela arsebuli gazeTi bolo aTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi dafuZnda. maTi saxeobebi, stili da tiraJebi metad dinamiurad
icvleba. bevri gazeTi, romelic damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi iyo popularuli,
dRes an aRar gamodis, an popularoba dakarga. konkurencia miT ufro mZafria, rom
dRes gazeTebs praqtikulad ara hyavT gamomwerebi — tiraJebis udidesi nawili
kioskebSi da quCaSi iyideba. gazeTebis gamoweris tradicia moirRva destabilizaciisa
da samoqalaqo omebis wlebSi da SemdgomSi veRar aRdga. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg
gaqra bevri gazeTi, rac, savaraudod, unda aixsnas politikuri dakveTis SesustebiT —
politikur aqtorebs am wuTas gazeTebis dafinanseba ar sWirdebaT
gazeTebis saerTo tiraJi dRes saqarTveloSi metad dabalia. mosaxleobis didi
nawili ar an ver yidulobs gazeTebs, xolo axal ambebs da politikuri xasiaTis
informacias metwilad televiziiT iRebs. yvelaze maRali tiraJebi aqvs
96
5/ mTeli sawarmoo da ekonomikuri saSualebebis kvazimonopolia, romelic
eqvemdebareba centralizebul dagegmarebas.
6/ represiuli policiuri Zalauflebrivi sistema, dafuZnebuli Zaladobis
da sakomunikacio saSualebebis monopoliaze, romelic ara mxolod reJimis
`mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg, aramed, agreTve, mosaxleobis TviTneburad arCeuli
kategoriebis winaaRmdegacaa mimarTuli; amgvari TviTneburi seleqcia reJimis
gadarCenis moTxovnaa.
totalitarizmis sabWouri varianti, garda am niSnebisa, xasiaTdeboda adamianis,
rogorc kerZo mesakuTris, sruli mospobiT. rogorc Cans, es ar iyo sakmarisad
gaazrebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis im Teoretikosebis mier, romlebic sabWoTa
wyobis damxobas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmatebas ukavSirebdnen. samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis ganxilva postsabWour sivrceSi am ekonomikuri ganzomilebi-
dan mowyvetilad SeiZleba zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoriis sisustes ganapi-
robebdes. tipuri postsabWoTa midgoma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebi-
sadmi aris vaclav havelis qvemoT aRwerili xedva.
wyaro: dominik kola, politikuri sociologia
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da postkomunizmi; vaclav haveli
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ideis win wamoweva, rac gaigivebuli iyo
oficialuri komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan 1980-ian wlebSi centralur da
aRmosavleT evropaSi, akavSirebs am cnebis yuradRebis centrSi moqcevas am qveynebSi
Seqmnil politikur konteqstTan - mtrul ganwyobasTan ara marto oficialuri komunizmis
mimarT, aramed marqsisa da marqsizmis mimarT. marqsizmi ganixileboda ZiriTad mtrad,
vinaidan is iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze gavleniani gacxadebuli mowinaaRmdege.
am politikurma konteqstma daRi daasva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tanamedrove Teorias,
romliTac, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebisa, xdeba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis romantizacia, igi yvela sxva sferosTan -saxelmwifosTan, ekonomikasTan,
ojaxTan SedarebiT win aris wamoweuli da centraluri adgili uWiravs.
am Teoriis mixedviT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris
Tavisuflebis fuZemdebluri wyaro. saWiroa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dacva yvela im
agresiuli Zalisgan, romelic mas Trgunavs: erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos politikuri Za-
lauflebisgan, xolo meore mxriv - fulis ekonomikuri Zalisgan. samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis es Teoria aTavsebs mas barikadebis erT mxares moqmedebasTan, Semoqme-
debiTobasTan, iniciativasTan, produqtiulobasTan, TavisuflebasTan, gaerTianebasTan,
Tavad sicocxlesTan erTad. maT sapirispirod ekonomikuri da politikuri sistema
aRiwereba iseTi terminebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa damorCileba, momxmarebloba,
pasiuroba, privatizeba, Zalismiereba, gansazRvruloba, aucilebloba da sxv.
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, aqtiurobisa da pasiurobis, moqmedisa da struqturis am
dapirispirebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tanamedrove xedva amarTlebs samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis pirveladobas politikasTan da ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi.
rodesac `perestroikis~ dasawyisSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg demokratiisTvis
warimarTa brZola, am demokratiaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisufleba igulisxmeboda.
Tavisufleba ki, misi sruli saxiT, miuRwevelia Tuki arsebobs raime saxis politikuri
Zalaufleba, Tundac demokratiuli da raime saxis fuladi ekonomika, Tundac
17
sabazro. sinamdvileSi, albaT, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis lozungebi zustad
ar asaxavdnen Tavisuflebis im wyurvils, romelic totalitarizmis msxvrevas
ukavSirdeba da romlis saprotesto talRa mimarTuli iyo ara ubralod sabWouri
sistemis gardaqmnisken, aramed saerTod Tanamedroveobis politikuri da ekonomikuri
institutebis uaryofisken, ramdenadac es institutebi usaxo, mkacri da momTxovnia.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, amgvari ganwyoba ara masiuri, aramed elitaruli iyo da
momdinareobda perestroikis disidenti liderebis msoflmxedvelobidan. aRmosavleT
evropaSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, maTi azriT, dasawyisidan disidenti,
inteleqtuali liderebis da maTi Sexedulebebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo prioritetis miniWeba ara brZolisaTvis politikuri
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, aramed mtruli damokidebuleba nebismieri saxis
politikis mimarT, nebismieri Zalauflebis maqsimaluri SezRudvis survili.
sazogadoebriv saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri saxis iniciativa unda modiodes
qvemodan, xalxisagan, da ara saxelmwifos institucionaluri struqturebidan. es
Tvalsazrisi yvelaze gamokveTilad vaclav havelis naSromebSia Camoyalibebuli.
anti-politikuroba, romlis qvakuTxeds oficialuri partiuli politikisadmi
undobloba Seadgens, miiCneoda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mamoZravebel Zalad, xolo
politika iyo uaryofili rogorc Zalauflebis survilis gamoxatuleba.
cxovreba, romlis mizania sakuTari Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, mravalfe-
rovneba, pluralizmi da TviTorganizeba, vaclav havelis mixedviT, upirispirdeba
nebismier sistemas, romelic unificirebas moiTxovs. aqedan gamosavali aris ara erTi
sistemis Secvla meoreTi, aramed saWiroa TviT cxovrebisken Semobruneba. am SemTxv-
evaSi post-totalitaruli sistemis struqturebi `ubralod mokvdeba da gauqmdeba da
maT adgils daikavebs axali struqturebi, romlebic `qvevidan~ aRmocendeba~.
havelis es proeqti waagavs axladaSenebuli saxlis win mwvane gazonis mowyobas
Semdegi xerxiT. saxlis win unda daiTesos balaxi ise, rom bilikebis gasayvani adgili
ar moiniSnos, xolo SemdgomSi, rodesac saxlis mcxovreblebi ivlian am balaxze da
bunebrivad gakvalaven bilikebs iq, sadac maT ufro awyobT, es gakvaluli bilikebi
dafiqsirdes betoniT. am gziT saxlis mcxovreblebi Tavad gansazRvraven im
institutebs (bilikebs), romlebiTac maT uwevT sargebloba.
amdenad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis es Teoria aris garkveuli amboxeba Tanamed-
roveobis, misi institutebis da teqnologiebis winaaRmdeg. politikis uaryofasTan
erTad igi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisaTvis eZebs sxva, ufro siRrmiseul gamosavals,
vidre saparlamento demokratiaa, romelsac Tavisi partiuli xasiaTis gamo, ar
SeuZlia gadaWras saxelmwifos funqcionirebaSi moqalaqeTa farTo CarTvisa da
monawileobis amocana. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cxovrebis samyarom unda Secvalos
Tanamedroveobis institutebi, maT Soris saxelmwifoc.
literatura:
dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gv. 205-228
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)
Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28 vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis
kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 1995
18
fonze warimarTa. Jurnalistebis Zvelma Taobam, romelic jer kidev sabWoTa dros
moRvaweobda, iseve rogorc Zvelma mediam, didwilad dros alRo ver auRo da asparezi
axal mediasa da axal Jurnalistebs dauTmo. axali gazeTebi, radio- da satelevizio
arxebi da gadacemebi jer kidev gamoucdeli, sxvadasxva ganaTlebis mqone
axalgazrdobiT dakompleqtda. am Taobam weris da saubris sakuTari manera muSaobis
procesSi Camoiyaliba. wina Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, am Jurnalistebma gabedulad
Setopes politikuri brZolis WaobSi da aRiarebuli WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi Tavis
dasayrdenad da orientirad politikuri Sefasebebis sistema gaixades. maTi
profesiuli saqmianobis dasayrdenad iqca ara imdenad sakuTriv Jurnalisturi qcevis
normebi da meTodebi, ramdenadac samoqalaqo Tu politikuri pozicia. es maT ara
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis arbitrad [fasilitatorad], aramed mis aqtiur
Semoqmedad aqcevs.
media SedarebiT maRali ndobiT sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi. amave dros, mediis
kritikac sakmaod Cveuli da gavrcelebuli movlenaa qarTul sazogadoebaSi. es,
albaT, zemoxsenebul problemas, codnisa da Sexedulebis asaxvas, profesiul da
eTikur standartebs ukavSirdeba. dRevandeli Jurnalistika, iseve rogorc masobrivi
komunikacia zogadad saqarTveloSi metad Sors aris faqtebze damyarebuli
Jurnalistikis standartebisgan. is ar erideba politikur propagandas, ar eswrafvis
codnisa da politikuri Sexedulebis gamijvnas, piriqiT, is xSirad mzad aris
dauqvemdebaros codna politikur Sefasebas, daarRvios Jurnalisturi eTikis
normebi, ar sces pativi gansxvavebul azrs da mimarTos sazogadoebrivi azriT
manipulirebis sxvadasxva xerxebs.
Tavis funqcionirebaSi media damokidebulia or mxareze — erTi mxriv,
xelisuflebaze, xolo meore mxriv, farTo auditoriaze. aTi wlis win pirveli
mimarTeba: media — xelisufleba aSkarad yvelaze mwvave da problematuri iyo da
yvelaze swraf gadaWras saWiroebda; am mimarTebam wina planze mediis Tavisuflebis
damkvidrebis problema gamoitana. dResdReobiT mediisTvis ufro kritikul da
aqtualur gamowvevad unda miviCnioT meore, bevrad naklebad gamokveTili mimarTeba:
media — auditoria. es mimarTeba ukavSirdeba Jurnalistur pasuxismgeblobas
mkiTxvelis, WeSmaritebisa da sakuTari profesiis winaSe.
2. mediis ekonomikuri garemo
ekonomikuri problemebi da rTuli biznes-garemo dResdReobiT ufro met dabrko-
lebebs uqmnis mediis instituciur ganviTarebas, vidre saxelmwifo regulireba. ase,
maRali tiraJebi, romlebiTac iyideboda gazeTebi `perestroikis” dros, mkveTrad
daeca damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi, rodesac moiSala ekonomika, dairRva kavSirebi
da safosto momsaxureba, gaRaribda mosaxleoba. telegadacemebis miReba gaaZnela
eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis mkveTrma SezRudvam. dResac reklamisgan miRebuli
Semosavali mxolod mcire wvlils Seadgens gazeTebis dafinansebaSi. aseTi
Semosavlebi SedarebiT maRalia televiziaSi, magram isini mainc arasakmarisia
mravalferovani mauwyeblobis dasafinanseblad. ekonomikuri garemo jerjerobiT
metad susti bazaa mediis efeqturi saqmianobis warsamarTavad. ekonomikuri bazis
sisuste ganpirobebulia ramdenime faqtoriT:
• ekonomikuri bazris siviwrove. qarTulenovani mediis potenciur momxmare-
belTa ricxvi sul ramdenime milionia, rac metad viwro sareklamo bazaria, es
gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi faqtoria telemauwyeblobisTvis, romelic moiTxovs
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leqcia 12
saqarTvelos masmedia
1. masmediis zogadi xasiaTi
sityvis Tavisufleba erT-erTi is demokratiuli Rirebulebaa, romlis deficiti
gansakuTrebiT mwvave iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi, da romelic yvelaze iolad da sakmaod
srulad damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. gorbaCovis `glasnostis~ politikis kvalobaze,
romelic nabij-nabij uSvebda sityvis Tavisuflebis elementebs, TandaTan
Tavisufldeboda qarTuli mediac. Semdeg, mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga
damoukideblobis wlebSic. es ar yofila uproblemo procesi, piriqiT, TiToeuli
momdevno xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva misi azriT mavne politikuri ideebisa da
mowodebebis gavrceleba mediis saSualebiT. bevri politikuri movlena saqarTveloSi
swored amgvari akrZalvebisa da SezRudvebis gadalaxvis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeba. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba televizias, romlis politikuri kontrolis problema
ramdenjerme iqca sakvanZo Temad politikuri daZabulobis kulminaciur momentebSi.
vardebis revoluciis win me vwerdi: `miuxedavad didi dabrkolebebis arsebobisa,
sityvis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebis procesi Seuqcevadi aRmoCnda. amJamad, Tumc ki
kvlavac aSkaraa daZabuloba sityvis Tavisuflebis Temis garSemo da arsebobs
Jurnalistebis daSinebis araerTi mcdeloba, praqtikulad ar arsebobs politikuri
xasiaTis informacia, Sexeduleba Tu midgoma, romelTa gavrceleba mediis mier
SezRuduli iyos centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan.~ (ix. The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003) dResdReobiT es
mtkicebuleba naklebad damajerblad gamoiyureba, vinaidan televiziebis damouki-
debloba sakmaod sakamaTo sakiTxia, xolo Jurnalistebi gamudmebiT TviTcenzuras
afareben Tavs, samsaxuris dakargvis SiSiT. magram es Tema ar warmoadgens mocemuli
leqciis sagans. kargad unda ganvasxvaoT sityvis negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisuf-
leba. xelisuflebas SeuZlia SezRudos mxolod sityvis negatiuri ufleba —
gamoiyenos saxelmwifo aparati cenzurisa Tu sxva SezRudvebis mizniT. amgvari
SezRudvebis ararseboba sulac SeiZleba ar niSnavs, rom yvelas hqondes Tanabari
pozitiuri ufleba salaparakod — gavixsenoT tokvilis dakvirveba amerikaSi sazoga-
doebrivi azris mier sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis Taobaze. pozitiurad komuni-
kacia, romelic xorcieldeba praqtikulad Tavisufali mediis mier SeiZelba ar iyos
srulfasovani, an ubralod SeiZleba iyos Taviseburi, Cven aq gvainteresebs saqar-
Tvelos mediis swored es mxare — misi diskursuli tipi, diskursuli xasiaTi da eTika.
yvelafers, rac sabWoTa dros mediaSi politikis Sesaxeb iwereboda da sajarod
iTqmoda, codnis gavrcelebis statusi hqonda. am codnis wyaro iyo marqsizm-
leninizmis TeoriiT aRWurvili komunisturi partia. Sexedulebebs, romlebic am
codnas kiTxvis qveS daayenebda, sajaro sivrceSi adgili ar hqonda. Jurnalisti
`kargad” werda imdenad, ramdenadac sworad asaxavda mmarTveli partiis kurss.
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis kvalobaze gaqra monopolia politikur `codnaze”, gaCnda
mravalferovani politikuri Sexedulebebi, Sefasebebi da midgomebi, da Jurnalistebs
gauCndaT problema — rogor unda weron politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb axal
viTarebaSi, rodesac aRar arsebobs Zveli aTvlis sistema —“swori” codnis erTaderTi
wyaros saxiT.
am gamowvevaze pasuxebis Zieba Jurnalisturi korpusis TiTqmis sruli ganaxlebis
94
leqcia 3
patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali
robert patnemma gamoikvlia samxreT da CrdiloeT italiaSi samoqalaqo cxovrebis
Taviseburebebis mimarTeba am regionebis politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.
mdidar faqtobriv da raodenobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT man aCvena, rom sazo-
gadoebrivi kapitali aris is simdidre, romelic ar iqmneba erTbaSad da romelic
sazogadoebis warmatebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri winsvlisa da ganviTarebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
patnemi svams kiTxvas - ra kavSirSia ama Tu im demokratiuli politikuri insti-
tutebis warmatebuli funqcionireba im socialur konteqstTan, romelic sazo-
gadoebas axasiaTebs?
1860 wels italiis erTiani saxelmwifos gamocxadebis Semdeg, qveynis uaRresad
centralizebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ganixileboda rogorc aucilebeli saSualeba
sustad integrirebuli, mravalferovani da ukiduresad gansxavebuli geografiuli
regionebis gasaerTianeblad da erTiani eris Camosayalibeblad. mxolod meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, qveynis demokratiuli mowyobis pirobebSi, gaxda SesaZlebeli
1948 wlis axal konstituciaSi regionebSi pirdapiri arCevnebiT arCeuli xeli-
suflebis arsebobis dafiqsireba. Tumca ki, konstituciis es muxli sruli saxiT 1970
wlamde ar amoqmedebula da SemdgomSic axladSeqmnil regionul xelisuflebas
garkveuli dro dasWirda imisTvis, raTa regionebis TviTmmarTveloba formaluridan
realurad gadaqceuliyo.
1970 wels italiis mTavrobam daiwyo qveynis mmarTvelobis decentralizeba da
moaxdina Zalauflebisa da resursebis mniSvnelovani delegireba axladSeqmnil
regionul warmomadgenlobiT xelisuflebaze.
ra moutana reformam italiis regionebs? gaumjobesda Tu ara mis Sedegad mmar-
Tvelobisa da politikis xarisxi? ramdenad warmatebulad amuSavda axladSeqmnili
warmomadgenlobiTi politikuri institutebi? xelisuflebis saqmianobis dawvrile-
biTi Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierebma `niSnebi dauweres~ regionebis axladSeqmnil
institutebs imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kargad axorcielebdnen isini maT winaSe
mdgar amocanebs - aumjobesebdnen kanonmdeblobas, droulad amtkicebdenen biuje-
tebs, aumjobesebdnen biurokratiis muSaobas, janmrTelobis dacvas da sxv.
gamokvlevidan gamoCnda, rom zogi regionis xelisufleba stabilurad kargad
muSaobda, xolo sxvebis ki, stabilurad dabal doneze iyo. es obieqturi maCveneblebi
zedmiwevniT srulad asaxavda mosaxleobis warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad
damakmayofilebelia ama Tu im regionuli xelisuflebis saqmianoba.
mokled, zogi regionebis xelisuflebis moRvaweoba ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda,
vidre sxvebisa. maT ufro efeqturad warmarTes Sida procedurebi, politikuri
iniciativebis gamoCenisas meti SemoqmedebiToba gamoavlines, ufro efeqturad
ganaxorcieles es iniciativebi. es gansxvavebebi kargad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli
regionebis mosaxelobis mier.
Tu yvela regions gaaCnda identuri mmarTvelobis struqturebi, da analogiuri
sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri resursebi, maSin ram ganapiroba es gansxvaveba?
Tu davxedavT italiis rukas, davinaxavT, rom CrdiloeTis regionebis mmar-
Tveloba saerTo jamSi ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre samxreTis regionebisa.
vinaidan sufTa politikuri xasiaTis parametrebi identuria, am gansxvavebis axsna
SeuZlebelia sxva tipis, arapolitikuri faqtorebis moSveliebis gareSe. amgvari
19
faqtorebi ori saxis SeiZleba iyos: a) socialur-ekonomikuri - socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, romelic ukavSirdeba industrializaciis dones; da b)
socialur-kulturuli: `samoqalaqo urTierTobebis~ Taviseburebebi - samoqalaqo
urTierTobebis xasiaTi da socialuri solidarobis done.
industriuli revolucia ukanaskneli saukuneebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena
iyo dasavleTis istoriaSi, romelmac radikalurad Secvala dasavluri
sazogadoebebis cxovreba. industrializaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri da
ekonomikuri transformacia mecnierebis mier xSirad ganixileba qveynis stabiluri
demokratiuli ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. industrializacia, romelic
italiaSi gasuli saukunis miwuruls daiwyo, bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda
qveynis CrdiloeT regionebSi, vidre samxreT nawilSi. magram daskvna, romelic
mecnierebma gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTes, iyo is, rom savaraudod orive -
Tanamedrove ekonomikis damkvidreba da demokratiuli institutebis warmateba
CrdiloeT italiaSi ukavSirdeba mesame faqtoris zegavlenas - am regionSi
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobis xasiaTs.
ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis am or models Soris gansxvavebis arsi?
gansxvaveba CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mcxovrebTa Soris daaxloebiT Seesabameba
sxvaobas moqalaqesa da qveSevrdoms Soris. moqalaqe aqtiurad monawileobs
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es ar niSnavs, rom is uangaro altruistia, romelic ar
zrunavs sakuTar interesebze, aramed Tavis interesebs is iazrebs ufro farTo
sazogadoebrivi interesebis konteqstSi. moqalaqeTa erToba xasiaTdeba yvelasaTvis
erTnairi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. amgvari erToba Sekrulia kooperirebis da
`misvla-mosvlis~ horizontaluri urTierTobebiT, da ara zemdgomisa da masze
damokidebulis urTierTobebiT, rogorc es baton-qveSevrdomTa Soris xdeba.
moqalaqeebi urTierToben rogorc Tanasworebi, da ara rogorc patroni da klienti.
moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi da normebi vlindeba am
sazogadoebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. amgvar sazogadoebaSi adamianebi ufro
advilad qmnian kavSirebs, xolo es kavSirebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs warmatebul
sazogadoebriv urTierTqmedebas. iq, sadac moqalaqeobrivi ganwyobebi sustia, ada-
mianebs uWirT erTad moqmedeba saerTo miznebis misaRwevad an nebismieri miznisTvis,
romelic scildeba maTi ojaxis materialur keTildReobaze uSualo zrunvas.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT meti daintereseba vlindeba, magaliTad, imaSi, rom
moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia meti daintereseba
gazeTebis kiTxviT. moqalaqeebi, qveSevrdomebisgan gansxvavebiT, interesdebian imiT,
Tu ra iwereba gazeTebSi da ufro xSirad yiduloben maT.
ar unda vifiqroT, rom naklebi moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis mqone mosaxleoba
asocialuri an apolitikuria. ubralod masSi gamjdari vertikaluri, arasimetriuli,
patron-klientis urTierTobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas sxva elfers aniWebs.
rodesac italiis samxreTi regionebis mcxovrebs eqmneba problema (magaliTad,
sWirdeba licenzia, samsaxuri da sxva), igi gacilebiT ufro xSirad cdilobs moZebnos
politikosi, romelic mas pirovnulad daexmareba, vidre es xdeba CrdiloeT
regionebSi. SeiZleba amitomacaa politikuri cxovreba iq ufro personificirebuli,
ufro orientirebuli politikosebze, rogorc pirovnebebze, vidre maT programebze.
CrdiloeT regonebSi politikosebi ufro iSviaTad xvdebian mTxovnelebs, Tanac maT
ufro xSirad mimarTaven politikis gansazRvrasTan da kanonebis miRebasTan
20
analizs. amdenad, maTi sandooba eWvs ar iwvevs. sxva saqmea, maTi avtoriseuli inter-
pretacia, romelSiac garkveuli momentebi yuradRebis miRma SeiZleba darCenoda.
monacemebi aCvenebs, rom politikurad aqtiuri da dainteresebuli adamianebi
masmediis axal ambebTan sul ufro mWidrod arian mibmulni. am urTierTmimarTebis
gaZliereba, rac ar unda iyos amgvari ganviTarebis mizezi, niSnavs erT mniSvnelovan
movlenas — masmediis politikuri rolis zrdas. anu masmedias rogorc Cans, aqvs am
viTarebaSi ara politikuri sarkis, politikuri damkvirveblis roli, aramed izrdeba
misi rogorc politikuri manipulatoris, politikuri Zalauflebis mqone aqtoris
roli. aris media neitraluri damkvirvebeli Tu manipulatori, es sakiTxi mravali
debatebis sagans Seadgens, da masmediis pluralisturi da marqsistuli Teoriebis
dapirispirebis mTavari sagania. erTsac da meoresac aqvs argumentebi. magram Tuki ar
mivudgebiT am sakiTxs ideologiurad, da orive midgomas ganvixilavT rogorc
SesaZlo idealur tipebs, romlebic Tanaarseboben realobaSi met-naklebi balansiT,
maSin SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom garkveuli zegavlenebis Sedegad ama Tu im tipma
SeiZleba gadawonos; maT Soris SesaZlebelia, rom neitraluri obieqturi Jurna-
listikis cnobil normatiul tips dRes TandaTan cvlides axali, postmodernuli,
jer kidev Seuswavleli tipi, romelic ndobis sxva meqanizmebsa da eTikas eyrdnoba.
masmediiT gaRizianeba, Tuki masmediis politikuri roli icvleba (ara marto
Zlierdeba, aramed Tvisobrivad sxva xasiaTs Rebulobs) maSin bunebriv axsnas poulobs.
masmedia damoukidebelia misi auditoriisgan imdenad, ramdenadac auditorias ar SeuZlia
misi uaryofa, mxolod ignorireba. xelisufleba am mxriv gacilebiT ufro marTvadia
amomrCevelTa mxridan, vinaidan maT yovelTvis SeuZliaT misi gadarCeva —
angariSvaldebulebis metad qmediTi iaraRi. masmediis mimarT amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia.
mediis moqmedeba, rogorc `politikuri gamaRizianeblis” SesaZloa swored
manipulaciuri moqmedebis Sedegi iyos, da ara piriqiT. aq laparakia ara imaze, rom
media ver uzrunvelyofs horizontaluri komunikaciis ganxorcielebas, razedac
habermasi laparakobs. aq ufro imaze SeiZleba iyos laparaki, rom vertikalur
komunikaciaSic ki balansi xalxsa da politikas Soris SesaZloa darRveuli iyos.
amgvari darRveva, SesaZloa, ver iqnes dafiqsirebuli kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli
teqnologiebiT, da ufro Sinaarsobriv da detalur analizs moiTxovdes.
es rasakvirvelia, mxolod mosazrebebia im monacemebis saanalizod, romlebic iyo
warmodgenili mocemul kvlevaSi.
literatura:
Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132
Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, chapter 5: The media, civil society, political democracy and the market; chapter 6 conclusions: The media, journalism and democratization, pp. 124-174
Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195
93
2) Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis sadarajoze mdgomi instituti;
3) mobilizebis iaraRi, romelic xels uwyobs mosaxleobis swavlebas da CarTvas
politikur brZolaSi.
es sami funqcia mocemul kvlevaSi mravalgvari empiriuli meTodikebis meSveobiT
Seiswavleba. Seiswavleba, agreTve, am funqciebis transformacia droTa ganmavlobaSi.
Sesabamisad, meTodologiurad, norisi asxvavebs politikuri komunikaciis sam
elements: warmoebas, Sinaarss da zegavlenas. ra Seicvala bolo dros, Tuki medias
SevafasebT am parametrebis mixedviT?
axali ambebis industriaSi moxda Semdegi cvlilebebi: beWdviTi presis
mflobeloba xdeba sul ufro koncentrirebuli; mcirdeba damoukidebeli gazeTebis
ricxvi, Tumca ki saerTo tiraJebi ar dacemula. 80-iani wlebidan sazogadoebriv
mauwyeblobas evropaSi aviwroebs sakabelo, satelituri da sxva kerZo arxebi, xolo
90-iani wlebidan mTlianad televizias uCndeba axali konkurenti — interneti.
kritikosebis azriT, am periodSi iklo seriozuli axali ambebis wilma da moimata
e.w. `infogarTobebma” — sainformacio stilma, romelic ufro usvams xazs skandalebs
garTobebs da pirovnebebs. ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi? SeimCneoda ori tendencia:
1) axali ambebis auditoria gafarTovda; imata im adamianebis ricxvma, vinc uyurebs
da kiTxulobs axal ambebs, eZebs maT internetSi. axali ambebi gaxda ufro
mravalferovani da xelmisawvdomi.
2) axalma ambebma ganicades ara imdenad transformacia seriozuli stilidan
gasarTob stilze, aramed ufro diferenciacia. anu erT arxebze da gazeTebSi
xelmisawvdomia seriozuli informacia, xolo sxvebSi ki — sxva, da orive saxeoba
gaizarda da gaxda ufro gavrcelebuli.
sociologiuri kvlevebis monacemebis Rrma da mravalmxriv analizze dayrdnobiT,
norisi askvnis, rom cvlilebebs politikuri komunikaciis struqturaSi ar mouxdenia
uaryofiTi gavlena samoqalaqo aqtiobis klebaze. piriqiT, axali ambebis industria
dadebiT gavlenas axdens politikur CarTulobaze, ndobaze da mobilurobaze. isini,
vinc ufro interesdeba axali ambebiT, iqneba es televiziis, gazeTisa Tu internetis
axali ambebi, gacilebiT ufro informirebulia, mTavrobis mimndobi da ganwyobili
politikaSi monawileobis misaRebad rogorc evropaSi, aseve aSS-Si.
anu, Tuki arsebobs iseTi movlena, rogoricaa samoqalaqo CarTulobisa da
aqtivobis kleba, am simptomis brali ar aris masmedia. politikis avadmyofobis mizezi
ufro sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli, xolo masmediisadmi braldebebis wamoyeneba
usafuZvloa, da saSiSic ki, gansakuTrebiT axali demokratiebisaTvis, sadac sityvis
Tavisufleba jer kidev fexs ikidebs.
Tumca ki, es monacemebi moiTxovs yuradRebiT interpretacias imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom masmediis problema, anu is, rom masmedia problemaa, sakmaod
vrcladaa gaziarebuli. ase, `amerikel JurnalistTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom presa
ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas rTul sakiTxebs, ver asxvavebs reprotaJsa da
komentars, sazogadoebisgan ganze dgas da aris cinikuri”. aseve sazogadoebis didi
nawili, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, Zalian dabal ndobas amJRavnebs mediis mimarT.
norisis kvleva aCvenebs, rom ambebis media aZlierebs samoqalaqo aqtiobas, da ara
asustebs mas, xolo is ki, TavisTavad, zrdis interess axali ambebis mimarT. es aris cikli,
romelic TandaTan aZlierebs axali ambebiT dainteresebisa da samoqalaqo aqtiobis urTi-
erTgavlenas, da pozitiur Sedegs iZleva im moqalaqeeebze, vinc Tavidan iCens garkveul
interess politikaSi. Sesabamisad, maT SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi, socializaciis sxva
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, gavlena moaxdinon aradainteresebul pirebze.
norisis daskvnebi efuZneba farTo monacemebsa da faqtobrivi viTarebis vrcel
92
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gamo, maSin roca samxreT regionebSi maT ufro xSirad
sTxoven samsaxursa da mfarvelobas.
socialuri da politikuri cxovreba CrdiloeTSi naklebad ierarqiulia, vidre
samxreTSi. Tanasworoba aris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli im sazogadoebisa, romelic
ufro midrekilia horizontaluri, simetriuli urTierTobebisadmi. samxreTSi
adamianebi grZnoben, rom isini arian eqspluatirebulni, ara aqvT gavlena da arian
gaTiSulebi. samxreT regionebSi, mafiis samSobloSi, bevrad ufro gavrcelebulia
korufcia. kanonebi ufro `kanonobs~ CrdiloeTSi, vidre samxreTSi. horizontaluri
kavSirebis sisustis fonze ierarqia, Zala da policia rCeba im SemakavSirebel
vertikalur institutad, romelic icavs sazogadoebas anarqiisgan.
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebuli
iyo italiis sxvadasxva regionebSi. im dros, rodesac CrdiloeTSi warmatebulad
viTardeba biznesi da warmoeba, samxreTSi umeteswilad ver xerxdeba siRaribisa da
CamorCenilobis daZleva. amgvarad, sxvaoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi kavSirSia
ekonomikur saqmianobasTanac. am kavSiris sruli analizi metad rTulia, magram
zogierTi niSnebis gamokveTa SeiZleba. ase, miuTiTeben mkvlevrebi italiis
ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi e.w. `industriuli raionebis~ mniSvnelobaze. am raionebSi
viTardeba wvrili, magram teqnologiurad maRalganviTarebuli da metad
produqtiuli warmoeba. maT axasiaTebT konkurenciisa da kooperirebis Taviseburi
nazavi. firmebi konkurireben inovaciebis Semotanisa da warmoebis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT, magram kooperireben administraciul momsaxurebaSi, nedleulis
SemotanaSi, informaciis miRebasa da kvlevebSi. firmebis am qsels axasiaTebs
horizontaluri kavSirebis siZliere, romelic efuZneba qvekontraqtebis dadebas da
SekveTebis nawilis gadacemas droebiT naklebad datvirTul konkurentebze. iqmneba
teqnologiurad mowinave da moqnili sistema, romelsac SeuZlia warmatebiT
konkurireba Tanamedrove samyaroSi. `kerZo ekonomikuri asociaciebisa da
politikuri organizaciebis xSirma qselma . . . TanamSromlobis qcevis ganviTarebis
xelSewyobiT da mcire firmebisTvis im infrastruqturis SeqmniT, romelsac isini ver
uzrunvelyofdnen sakuTari ZalebiT, Seqmna garemo, romelSiac warmatebiT viTardeba
bazari.~
ram ganapiroba esoden didi gansxvaveba CrdiloeT da samxreT italiis
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobaSi? pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze metad rTulia,
Tumca ki, fesvebi am sxvaobisa SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos istoriuli tradiciiT.
CrdiloeT italias warsulSi (meTerTmete saukunidan) axasiaTebda qalaq-
respublikebis arseboba. TviTmmarTvelobis am mravalsaukunovanma tradiciam,
SesaZloa, gamoumuSava mosaxleobas Tanasworobis, pasuxismgeblobis da solidarobis
Cveva. samxreT italia ki, ganicdida siciliis samefos feodalur da avtoritarul
batonobas, ramac iq Camoayaliba ara moqalaqe, aramed qveSevrdomi. samxreTSi, italiis
gaerTianebis Semdegac:
`yvela klasSi komunaluri sulis ararseboba gamomdinareobda morCilebis
Cvevisgan, rac adamianebs despotizmis saukuneebma Caunerges. aristokratiac ki,
SeeCvia obstruqcias da gaiziara is Sexeduleba, rom, moraluri TvalsazrisiT,
savsebiT dasaSvebia mmarTvelebis motyueba, Tuki es motyueba sargeblis momtania. . .
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobierebis sanacvlod, Camoyalibda
damokidebuleba, rom Tu adamianTa erTma jgufma gamoZebnda maTi gverdis avlis gza,
maSin danarCenma jgufebmac umjobesia mixedon Tavis sakuTar interesebs. amgvarad
TiToeuli provincia, TiToeuli klasi, TiToeuli warmoeba eZebda mogebis miRebis
gzebs sazogadoebis mogebis safasurad.~
21
iq, sadac adamianebi TanamSromloben da kooperireben, sazogadoebis rogorc
ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri ganviTarebis miRweva ufro iolia. amdenad
TanamSromloba da kooperireba zogadad unda iyos racionaluri gaTvlis Sedegi, da
ara ubralod `Rirseuli moqalaqisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli Cveva. magram, rogorc
italiis magaliTi metyvelebs, racionaluri gaazreba imisa, rom kooperireba zogadad
sasargebloa, ar iwvevs am kooperirebis martivad warmoqmnas. is, rom sxvadasxva
sazogadoebebi avlenen TanamSromlobisa da kooperirebis gansxvavebul unars,
miuTiTebs imaze, rom garda ekonomikuri, inteleqtualuri, materialuri da sxva saxis
kapitalisa, sazogadoebis warmatebuli ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa kapitalis kidev
erTi saxeoba - sazogadoebrivi kapitali.
sazogadoebriv kapitalSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi mowyobis iseTi
maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa ricxvSic Sedis adamianTa Soris ndoba, urTierTobis
normebi da am urTierTobaTa qselebi, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebis
funqcionirebis efeqturobis gazrdas SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis gaadvilebis gziT.
is, rom sazogadoebrivi kapitali aadvilebs spontanur TanamSromlobas, SeiZleba
davinaxoT martivi magaliTis saSualebiT.
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs is, rasac sabWoTa droSi Cven
`urTierTdaxmarebis salaroebs~ vuwodebdiT. maTi funqcionirebis principi martivia.
Tu salaroSi gaerTianebulia, magaliTad, Tormeti adamiani, romlebsac SemoaqvT
yovelTviurad TiTo-TiTo lari, maSin am salaros yvela wevrs SeeZleba rigrigobiT,
wlis ganmavlobaSi erTxel miiRos am salarodan Tormeti lari. mTavari, rasac
efuZneba am salaros funqcionireba aris is, rom man, vinc ukve aiRo Tormeti lari,
unda gaagrZelos Tavisi Senatanis Setana manam, vidre ar Seikvreba wre da manam
salaros meTormete, ukanaskneli wevri ar aiRebs mis kuTvnil Tormet lars.
ra aris is, rac xdis amgvari asociaciebis arsebobas SesaZlebels? ratom
agrZeleben salaros wevrebi Senatanebis gadaxdas mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi wili
gamoitanes? da ratom riskaven saerTod amgvar salaroebSi gaerTianebas, maT xom ara
aqvT imis garantia, rom salaros sxva wevrebis mier motyuebulni ar darCebian? saidan
Cndeba erTmaneTis ndoba, romelic aucilebelia salaros funqcionirebisaTvis?
patara sofelSi, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs da aravin apirebs sxvagan gadasaxlebas,
amgvari ndoba SeiZleba bunebrivad gamomdinareobdes iqidan, rom soflis yvela mcxov-
rebi iZulebulia daemorCilos qcevis erTian normebs, romelTa darRveva Tanasof-
lelebis risxvas gamoiwvevs. did qalaqSi, sadac urTierTobebi naklebad mWidro da
pirovnulia, ndobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa ufro rTuli da naklebad mWidrod
Sekruli sazogadoebrivi qselebis gamoyeneba. qalaqSi salaros yvela wevri SeiZleba
ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs da maTi ndoba erTgvarad jaWvurad gadaicemodes erTi
adamianidan meoreze: `me vendobi mas, radganac mas endobi Sen, xolo me gendobi Sen ~.
cxadia, rom rac ufro mcirea sazogadoebrivi kapitali, miT ufro Znelia amgvar
asociaciaSi adamianTa gawevrianeba. es magaliTi aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
gadaiqces sazogadoebrivi kapitali materialur mogebad yvelasaTvis. istoriulad,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT analogiuri meqanizmebis wyalobiT warmoiqmna CrdiloeT
italiis savaWro qalaqebSi bankebi, romlebic gascemdnen kreditebs (credere -
italiurad dajereba).
sazogadoebrivi kapitalis gazrdis miswrafeba iseTivea, rogorc Cveulebrivi
kapitalis zrdis survili. Tanac, sazogadoebrivi kapitali, sxva resursebisgan
gansxvavebiT, izrdeba, da ara mcirdeba misi xSiri moxmarebiT. da piriqiT, igi mcirdeba
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kapitaliT ar sargebloben.
sazogadoebrivi kapitali amcirebs partniorebis xarjebs im urTierTobebze,
22
televiziis da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis problema
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis sazogadoebebSi politikuri masobrivi
komunikaciis media iyo werilobiTi — ZiriTadad Jurnali da gazeTi. politikuri
komunikaciis mediis ganviTareba da transformacia kargadaa aRwerili habermasTan, da
gavrcobili sxva mkvlevrebis mier, gansakuTrebiT im nawilSi, rac exeba meoce
saukuneSi televiziiT komunikaciaze gadasvlas wina saukuneeebis werilobiTi
komunikaciisgan gansxvavebiT.
politikur komunikaciaSi televiziis siWarbe gazeTebTan SedarebiT
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ikveTeba swored aradasavlur samyaroSi. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi gacilebiT dabalia gazeTebis tiraJebi, da gazeTebis roli politikur
komunikaciaSi. samagierod, televizors uyurebs yvela — da magas ar sWirdeba arc
wera-kiTxvis codna, da arc kiTxvis kulturis damkvidreba.
ramdenad axdens gavlenad sajaro sivrcis struqturaze mediis xasiaTis Secvla?
da ramdenad ukavSirdeba es transformacia politikuri institutebis xasiaTs da
demokratiis SesaZlo formebs ocdameerTe saukuneSi? amaze gansxvavebuli mosaz-
rebebi arsebobs, da ara marto is, rac habermasma Camoayaliba. ase, robert patnemi
aRniSnavs aSS-Si socialuri kapitalis empiriulad dafiqsirebul klebas, da amas
garkveulwilad televiziis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs. mravali memarcxene mkvlev-
risTvis, iseve rogorc habermasisTvis, televizia aris ufro manipulaciis da
propagandis iaraRi, vidre mosaxleobis demokratiuli monawileobis da repre-
zentaciis organo. berluskonisdrindeli italiuri demokratia am mxriv imdenad
aradamakmayofilebel suraTs qmnis, rom bevri mkvlevari saerTod kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs italiaSi demokratiis arsebobis faqtsac ki.
dabla Cven gavagrZelebT presis, televiziis, diskursuli eTikisa da demokratiis
urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvas, da gavecnobiT sxvadasxva avtorTa kvlevebs am
sakiTxebze.
erT-erTi cnobili avtori mediis empiriuli kvlevebis sferoSi aris pipa norisi. is
am problemas pirvel rigSi dasavluri demokratiebis Tvalsawieridan ixilavs. Tavis
wigns `Virtuous Circle” is uZRvnis Semdeg problemas. dasavlur demokratiebSi bolo dros
sul ufro xSirad laparakoben da SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen imiT, rom demokratiis
institutebi TiTqos kargaven Tavis popularobas, mosaxleoba xdeba sul ufro
cinikuri maT mimarT, naklebad monawileobs arCevnebSi, ar endoba politikosebs da
politikur partiebs. amas isini demokratiis avadmyofobas uwodeben. es movlenebi,
Tumca ki ar aris calsaxad dadasturebuli empiriulad, msjelobis sagans Seadgenen,
da am msjelobas, rogorc Cans, garkveuli safuZveli aqvs. is cvlilebebi, romlebic
dasavlur demokratiebSi mimdinareobs, maT Soris legitimaciis sferos miekuTvneba,
ris gamoc bevri hipoTeza maT ukavSirebs masmediis transformacias Tanamedrove
samyaroSi. pipa norisis mtkicebiT, masmedia ar aris Tanamedrove demokratiebis
krizisis mizezi, da problemis sawyisebi sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli.
mediis krizisis kvlevebi, norisis mixedviT, or ZiriTad daSvebas eyrdnoba:
1) politikuri komunikaciis procesi did gavlenas axdens samoqalaqo aqtivobaze;
2) dRes es gavlena negatiur xasiaTs atarebs.
mediisa da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis kvlevisas saWiroa mediis im mxareebze
koncentrireba, romlebic yvelaze metad exeba demokratias. warmomadgenlobiTi demok-
ratiis koncefcia masmediis sam ZiriTad rolze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. media unda iyos:
1) samoqalaqo forumi, sadac mimdinareobs pluralisturi debatebi sazogadoebrivad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb;
91
ganicdida qveyanas da mis xalxs rogorc CamorCenils da periferiuls dasavleTis
civilizaciis mimarT. `periferiulobis~ da CamorCenilobis es gancda aris
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic sajaro diskurss daRs asvams da cvlis mis
struqturas. is aRar aris reprezentatuli da Ria sivrce, romelic micemul sazogadoebas
sarkis saxiT emsaxureba, is ufro linzaa, romelmac unda daakavSiros civilizacia da
CamorCenili sazogadoeba. is `sazogadoebrioba~ romelic am qveynebSi viTardeba (ix.
volkovis terminologia) kritikul diskursebs ki aviTarebs, magram mas Zlieri
ideologiuri elferi aqvs. progresis Semotana da eris ideologiuri lideroba - am mizniT
weren maSindeli publicistebi saqarTveloSic: `me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis miwieri
zeciersa, RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom mediis sistemaSi sarkesaviT aisaxeba ramdenime sferos
xasiaTi: politikuri klientelizmi; korufcia, sazogadoebis gviandeli moderni-
zacia; samarTlebrivi sistemis sisuste; gviandeli demokratiuli da sabazro
ganviTareba — yvelaferi es SeiZleba erTaderTi parametriT gavzomoT: ramdeni
gazeTi ibeWdeba qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze.
es marTlac gabeduli mtkicebulebaa, da amgvari radikalizmiT is ar unda davic-
vaT, magram erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas. inglehartis TeoriiT, politikuri, kulturuli
da ekonomikuri sferoebi sazogadoebaSi urTierTmimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, da maTi
xasiaTi urTierTganpirobebulia. anu, sazogadoebis modernizaciis procesi es aris am
sferoebis urTierTdamokidebuli modelebis erTdrouli transformaciis procesi,
sadac yvelaferi urTierTganpirobebulia. maT Soris mediac, da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebac. es ar aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, magram mTlad uazro ar yofila,
rogorc amas halinis wigni aCvenebs.
aRmosavleT evropis postkomunisturi qveynebis media metad waagavs halinis mier
ganxilul polarizebuli pluralizmis models (Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press). magram kidev erTi faqtori, romelic unda miviRoT
mxedvelobaSi postsabWouri mediis sitemebis analizisas es aris sabWouri periodis
gavlena. es gavlena ideologiuri azrovnebis tradiciaSi gamoixateba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, marto ekonomikuri interesebi araa is, rac ganapirobebis Jurnalistebis
saqmianobis xasiaTs. Jurnalistebi SeiZleba politizirebulebi xdebodnen sakuTari
msoflmxedvelobis gamo, politikuri propaganda maT SeiZleba maTi saqmianobis
ganuyofeli nawili egonoT. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoeba SeiZleba ver aRiqvamdes iseT
informacias, romelsac SefasebiTi elferi ar dahkravs — amgvari informacia
sazogadoebas SeiZleba saerTod ar ainteresebdes. ase magaliTad, germaniis
gaerTianebis Semdeg dasavleT germaniis bevrma gazeTma da Jurnalma gaxsna axali
gamocemebi aRmosavleT germanelTaTvis, da daakompleqta maTi Jurnalisturi
korpusi profesionali dasavleT germaneli JurnalistebiT. magram male aRmoCnda,
rom es axali gamocemebi ar sargeblobdnen popularobiT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.
gamosavali moiZebna — samsaxurSi aiyvanes adgilobrivi Jurnalistebi, romelTa weris
manera ufro Cveuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis. maSin gazeTebi ufro
popularuli gaxda da saqme gamosworda. amdenad, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
dadgenis gareSe SeiZleba vTqvaT erTi ram — sazogadoebis da misi institutebis
xasiaTi erTmaneTze axdens zegavlenas, da amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis institutebis mSenebloba SeiZleba uSedego aRmoCndes.
90
romlebic uzrunvelyofen sakontraqto valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. kerZod, is
SeTanxmeba, romelic erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dadasturdes xelis erTi CamorTmeviT,
sxva SemTxvevaSi partniorebis mier aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad
moiTxovs uricxvi advokatebis Carevas da uamravi qaRaldebis xelmoweras.
ndoba aris sazogadoebrivi kapitalis ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawili. `TiTqmis
yvela komerciuli urTierToba gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi ndobis elements, maT Soris
yvela urTierToba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,
rom msoflioSi ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis didi nawili SeiZleba aixsnas
erTmaneTisadmi ndobis ararsebobiT~.
zogjer miCneulia, rom warmatebuli TanamSromlobisaTvis saWiroa mesame mxaris
arseboba - magaliTad, saxelmwifo kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT SeiZleba
uzrunvelyofdes mxareTa Soris garkveuli ndobis arsebobas. magram miukerZoebeli
saxelmwifos Seqmna Tavad aris problema, romelic moiTxovs misdami ndobas rogorc
misi funqcionirebis winapirobas. saxelmwifos mmarTvelebma Tavad SeiZleba
gamoiyenon saxelmwifo Zalaufleba sakuTar interesebSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
misi pluralisturi mowyobidan gamomdinare, ndoba verc gaziarebuli religiuri
normebidan warmoiqmneba da verc sxva garegani faqtorebidan. ndoba, misi wminda saxiT,
upiroboa.
ratom xdeba, rom erTi sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba ndobis ufro maRali xarisxiT,
vidre meore? istoriuli fesvebis moZieba ar aris sakmarisi am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad, vinaidan igi warmoSobs sxva kiTxvas - ratom moxda, rom CrdiloeTi da
samxreT italia ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gziT wavida Tundac meTormeTmete saukuneSi?
italiis magaliTis Seswavla, savaraudod, erTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs - socialuri konteqsti da istoria mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben formaluri
institutebis funqcionirebas. sazogadoebrivi kapitalis Seqmna ioli ar aris, magram
igi gasaRebia demokratiuli institutebis efeqturi amuSavebisaTvis.
ndoba, ekonomika da demokratia
sityva `ndoba~ metad popularuli gaxda 90-iani wlebis samecniero
gamokvlevebSi.
adamianTa Soris ndobas, rogorc sazogadoebrivi kapitalis formas, frensis
fukuiama ganixilavs qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri struqturis ganmsazRvrel
komponentad. misi mtkicebiT, aSS-sa da iaponias gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo, vidre
amas adre fiqrobdnen. orive qveyanis moqalaqeebs axasiaTebT maRali unari endon
aranaTesavebs da, amdenad, Seqmnan didi industriuli korporaciebi. ndobis dabali
donis mqone qveynebSi, magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi, biznesi TiTqmis mTlianad
ojaxuri sawarmos saxiT SenarCunda. mxolod maRali ndobis mqone sazogadoebebSi
aris SesaZlebeli, rom mesakuTreebma iqiravon profesionali menejeri maTi
sakuTrebis samarTavad, romelic dainiSneba am Tanamdebobaze misi
profesionalizmis wyalobiT da ara ojaxis wevrobis gamo.
amerikis da iaponiis amgvari gaigiveba metad moulodnelad gamoiyureba da
miuTiTebs imaze, rom ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi ndobis arsebobis safuZvlebi
fukuiamas ara aqvs saTanadod diferencirebuli. fukuiamasTvis adamiani aris
sando imdenad, ramdenadac iqceva sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli wesebisa da
moralis Sesabamisad. sazogadoeba misgan moelis garkveul qcevas, romelsac
ganapirobebs an misi warmomavloba (mag. feodalur sazogadoebaSi), an
sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli religiuri rwmena, an sazogadoebrivi qcevis
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miRebuli praqtika (mag. saqarTveloSi panaSvidze misvla), da is am molodins
akmayofilebs. iaponuri, metad koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisTvis, romelic
efuZneba warmomavlobiT, religiur da kulturul `erTnairobas~, ndobis
fenomenis arsis amgvari gageba, SesaZlebelia, gamarTlebulia, magram amerikisTvis
misi gamoyeneba cota saeWvoa. amerikels iaponelze bevrad ufro xSirad uxdeba
tolerantobis gamovlena qcevis gansxvavebuli normebis mqone adamianebis mimarT,
vidre erTian normebze dafuZnebul urTierTobebSi monawileoba. Tanamedrove
amerikuli sazogadoeba aris individualisturi, masSi pativs scemen individis
avtonomias da patiosnebas. adamianis morali misi piradi saqmea. seligmanis
mixedviT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi or adamians Soris ndobis warmoqmna SeiZleba
zogjer moiTxovdes upirobo rwmenas erTimeoris mimarT, iseTive upirobos,
rogoricaa megobroba an RmerTis rwmena, da romelic an arsebobs, an ar arsebobs,
magram, romlis moTxovna ar SeiZleba garegani pirobebis dasmiT.
adamianTa Soris arsebuli ndoba ar aris sazogadoebis erTxel da samudamod
mocemuli maxasiaTebeli. erTi mxriv is, rogorc amas patnemi amtkicebs, axdens
gavlenas demokratiuli da sabazro institutebis karg funqcionirebaze. magram
meore mxriv, savaraudod, am institutebis gamarTuli funqcionireba Tavad iwvevs
ndobis donis amaRlebas. ase, SesaZloa vivaraudod, rom adamianTa Soris ndobis
dabalma donem italiasa da germaniaSi gavlena moaxdina am qveynebSi demokratiis
damarcxebaze meore msoflio omamde, magram am ndobis mkveTri zrda orive
qveyanaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi SesaZloa miuTiTebdes
demokratiuli institutebis mastabilizebel zegavlenaze sazogadoebaze. Tumca
ki isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es zrda ukavSirdeba amave periodSi am qveynebSi
ekonomikis swraf aRorZinebas. amJamad saxezea aSS-Si ndobis donis garkveuli kleba
da, agreTve, gamoiTqva mosazreba am qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi kapitalis klebis
saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelsac patnemi garkveulwilad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
televiziis gavlenas ukavSirebs.
tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi
germanelma mecnierma tionisma (Tцnnies) sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi
daamkvidra ori germanuli terminis gamoyeneba, Gemeinschaft (Temi) da Gesellschaft (sazogadoeba) ori tipis sazogadoebrivi wesrigis gansasxvaveblad. pirveli,
Gemeinschaft Seesabameba aramodernizebul, tradiciul erTobas, xolo meore,
Gesellschaft, modernizebul, industrializebul, konkurenciis safuZvelze agebul
sazogadoebas. pirvels tionisi erTgvari nostalgiiT aRwers rogorc harmoniuls
da humanurs, xolo meores, romelSiac adamianebi mudmivad qiSpoben da paeqroben
sakuTari adgilis dasamkvidreblad, ganixilavs dehumanizirebuli, egoisturi
interesebis brZolis velad.
Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebis warmoqmnamde, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,
Gemeinschaft -Si, adamianis urTierTobebi naklebad mravalferovani iyo, maT xasiaTs
(da mis qcevas) ganapirobebda adamianis adgili sakmaod viwro da mdgrad erTobaSi,
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi ufro harmoniuli iyo da efuZneboda Cveulebebs, erovnul
Taviseburebebs, emociebs da religias. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi iyo
reglamentirebuli urTierTobebi adamianebs Soris pirispir. adamianTa Soris
solidaroba am sazogadoebaSi meqanikurad momdinareobs maTi naTesauri, Temuri an
24
konsultaciebs, SeTnxmebebs da xSirad saWiroebs konsesusis miRwevas ama Tu im sakiTxze.
Tanacxovrebis es pluralisturi tradicia aq Zlieradaa ganviTarebuli. Sesabamisad,
sazogadoebis ama Tu im segmentebis represzentacias axorcieleben politikuri partiebi
da media saSualebebi, romlebmac imTaviTve ician Tavisi auditoria da areali. maT, erTi
mxriv, ara aqvT sayovelTaobis pretenzia, amdenad isini politikurad `mikerZoebulebi~
arian, xolo meore mxriv, maT aqvT imis gancda, rom maTi mikerZoebuli pozicia ar aris
erTaderTi swori da SesaZlebeli, rom arseboben sxvebi, romlebTanac maT mouwevT
Tanaarseboba da SeTanxmeba. amdenad, am regionSi sazogadoebis bunebrivi danawevrebuloba
jer aisaxeba partiebisa da mediis danawevrebulobaSi, rom mere, ukve qveynis parlamentSi
partiebis mier miRweul iqnes konsesusi (Seiqmnas koaliciuri mTavroba) umravlesobis
Sesaqmnelad da ama Tu im problemebis gadasaWrelad. mudmivi orientireba horizontalur
molaparakebebze qmnis transformaciul ganwyobebs, rodesac yvelam unda iqonios
valdebuleba wavides nawilobriv daTmobebze sayovelTao nebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.
Tuki media (da partiebi) araeTikuri iqneba (daamaxinjeben faqtebs, gasweven manipulaciur
politikur propagandas) CaiSleba koaliciebis Seqmnisa da ndobaze (sityvis Sesrulebaze
da wesierebis sxva normebze) dafuZnebuli konsesualuri mmarTveloba. amdenad, am arealSi,
gamoricxulia TamaSi wesebis gareSe, rac polarizebuli pluralizmis pirobebSi igrZnoba,
Tumca ki es Tanaarsebobs politikuri pluralizmis arsebobasTa.
halinis sxva publikaciaSi (Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195) xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis modeli Sedarebulia
laTinuri amerikis media sistemebTan, da xazgasmulia winapiroba, romelic maT
msgvsebas ganapirobebs — es aris klientelisturi urTierTobebi, politikuri da
ekonomikuri sferoebis urTierTgamWoli xasiaTi. yvela am qveynebSi dabalia presis
tiraJebi, sustia Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia, da uaRresad maRalia
samauwyeblo arxebis politizireba — komerciuli arxebis mepatroneebi, rogorc wesi,
xelisuflebis klientebi arian, xolo saxelmwifo (sazogadoebrivi) mauwyebloba
xelisuflebis zewolas ganicdis.
saaqme isaa, rom yvela es qveyana CrdiloeTis qveynebisgan gansxvavdeba ara marto
demokratiis SedarebiT gviandeli ganviTarebiT, aramed aseve sabazro ekonomikis
gvinadeli ganviTarebiT. ekonomikuri, sabazro sawyisebi mediis funqcionirebaSi
metad gvian ganviTarda, da ekonomikis `sabazrooba~ (am SemTxvevaSi ufro igulisxmeba
legaluroba, kanonis CarCoebSi moqceva) sakmaod susti. samagierod Zlieria `brZola
wesebis gareSe~ rogorc politikaSi, aseve ekonomikaSi. es brZola Tavis instrumentad
iyenebs medias, da xdeba mediiT manipulireba da misi instrumentalizeba.
amasTan erTad, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom diskursebis xasiaTi metad mdgradi movlenaa.
mecxramete saukuneebis diskursebis xasiaTi gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qveynis
dRevandelobaze. mecxramete saukuneSi ki mocemul qveynebSi media ar TamaSobda bazris
institutis rols, da SemdgomSic (dResac) naklebad TamaSobs. is aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda
yovelTvis politikuri propagandisTvis. Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sajaro
sivrcis formirebaSi am qveynebSi naklebad iyo CarTuli adgilobrivi burJuazia
(klientelistur sazogadoebebSi is saerTod erideba sajaroobas). wamyvani roli sajaro
diskursebis formirebaSi ekuTvnoda inteligencias, romelic Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT
cxovrobs ara realobiT, aramed ideebiTa da ideologiebiT.
analogiurad evropis samxreTisa, misi aRmosavleTic imave tendenciebs ganicdida.
ideologizirebuli inteligencia da aristokratia aq sajaro sivrcis formirebaSi wamyvan
rols TamaSobda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT mecxramete saukunis ruseTi, misi aristokratiiTa
da raznoCinuri inteligenciiT, romelic cdilobda xalxis ganaTlebas, da mwveved
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mkveTri ideologizacia politikas ufro konfliqtur saqmianobad aqcevs, da
mkveTrad aZlierebs mediis politizirebas da mis propagandistur xasiaTs,
aZlierebs doqtrinul, naklebad pragmatul da empiriul sawyisebs politikaSi.
aseT sistemebSi xSiria reJimebis cvla.
zomieri pluralizmi ufro kargad Tavsdeba komerciul da profesiul mediasTan,
iq naklebia politikuri paralelizmi da komercializacia.
mediis sami sistemis es institucionaluri Tavisebulebebi SesaZloa kargad
mivusadagoT im sami politikuri tradiciis siZlieres mocemul qveynebSi, romlebic
Cven aseve diskursuli eTikebis saxeobebs davukavSireT: respublikuri, liberaluri
da demokratiuli.
demokratiuli diskursi (polarizebuli pluralizmis modeli) yvelaze politi-
zirebulia; is ZalauflebisTvis brZolis logikas miyveba yvelaze metad, da politikuri
elitebis mier iwaroeba amomrCevleTa darwmunebis mizniT. paradoqsulad, is yvelaze
Zlieria swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdian demokratiis naklebobas: halinis mier
ganxiluli demokratiebisgan xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis umetesoba gviandeli
demokratizaciiT xasiaTdeba da meoce saukunis didi nawili maTTvis avtoritaruli da
faSisturi reJimebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. (komentari: gTxovT isev miaqcioT yuradReba
imas, rom saxelwodeba `demokratiuli~ mocemuli diskursisTvis pozitiuri normatiuli
Sefasebis Semcveli ar aris; sityva demokratia aq ubralod deskriptulad aRwers im
viTarebas, rodesac politikuri Zalaufleba miiRweva konkurentuli brZoliT
amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis. gvian demokratizebul qveynebSi am brZolis wesebi naklebad
regulirdeba liberaluri da respublikuri eTikiT, rac ZalauflebisTvis brZolas xdis
ufro cinikur saqmianobad, vidre is aris Zveli demokratiis qveynebSi). politikuri
brZola Zlier ideologizirebulia, xolo politikuri programebi fasdeba ara maTi
efeqturobiT (magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTarebis mxriv), aramed maTi absoluturi
WeSmaritebis ganzomilebiT ideologiuri Tvalsawieridan (WeSmariteba ara empiriulad
damtkicebadi, aramed rwmenaze dafuZnebluli).
liberaluri Crdiloatlanturi sistema, rogorc iTqva, xasiaTdeba ara marto
faqtebze damyarebuli, neitraluri mediis idealis arsebobiT, aramed, agreTve,
orpartiuli sistemis funqcionirebiT. orpartiul sistemaSi TiToeuli partia sakuTari
legitimaciis sawyisebs eZebs mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis da Sexedulebebis
warmoCenaSi — vinaidan warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is Rebulobs mTel pasuxismgeblobas
mmarTvelobaze, da valdebuli iqneba mTeli mosaxleobis reprezentacia ganaxorcielos. am
viTarebaSi ori konkurenti partia pretenzias acxadebs TiToeul amomrCevelTan sakuTari
poziciis dacvis SesaZleblobaze. TiToeuli xdeba uflebamosili imsjelos ganviTarebis
im gegmaze, romelic partiis mieraa SemoTavazebuli, da mis momgebianobaze uSualod
misTvis. vinadan aq liberaluri diskursia wamyvani, pirvel planze gamodis faqtobrioba —
partiebis programebis saeqsperto Sefaseba, codna, rogorc partiebs da politikur
programebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. adam smitis msgavsad, damoukidebeli
neitraluri damkvirvebeli aris saukeTeso arbitri, da am damoukdebeli neitraluri
damkvirveblis rols or mopaeqres Soris asrulebs Jurnalisti. Jurnalisti ar dgeba arc
erTis mxareze, aramed kritikul SuqSi aqcevs orives, analitikuri gonisa da saRi azris
gamoyenebiT.
kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, respublikuri tradiciis mediis arseboba Tavsebadia
mravalpartiul sistemebTan, sadac partiebi mWidro kavSirSia sazogadoebis garkveul
jgufebTan. sazogadoebebi evropaSi bevri gagebiT danawevrianebulia, da saxelmwifos
arseboba da politikuri mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs mudmiv molaparakebebs,
88
mezobluri damokidebulebisgan.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Gesellschaft-i, efuZneba racionalur
gaTvlas da racionaluri survilebis erTobas, igi agebulia kontraqtis,
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, mas icavs politikuri kanonmdebloba da ideologiurad
amarTlebs sazogadoebrivi azri. civilizebuli adamiani azrovnebs racionalurad,
moqmedebs piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, Tavad irCevs urTierTobaTa
saxeobas, is mobiluria, moduluri (gelneris gagebiT), ekonomikuri da politikuri
xasiaTis urTierTobebisTvis misi funqcionaluri maxasiaTeblebi (mag.
profesionalizmi) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi pirovnuli Tavisebureba. am
sazogadoebaSi solidaroba adamianTa Soris Cndeba maTi interesebisa da miznebis
organuli Tanxvedris Sedegad.
ojaxi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi dominirebs pirveli tipis sazogadoebriv
wesrigSi, romelTanac ufro axlo dgas soflis mowyoba. didi industriuli qalaqi
ufro axloa meore tipis sazogadoebasTan. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `samoqalaqo~
sazogadoeba - es aris moqalaqeTa, qalaqelTa sazogadoeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove adamiani monawileobs orive tipis
urTierTobebSi, cxadia, rom sawyisebi, romlebzedac xdeba Tanamedrove
politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi Sesvla, gansxvavebulia urTierTobebis
tradiciuli formisgan. tradiciuli sawyisebi adamianTa urTierTobisa araa
sakmarisi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da politikuri wesrigis funqcionirebisaTvis,
da es problema - erTi tipis urTierTobebidan meoreze gadasva - Tumca ki,
yovelTvis mtkivneulia, yvela sazogadoebaSi erTnairad iolad ar wydeba. Tu
tradiciuli urTierTobebi ubralod moiSala Tanamedrove wesrigis xelovnurad
damkvidrebis Sedegad, da maT adgilze ar warmoiqmna samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,
xelovnurma modernizaciam SeiZleba ubralod daanawevros adamianebi imis
nacvlad, rom gamoiwvios Semdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba.
am kuTxiT ganxiluli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problema ukavSirdeba
sazogadoebis unars daamyaros qmediTi TanamSromloba demokratiisa da sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi. CvenSi mas, odnav gansxavebuli terminebiT, xSirad
ubrundebian rodesac cdiloben gascen pasuxi kiTxvas - rogor gavxdeT
demokratiulebi ise, rom ar davkargoT tradiciuli faseulobebi da
urTierTobebis Cveneburi, qarTuli stili? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ukve
gaviareT sabWouri tipis, Zalismieri modernizebis procesi, am kiTxvaze pasuxi jer
ara gvaqvs gacemuli, vinaidan sabWoTa dros modernizacia swored gaTiSulad da
atomizirebulad gaviareT, xolo is TanamSromloba, romelic politikasa Tu
ekonomikas exeba, mxolod amJamad dagvWirda.
rogorc tionisis analizi aCvenebs, marto tradiciebze dayrdnobiT
Tanamedrove urTierTobebis ageba SeuZlebelia. rac ar unda Rirebuli da
aucilebeli iyos CvenTvis religiuri, kuTxuri, erovnuli, kulturuli Tu sxva
identurobebisa da erTobebis aRdgena, isini yvela miekuTvneba meqanikuri,
Gemeinschaft-is solidarobis tips. Gesellschaft -is organuli da individualisturi
solidarobis damkvidreba sxva tipis urTierTobebis aRmocenebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. urTierTobebis `sofluri~ stili, romelic nacnobobis da
pirovnuli urTierTobebis dominirebiT xasiaTdeba, ekonimikas da politikas
aniWebs klanurobis arakonkurentul xasiaTs. xom ar aris es aseve Cvens qveyanaSi
korufciis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi?
Gesellschaft -Si adamians mudmivad uwevs urTierTobebis damyareba sxva
adamianebTan ise, rom es urTierToba ar aris reglamentirebuli arc nacnobobiT,
25
arc naTesaobiT, arc gaziarebuli moraliTa da arc religiuri normebiT. mas aqvs
uflebebi da valdebulebebi saxelmwifos winaSe, magram rogoria misi uflebebi da
valdebulebebi sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe?
aq wina planze gamodis patiosani, Tavisi sityvis erTguli, SeTanxmebis
Semsrulebeli adamianis problema. adamianisa, romelsac pirobis Sesrulebas
pirvel rigSi aiZulebs ara sasjelis SiSi, aramed sakuTari sindisi. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom es sakiTxi farTod ixileboda meTvramete da mecxramete saukunis
filosofosebisa da moralistebis nawerebSi. `gaxsovdes yovelTvis, rom qveyanazed
qaRaldis garda aris kidev sindisi, romelzedac iwereba piroba im simkvidriT da
simtkiciT, rom araviTari Zala ar amoSlis da ar gaauqmebs~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
mkvidrdeba Tu ara Gesellschaft-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTobebi
demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sedegad, Tundac Soreul
momavalSi, Tu maTi kultivireba specialuri zrunvis sagani unda iyos? SesaZloa ki,
maTi kultivireba, Tu es aris politikuri kulturis is parametri, romelic ver
Seicvleba mocemuli kulturis CarCoebSi? yvela es kiTxva, cxadia, scdeba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problematikas da moicavs zogadad rogorc demokratiis
damkvidrebis, aseve ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebs.
literatura:
Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, 1994
26
reklamisTvis aris metad farTo, maSin roca evropuli bazrebi SedarebiT viwroa,
da isazRvreba TiToeuli qveynis sazRvrebiT (ara marto politikuriT, aramed
lingivsturiTac). garda amisa, reklamis ganTavsebaze ekonomikuri seqtoris
danaxarjebi naklebia evropaSi, rac didad ganapirobebs masmediis xasiaTs, maT
Soris aucilebels xdis sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis arsebobas.
2. aSS aris liberaluri demokratia, maSin roca kontinentur evropaSi ufro metad
arsebobs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxlmwifoebi. amdenad saxelmwifos roli
evropaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania da aqtiuri, vinaidan media aq ganixileba
rogorc socialuri momsaxurebis forma, sfero, romelsac uzrunvelyofs
saxelmwifoc (mag. kulturuli memkvidreobis SesanarCuneblad, an mcire, susti
socialuri jgufebis mxardasaWerad).
3. masmediis sistemebi garkveul paralelizmSia Sesabamisi qveynebis demokratiis
modelebTanac. leipharti ganasxvavebs konsesualur da maJoritarul demokra-
tiebs. konsesualur demokratiebSi, rogorc wesi, mravalpartiulobaa, es partiebi
qmnian koaliciur mTavrobebs, monawileoben usasrulo kompromisebSi da mola-
parakebebSi erTmaneTTan, da irCevian, rogorc wesi, proporciuli saarCevno sis-
temiT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, maJoritarul sistemebSi arsebobs ori ZiriTadi par-
tia, romelTagan erTi iRebs mTel pasuxismgeblobas da Zalauflebas da ayalibebs
mmarTvel kabinets, xolo meore TamaSobs institucionalizebuli opoziciis rols.
maJoritaruli sistemebi mWidrodaa asociirebuli neitraluri Jurnalis-
tikis cnebasTan. xolo konsesualuri sistemebi qmnian politikur paralelizms
JurnalistikaSi. politikuri partiebi am sistemaSi, maJoiritarulisgan gansxva-
vebiT, ar iswrafvian moipovon legitimacia `mTeli naciis” reprezentaciiT, aramed
sazogadoebis segmentebs warmoaCenen.
rac Seexeba mauwyeblobas, maJoritarul sistemebSi SeiZleba moxdes oridan
erTi: an mauwyebloba gamoyvanilia politikuri kontrolis sferodan (klasikuri,
vestminsteruli, britanuli modeli), an mTlianad mis kontrolsaa daqvem-
debarebuli (espaneTi, portugalia, saberZneTi).
4. maJoritaruli da konsesualuri demokratiebi, leiphartis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi elementis — interesTa jgufebis
struqturiT. maTi pluralizmisa da institucionalizaciis xasiaTi sxvadasxvaa.
(ix. is leqciebi, romelbic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liberalur da republikur
tradiciebs exeba).
5. samarTlebrivi universalizmisa Tu klientelisturi urTierTobebis prevalireba.
es sakiTxi Cven konkretul magaliTze ganvixileT, rodesac viswavleT Crdilo da
samxreT italiis SedarebiTi analizi. daaxloebiT igivea sxvaoba CrdiloeT da
samxreT evropasa, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikas Soris zogadad. klientelistu-
ri urTierTobebis siWarbe iwvevs xolme mediis politikur instrumentalizacias
da araTavsebadia mediis liberaluri modelis maxasiaTeblebTan. gavixsenoT, rom
gazeTebis tiraJebi ufro maRalia Crdilo italiaSi, vidre samxreTSi.
6. zomieri da polarizebuli pluralizmi. polarizebuli pluralizmis cneba
ukavSirdeba, sartoris mixedviT, iseTi politikuri Zalebis arsebobas, romlebic
arsebuli sistemis legitimurobas kiTxvis qveS ayeneben. aseT sazogadoebebSi
Zlieria ideologiuri dapirispireba da polarizacia, gansakuTrebiT konserva-
tiul Zalebsa da liberalizmis tendenciebs Soris. politikuri azrovnebis
87
politikuri partiebis Tanabari reprezentacia, an sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis
(samoqalaqo sazogadoebis) Tanabari reprezentacia.
Semdegi maxasiaTebeli aris Jurnalistebis profesionalizacia. es niSnavs imas, Tu
ramdenad avtonomiuria JurnalistTa erToba, ramdenad moqmedebs sakuTari nor-
mebisa, da ara garedan ganxorcielebuli zegavlenis mixedviT; ramdenad aqvT gamo-
muSavebuli profesiuli normebi, ramdenad emxrobian sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTari
valdebulebebis koncefcias.
pirveli SexedviT, politikuri paralelizmis sisuste da Jurnalistikis profe-
sionalizacia praqtikulad erTi da igivea, da istoriuladac es ori movlena parale-
lurad viTardeboda. magram isini mainc gansxvavebul cvladebad unda miviCnioT,
vinaidan rogorc amas konkretuli analizi cxadyofs, Jurnalisturi profesionaliz-
mis sxvadasxvanairi koncefciebi arsebobs da yvela maTgani ar emTxveva obieqturi da
neitraluri Jurnalistikis koncefcias. Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia Crdilo
da centralur evropis qveynebSi Tanaarsebobs politikuri paralelizmis SedarebiT
maRal donesTan.
saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi yvelaze dabalia aSS-Si, sadac
praqtikulad ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba. aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT evropis
yvela qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. unda
viqonioT mxedvelobaSi, rom saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi ar unda iyos
gagebuli yovelTvis Cveneburi, negatiuri, gagebiT, vinaidan es Careva Tavisufal
qveynebSi xorcieldeba ara sityvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudavad, aramed, piriqiT,
mediis mxardasaWerad da sazogadoebis interesebis ufro sruli realizaciis
uzrunvelsayofad.
ganxiluli maxasiaTeblebis analizis safuZvelze avtorebi ganasxvaveben sam
sistemas, romlebic xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT (gv.67): polarizebuli pluralizmis
models axasiaTebs `gazeTebis dabali tiraJebi, elitisturi, politikurad orienti-
rebuli presa; maRali politikuri paralelizmi; gare pluralizmi; komentirebaze
orientirebuli Jurnalistika; politikis dominireba mauwyeblobaze da saxelmwifo
kontroli masze; Jurnalistikis dabali profesionalizacia da misi instrumenta-
lizacia; Zlieri roli saxelmwifosi zogadad”. demokratiuli korporativizmis mo-
dels axasiaTebs `gazeTebis maRali tiraJebi; masobrivi presis adreuli ganviTareba;
gare pluralizmi, Zlieri partiuli presa (istoriulad); mauwyeblobaSi politikuri
pluralizmi da Zlieri avtonomia; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesionalizacia da
institucionalizebuli TviTregulireba; saxelmwifos maRali roli, Tumca sityvis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gareSe; didi subsidiebi saxelmwifos mxridan, gansakuT-
rebiT Zlieri sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobaSi”. liberaluri modeli xasiaTdeba Sem-
degiT: `gazeTebis saSualo tiraJebi masobrivi komerciuli presis adreuli ganviTa-
rebiT; neitraluri komerciuli presa; sainformacio Jurnalistika; Sida pluralizmi;
sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis profesiuli modeli; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesio-
nalizacia araintitucionalizebuli TviTregulirebiT; saxelmwifos roli dabalia
sabazro meqanizmebTan SedarebiT”.
ra kavSirSia media sistemebi Sesabamisi qveynebis politikur da ekonomikur
sistemebTan? avtorebi ramdenime dakvirvebas gvTavazoben.
1. erTi faqtori, romelic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes aSS da evropuli modelebis
gansxvavebulobas (faqtori, romelic arasdros seriozulad ar miiReba
mxedvelobaSi maT mier, vinc saqarTveloSi mediis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze
msjelobs) aris sxvaoba bazris masStabebSi. amerikuli bazari komerciuli
86
leqcia 4
tokvili, `demokratia amerikaSi`
patnemis kvleva, arsebiTad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arss sociologiuri
Tvalsawieridan udgeba. is ikvlevs imas, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba socialuri
komunikaciis garkveulis tipi, struqtura, demokratiuli institutiebis
fuqcionirebas. tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi” aseve didwilad am kuTxiT
udgeba problemas — isic, patnemis msgavsad, TiTqmis tolobis niSans svams
sazogadoebis struqturasa da demokratias (politikur reJims) Soris. SemdgomSi Cven
gavecnobiT kidev erT liberal avtors - gelners, romelic msgavsi midgomiT
xasiaTdeba (demokratias aigiveebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis struqturasTan,
xolo am ukanasknelis demokratiul bunebas miiCnevs mxolod dasavlur, evropul
maxasiaTeblad).
tokvilis kvleva, romelic ukve meore saukunea Tavis aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas
ar kargavs, aRwers mxolod erT qveyanas — amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, magram
impliciturad SedarebiT analizs eyrdnoba, vinaidan amerikis sazogadoebas is aRwers
evropeli mkiTxvelisTvis. amdenad amerikis `demokratiul~ sazogadoebas is
warmoaCens safrangeTis da evropis `aristokratiul~ sazogadoebebTan SedarebaSi.
tokvili aRwers pirvel rigSi sxvaobas demokratiul da aristokratiul
sazogadoebebsa da maT sxvadasxva institutebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris. tokvilis
kvleva sociologiuria da fenomenologiuri, is moicavs rogorc deskriptul aRweras
im urTierTobebisa, romlebic avtorma TiTqmis ori saukunis winandel amerikaSi
dainaxa, aseve im fsiqologiur ganwyobebisa da legitimaciis principebis analizs,
romlebic agebs, aviTarebs am institucionalur mowyobas amerikaSi. tokvilis kvlevis
Seswavlisas Cven gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas institucionaluri midgomis
Tvalsawieridan demokratiuli da aristokratiuli sazogadoebebis institutebis
Sedarebaze, xolo legitimaciis TvalsazrisiT — Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis
principebis dapirispirebaze.
Tumca ki, Tavad tokvilisTvis mTavari interesi iyo politikuri institutebi,
rac, im periodSi safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, frangisTvis ZiriTad
interess warmoadgenda. Seiqmneboda Tu ara safrangeTSi `Tavisufali demokratia~ Tu
`demokratiuli tirania~ - es iyo is kiTxva, romelic idga mis winaSe im dros (1848).
amerikis magaliTis ganxilvisas is xazs usvams imas, rac xSirad aklia dResac axali
demokratiebis politikosebs: ~ ar gadmovitanoT monurad is institutebi, romlebic
amerikelebma Seqmnes TavisTvis, aramed ukeT gavigoT masSi is, rac Cven gvadgeba; ara
imdenad davesesxoT magaliTebs, aramed ubralod Wkua viswavloT, xolo Tuki rames
visesxebT, es iyos Tavad principebi, da ara kanonebis kerZo detalebi~. (gv.24). swored
amitomaa, rom tokvili swavlobs institutebs maT diskursul mniSvnelobebTan, anu
legitimaciis sawyisebTan erTad.
is, rasac tokvili xedavs amerikaSi, da rac misTvis aRmoCenaa, aris demokratiuli
sazogadoeba — sazogadoeba, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba evropuli
aristokratiuli sazogadoebebisgan, da demokratia, romelsac qmnis es sazogadoeba.
tokvili cdilobs iyos obieqturi da miukerZoeblad aRweros is, rasac xedavs. mas Tan
moswons da aRafrTovanebs es axali, gansxvavebuli amerikuli sazogadoeba, Tan
aSinebs da afrTxobs bevri misi Tviseba. kerZod, da mTavari, rac unda aRvniSnoT, aris
misi SiSi `demokratiuli tiraniisa~, romelic demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SeiZleba
damyardes. am saSiSroebis saanalizod tokvili iyenebs Tavisuflebisa da
27
Tanasworobis Rirebulebriv dapirispirebas amerikelTa cnobierebasa da praqtikaSi.
`Tavisufali demokratiis~ dapirispireba `demokratiul tiraniasTan~
momdinareobs iqidan, rom tokvili mkafiod asxvavebs da upirispirebs erTmaneTs
Tanasworobasa da Tavisuflebas. umravlesobis batonoba, rac demokratiuli
xalxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba gadaiqces tiraniad, Tuki mas adamianTa
Tavisufleba daaklda.
amerikis politikuri wyobis erTaderTi sawyisia xalxis mmarTvelobis principi. es
wyoba uaRresad demokratiulia, xolo amerikelebis mdgomareoba bevri gagebiT
Tanasworia, da es Tanasworoba, tokvilis aRweriT, aris ara marto uflebrivi
Tanasworoba (SesaZleblobaTa, negatiur TavisuflebaTa Tanasworoba), aramed
faqtobrivi `siTanabre~, msgavseba rogorc qonebrivi, aseve inteleqtualuri.
istoriulad ise Camoyalibda amerikuli sazogadoeba, rom mosaxleobis did masebs
gaaCniaT met-naklebad erTnairi SesaZleblobebi awarmoon ekonomikuri saqmianoba da
SeiZinon codna, da eziaron profesiul saqmianobas, romelsac misdevs umravlesoba.
amdenad, aristokratiuli elitebi metad dasustebulia, Tu ara gamqrali. maT ara aqvT
arc qonebrivi da arc inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvani roli; wodebrivi da
ojaxuri gavlenebi sazogadoebaSi ar SeimCneva. amerika aris is qveyana, romlis
moqalaqeni msoflioSi yvelaze Tanabaria Tavisi qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebiT.
bunebrivia, rom amgvari Tanasworoba (siTanabre) badebs politikur
Tanasworobasac. magram politikuri Tanasworobis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an
yvela moqalaqes mieces Tanabari politikuri ufleba, an aravis ar mieces.
`Tavisuflebis miRweva~, tokvilis mixedviT, `ar Seadgens adamianTa cxovrebis
mTavar da mudmiv mizans; erTaderTi, rac maT usazRvrod uyvarT, aris Tanasworoba~
(gv.61). amerikelebma moaxerxes iseTi Tanasworobis miRweva, rodesac xalxis
mmarTveloba SenarCunebulia. es, tokvilis mixedviT, ukavSirdeba maT miswrafebas da
unars rom mudmivad Seqmnan gaerTianebebi da imoqmedon koleqtiurad. sxvanairad
Tanasworobis mdgomareobaSi myof adamianebs cal-calke arc erTs ar eqneboda
sakmarisi Zala, rom Tavi daecva mmarTvelebis tiraniisgan.
gaerTianebaTa Seqmnis Tavisufleba, amdenad, erT-erTi fuZemdebluri
Tavisuflebaa, romelsac moaqvs, sayovelTao xmis uflebasTan erTad, Tavisufali
demokratiuli mowyoba. mis gareSe, da adamianTa mudmivi sazogadoebrivi aqtiobis
gareSe igive Tanasworoba Tavisuflebis wyaro ar iqneboda.
tokvilis aRweraSi, amerikelebis cxovrebaSi politikur saqmianobas uzarmazari
adgili ukavia. `sazogadoebis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba da masze laparaki - es aris
amerikelisTvis yvelaze mTavari saqmianoba da yvelaze didi siamovneba~ (gv. 191).
sajaro Sexvedrebi, klubebi, partiebi — yvelaferi es duRs da muSaobs. `uwyveti
saqmianoba politikur sferoSi, romelic demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi
Cndeba, Semdeg gadadis samoqalaqo cxovrebaSic. SesaZlebelia, sabolood, swored
amaSi mdgomareobs demokratiis ZiriTadi upiratesoba. misi ZiriTadi faseuloba ara
isaa, rasac is Tavad akeTebs, aramed is, rac keTdeba misi wyalobiT~ (gv.191).
amdenad, tokvilisTvis demokratia kargia ara imitom, rom demokratiuli
mTavrobebi kargad muSaoben (rac saTuoa), aramed mis mTavar miRwevas misi gverdiTi
produqti warmoadgens — is gavlena, romelsac xalxze axdens mmarTvelobaSi
monawileobis mudmivi praqtika. aseTi xalxi ufro ganaTlebulia da energiuli. es ki,
saboloo jamSi, aviTarebs ekonomikas. aq laparakia swored `Tavisufal demokratiaze~
tokvilis terminologiiT, an `liberalur demokratiaze~, Tuki dResdReobiT ufro
28
TamaSobs saxelmwifo.
aq unda gavixsenoT, rom es formulirebebi ar aris mTlad zusti, vinaidan xan Cven
vlaparakobT realurad arsebul media sistemebze, xolo xandaxan gadavdivarT
laparakze idealuri tipebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac es realurad arsebuli sistemebi met-
naklebad waagaven. imedia, rom es gansxvaveba realur sistemebsa da idealur tipebs
Soris ar iqneba miviwyebuli, miuxedavad formulirebebis erTgvari uzustobisa.
realuri media sistemebi arasdros ar emTxveva zustad romelime idealur tips,
aramed rogorc wesi moicaven yvela tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs met-
naklebobiT. aq laparakia mxolod imaze, Tu romeli niSnebi sWarbobs ama Tu im qveynis
sistemebSi, da ara idealuri tipisa da realuri sistemis srul identurobaze.
mediis es idealuri tipebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba im parametrebiT, romelbic
avtorebma media - sistemebis mTavar maxasiaTeblebad Camoayalibes. sanam maT cal-
calke ganvixilavdeT, isic unda avRniSnoT, rom media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc maTi
maxasiaTeblebi, warmoadgenen sakmaod mdgrad da nela cvalebad institutebis
nakrebebs — maTi formirebis sawyisebi sakmaod Soreul warsulSi midis, xolo
transformacia did dros moiTxovs. iseve, rogorc sxva socialur bazisur
maxasiaTeblebs, maT mdgradoba axasiaTebs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba swraf, da
Tundac saSualo siswrafis cvlilebebs. ase, is, rom masobrivi presa istoriulad adre
gavrcelda zogierT qveynebSi (XIXs.-XX saukunis daswyisSi), sxvebSi ki — ara, dResac
vlindeba presis tiraJebSi. skandinaviis qveynebSi dResac maRalia gazeTebis kiTxvis
Cveva da kultura, xolo saberZneTSi, maTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro dabali.
beWdviTi mediis dasabamidan politikuri agitacia mis centralur funqciad
ganixileboda. gavrcelebuli iyo pirvel rigSi publicistika, romelsac gavlena unda
moexdina sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. mxolod mecxramete saukunis bolos
daiwyo gavrceleba komerciulma presam, da, imave dros, sul ufro popularuli xdeba
Jurnalistis, rogorc neitraluri arbitris, cneba — Jurnalistis, romelic ganze
dgas nebismieri politikuri interesebisgan da partiebisgan. amdenad, Jurnalistikis
Tanamedrove normatiuli liberaluri modeli — obieqturi, miukerZoebeli
Jurnalistika — SedarebiT gviandeli warmonaqmnia. dResdReobiT balansi neitralur
informaciul da propagandistul Jurnalistikas Soris sxvadasxva sistemebSi
sxvadasxvanairi arsebobs. ase, daniaSi, wina saukunis dasawyisSi yvela qalaqSi
arsebobda oTx-oTxi gazeTi, romelic warmoadgens oTx ZiriTad politikur partias.
dResdReobiT partiebTan presis uSualo mibma gacilebiT ufro iSviaTia, ufro xdeba
zogadi politikuri poziciebis dakaveba — magaliTad, marjvena-centristulis, an
marcxena-centristulis.
gansxvavebiT am ori viTarebisgan — obieqturi, neitraluri presa da zogad
politikur orientirebze (idealebze, ideologiebze) orientirebuli presa, arsebobs
kidev mesame varianti. iq, sadac politikuri paralelizmi politikasa da medias Soris
maRalia, media sistema SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes `gare pluralizmiT” — anu arsebobdes
bevri sxvadasxva orientaciis mqone media. amisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvel, neitralur
variantSi ufro mosalodnelia `Sida pluralizmis” arseboba — erTi pulbikaciis
farglebSi sxvadasxva politikuri midgomebis warmoCineba.
rac Seexeba telemauwyeblobas, da, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobas,
masSi SeiZleba davafiqsiroT Semdegi modelebi: profesiuli modeli (BBC) —
xasiaTdeba yvelaze dabali politikuri paralelizmiT; samTavrobo modeli (axlosaa
saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis modelTan) — yvelaze maRali paralelizmi; maT Soris
SualedSi imyofeba pluralistuli modelebi, sadac mauwyebloba ar aris
politikurad neitraluri, magram arc monopolizeburia. masSi uzrunveyofilia an
85
leqcia 11.
masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da
diskursuli eTikis sami tipi.
am leqciaSi Cven vecdebiT erTmaneTs davukavSiroT politikuri komunikaciis
institucionaluri da diskursuli analizi. safuZvlad Cven aviRebT, erTis mxriv,
adre Camoyalibebul sam diskursul eTikas — sam idealuri tipis diskurss, xolo
meores mxriv, media sistemebis tipologias, rogorc is aRwerilia erT-erT
Tanamedrove monografiaSi: D.Hallin, P.Manchini, `Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics”.
miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebebisa, media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva
sazogadoebrivi institutebi, sxvadasxva dasavlur qveynebSi istoriulad gansxvave-
buli formiTa da xasiaTiT Camoyalibda. halinisa da manCinis naSromi eZRvneba
dasavluri demokratiebis media - sistemebis SedarebiT analizs. am mizniT media
sistemebis dasaxasiaTeblad isini gamoyofen oTx ZiriTad komponents, maxasiaTebels,
romlebsac SemdgomSi swavloben SedarebiT perspeqtivaSi; esenia:
1) media - bazris ganviTarebis done, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ramdenad arsebobs
maRaltiraJiani presa;
2) politikuri paralelizmi; es moicavs rogorc mediisa da politikuri partiebis
urTierTmimarTebis simWidroves da xasiaTs, aseve ufro zogadad, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba media sistema sazogadoebaSi arsebul siRrmiseul politikur
dayofebs;
3) Jurnalistikis, rogorc profesiis, gavniTarebis done;
4) media sistemaSi saxelmwifos Carevis done da xasiaTi;
am maxasiaTeblebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze avtorebi gamoyofen sami
tipis models, sami tipis idealur media - sistemas, romlebic arsebobs Tanamedrove
evropul da Crdiloamerikul demokratiul qveynebSi. esenia, avtorTa termi-
nologiiT,
1. xmelTaSuazRvispira, anu polaruli pluralizmis modeli;
2. Crdilo centraluri evropis modeli, anu demokratiul-korporativistuli
modeli;
3. Crdilo atlanturi, anu liberaluri modeli.
pirveli modeli arsebobs iseT qveynebSi rogorebicaa safrangeTi, saberZneTi,
italia, portugalia da espaneTi. meore arsebobs Semdeg qveynebSi: avstria, belgia,
germania, fineTi da sxva skandinavuri qveynebi. mesame — britanetTSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi,
da irlandiaSi. (ix. tabula, gv.68)
liberalur modelSi Warbobs sabazro meqanizmebi da komerciuli media;
demokratiul-korporativistul modelSi — komerciuli media istoriulad
Tanaarsebobs socialur da politikur jgufebTan mibmul mediasTan; am modelSi aseve
SedarebiT aqtiuria saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi regulireba; polarizebuli
pluralizmis modeli xasiaTdeba mediis CarTulobiT partiul politikaSi,
komerciuli mauwyeblobis istoriulad susti sawyisebiT, da Zlieri roliT romelsac
84
miRebul cnebebs gamoviyenebT. liberaluri demokratia, amdenad, SesaZloa naklebad
sasurveli iyos erTpirovnul mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT, tokvilis mixedviT,
moklevadian perspeqtivaSi (vinaidan erTi mmarTveli SeiZleba saukeTeso mmarTveli
aRmoCndes, xolo demokratiis gziT mxolod mmarTvelobis saSualo done miiRweva),
magram igebs grZelvadiani ganviTarebis Tvalsawieridan. da es mogeba swored mis
sazogadoebriv, da ara uSualod politikur zegavlenas ukavSirdeba.
magram am sayovelTao politikur CarTulobas da Tanasworobaze dafuZnebul
umravlesobis batonobas, romelic amerikaSi usazRvroa, SeiZleba mohyves
ganukiTxaoba, da misi SemzRudveli araferi iarsebebs. aranairi meqanizmi, romelic
daicavs adamians umravlesobis ganukiTxaobisgan, ar arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT ki,
gausaZlisia umravlesobis, anu sazogadoebrivi azris batonoba. ~ me ar vicnob arc erT
qveyanas~, ambobs tokvili, `sadac saboloo jamSi sulieri Tavisufleba da sityvis
Tavisufleba imdenad SezRuduli yofiliyo, rogorc amerikaSi~. umravlesobis
tirania am mxriv bevrad ufro srulia, vidre nebismieri monarqiuli wyobis tirania, da
Tundac espanuri inkvizicia. sazogadoebrivi azri, amdenad, tokvilTan, warmoCindeba
misi uzarmazari ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia (zogjer) azrovnebis Tavisuflebis
sapirispirod. mas mere, rac sazogadoebrivi azri raime sakiTxze formirebulia,
iSviaTad Tu gabedavs vinme sajarod sapirispiro azris gamoTqmas. (komentari:
sazogadoebrivi azri tokviliseul amerikaSi marTavs, is ar aris ubralod `sadarajo
ZaRli~, romelic Tavisi kritikuli potencialiT sazRvars udebs mmarTvelTa
TviTnebobas. am mxriv amerikuli diskursi gansxvavdeba Semdgom saukuneebSi evropaSi
Camoyalibebuli sajaro diskursisgan. es xdeba imitom, rom imdroindel amerikaSi ar
arsebobs mmarTvelobiTi pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili aristokratia, socialurad
gansxvavebuli fena, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis miRma arsebobs. samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba aq marTavs — ara marto im gagebiT, rom irCevs ama Tu im politikur
elitebs arCevnebis gziT, aramed imiTac, rom mudmivad iRebs mmarTvelobaze
pasuxismgeblobas da ar ixsnis am pasuxismgeblobas im motiviT, rom is arCeul
moxeleebze gadaitanos).
sazogadoebrivi azris es uzarmazari Zala warmoudgenelia aristokratiul
sazogadoebebSi. da aq pirvel planze gamodis sxvaoba aristokratiul xalxebsa da
demokratiul xalxebs Soris, romlebic (es ukanasknelebi) Tanasworobis principebzea
agebuli. individualizmi, romelsac tokvili demokratiuli sazogadoebebis
warmoqmnas ukavSirebs, es aris ara marto struqturuli (socialuri) axleburi
mowyobis maCvenebeli, aramed pirovnebis identurobis formirebis gansxvavebuli
stili. aristokratiul sazogadoebebSi adamianis identurobis formirebaSi CarTulia
misi klasobrivi da statusuri mikuTvnebuloba, misi kavSirebi winaprebTan da
valdebulebebi momaval TaobaTa winaSe. klasi aristokratiul sazogadoebaSi patara
samSoblos rols asrulebs. demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ki, adamianebi ufro axdenen
TviTidentifikacias mTel kacobriobasTan, da ara konkretul socialur jgufTan.
adamiani emansipirebulia rogorc warsulisgan, aseve momavlisgan, drois
SemakavSirebeli ZarRvi wydeba da adamianebi ufro gulgrilebi xdebian erTmaneTis
mimarT. maTi identuroba, amdenad, xdeba ufro `deskriptuli~ vidre `askriptuli~.
sazogadoebis es gaTiSuloba da `masobrioba~ (ufro gviandeli avtorebis
terminologiiT) despotiis saukeTeso sawyisia, Tu ar arsebobs Zalisxmeva saerTo
saqmeTa sakeTeblad.
`rodesac saxelmwifos marTavs sazogadoebrivi azri, yvela adamians esmis
sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis mniSvneloba, da TiToeuli cdilobs miaRwios mas, cdilobs
daimsaxuros imaTi pativiscema da keTilganwyoba, romelTa Soris man unda icxovros~
29
(gv.376) da es aris sazogadoebrivi azrisa da politikur Tavisuflebis Sinagani
kavSiri, romelic amarcxebs Tanasworobis naklovanebebs Tavisuflebis ZaliT.
tokvilis nawerebSi Tanasworoba, amdenad, ufro ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis
modernizacias, da ara mis demokratizacias am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT. tokvilis
demokratia, anu Tanasworoba (egalitaruli sazogadoeba) SeiZleba iyos rogorc
liberaluri, aseve totalitaruli. es brwyinvale ganWvretaa im momavlisa, romelic
tokvilis Semdgom saukunes iCens Tavs: modernizaciam, cxovrebis pirobebis
TanasworobasTan erTad, moitana ori tipis `demokratiebis~ warmoqmna — dasavluri,
liberaluri da sabWouri totalitaruli (aseve faSisturi germania). es dapirispireba
liberalur da araliberalur demokratiebs Soris dResac aris aqtualuri, vinaidan
ukavSirdeba demokratizacias iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic Tavisi struqturiT
aranairad ar arian demokratiulebi, an iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic, piriqiT,
demokratiulia, magram Tavisuflebis tradicia ara aqvs.
oRond aq ar unda davuSvaT terminologiuri Secdoma. Tanasworoba tokvilTan
upirispirdeba Tavisuflebas, romelsac sayovelTao xmis ufleba da sayovelTao
politikuri uflebebi uzrunvelyofen. anu sayovelTao arCevnebi demokratiis
nawilad ki ar ganixileba, aramed mis liberalur komponentad. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom
`saarCevni demokratiebi~ (`minimaluri~, `araliberaluri~ demokratiebi) ukve
Tavisufalia tikviliseuli terminologiiT?
rac Seexeba sabWoTa totalitarul reJims, romelSiac pirovneba sruliad
damonebuli iyo umravlesobis mier, misi am niSniT Sedarebisas liberalur
demokratiasTan tikviliseuli terminologiis gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. rac
Seexeba `minimalur demokratiebs~, sadac tardeba sayovelTao arCevnebi, xom ar arian
isini swored `Tavisufali~ tokvilis gagebiT?
postsabWoTa sivrce waagavs tokviliseul demokratiul sazogadoebas
modernizirebulobis doniT, ris gamoc mas aristokratiuli sazogadoebis niSnebi
aRara aqvs. amis garda, marTalia, masSi sayovelTao arCevnebic tardeba, magram unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom tokvili ar asaxelebs uSualod arCevnebs rogorc
Tavisuflebis pirobas. is ambobs, rom Tavisuflebis sawindaria moqalaqeTa
monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi, mudmivi CarTuloba, samoqalaqo da politikuri aqtioba
da gaerTianebis unari. es ki, Tavis mxriv, arsebobs maSin, rodesac arsebobs
xelisuflebis arCeviToba. anu samoqalaqo (da politikuri) sazogadoebebia
Tavisuflebis sawindari, da ara uSualod arCevnebi. Tuki arCevnebi tardeba, magram
mosaxleoba atomizirebulia da pasiuri (rogorc es postsabWoTa sivrceSi xdeba),
xelisufleba iseve advilad daamyarebs batonobas TiToeulze, rogorc arCevnebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
amdenad, `socialuri kapitali~, romelzedac laparakobs patnemi, icavs
amerikelebs umravlesobis tiraniisgan, tokvilis mixedviT. socialuri kapitalis
ararseboba axal demokratiebSi saSiSia, vinaidan umravlesobis batonobas xdis
despoturs da tiraniuls.
literatura:
Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388
30
meoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTuli
mentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli Rirebulebrivi
totalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arc
mesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebriv
ganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad, religiuri
fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiT mas SeuZlia kerZo
adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavad yvelaferi amisa, meoTxe
diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirveli diskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe
diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi da imedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis
saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursi ewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi
poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasac is miCveuli ar aris.
literatura:
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia
m. musxeliSvili. `demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi `arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio
naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.
m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi
demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul
ganxorcielebaSi. `epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003
Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004
Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge University Press; (2003)
83
mentalitetze da tradiciul Rirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba
konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebasac.
pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobili Seafasos
mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSkarad xedavs
Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuri uflebebis
daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis ganmtkicebas moiazrebs.
meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis totalitarizmis nairsaxeobis
advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikurad calmxrivad cvlis droSas,
konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs. am mxriv, meore diskurss,
pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesame diskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom
dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti da prezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos
am mdgomareobidan qveynis gamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia
demokratiisaTvis, vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da
ixreba erTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacrad
maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSi meoTxe
diskurss ara aqvs samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia konstituciis bolo-
droindeli xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursis SemarTebas imoqmedos
politikurad, anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrols dauqvemdebaros.
mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals, radgan
miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebas ganasaxierebs
da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblur religias gansakuT-
rebul statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis Zalauflebas SeiZleba winaRobebi
Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebas gaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc
pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebis aRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs
da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas da identurobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs
Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs, garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuf-
lebis opoziciuria, xolo meore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu
zedmetad mimbaZvelia dasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis
nebis aRsrulebas politikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia
diqtaturis da zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.
meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT `konstitucionerebisa” da
ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnes interpre-
tirebuli. erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa da cxovrebis samyaros
dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs. meore mxriv, is ara marto
mkafiod ansxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasac marqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan
gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orives mkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs
uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvel rigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bo-
los, is SeiZleba gaviazroT patnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc `amoraluri familizmi”,
rac, respublikuri cnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis
demokratiis funqcionirebas.
saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,
romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali gare
dampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da Cveulebad Camoyalibda, im
wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa da TviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis
masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. is mdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan
gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mcdelobaSi.
am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored rom
sistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, rac
82
leqcia 5
Tanamedrove Teoriebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb sajaro da kerZo politikur azrovnebaSi
adam seligmanis mixedviT, kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis cnebebi, iseve rogorc
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba, dResdReobiT isev gaxda aqtualuri, da aris uamravi
wignis, statiis, konferenciisa da simpoziumis sagani. Tumca ki, es cnebebi an ideebi
axali ar aris da adrec ukve iyo gamoyenebuli anTropologTa, politikuri
mecnierebis specialistTa da sociologTa naSromebSi. `dawyebuli hanna arendtis
naSromiT `Vita Activa” (1958), SemdgomSi Carlz maieris gavleniani tomiT `sajarosa da
kerZos sazRvrebi” (1987) da damTavrebuli inglisur enaze iurgen habermasis `sajaro
sferos struqturuli transformaciis” publikaciiT (1989, romelmac mTavari roli
Seasrula mkvlevarTa yuradRebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi), kerZosa da
sazogadoebrivis cnebebi samecniero wreebSi sul ufro gamokveTili da prestiJuli
xdeba”.
am cnebebs sxvadasxva naSromebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da ganmarteba eZleva.
magaliTi im winaaRmdegobriobisa, romelic arsebul midgomebs axasiaTebs, SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis arendtiseul xedvaSi; misi gagebiT isini
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi iwyeben gaqrobas `socialuris aRzevebasTan” erTad.
`socialuris aRzeveba” aris termini, romelic mas moaqvs swored im sxvaobis
dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad, romelic manamde (magaliTad, antikurobis xanaSi) kerZosa da
sazogadoebrivs Soris arsebobda. arendti winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva TeoretikosTa
naSromebis umetesobasTan, marqsiT dawyebuli da habermasiT damTavrebuli,
romelTagan yvela swored meTvramete saukunesa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi
kulturis sawyisebSi pouloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebs Soris gansxvavebis
warmoqmnis sawyisebs — im gansxvavebisa, romlis dakninebas arendti imave
(Tanamedroveobis) periodSi aTavsebs.
sazogadoebrivisa da kerZos gaazrebis SesaniSnav safuZvles qmnis norberto bobio
Tavis klasikur naSromSi `sazogadoebrivi da kerZo/ didi diqotomia”, sadac is am
cnebebis klasificirebas axdens Tanasworoba/ uTanasworobis da (mTelisa da
nawilebis mimarTebis)/(nawilebs Soris urTierTobis) fardobiT terminebSi. misi sqema
daaxloebiT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
sazogadoebrivi kerZo
uTanasworoba Tanasworoba
urTierTobebi: urTierTobebi:
nawilebsa da mTels Soris nawilebs Soris
RmerTi Zmebi
saxelmwifo tomi
ojaxi megobrebi
moqalaqeebi
mtrebi
cxadia, es diqotomiebi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc idealuri tipebi,
romelbic politikis TeoriaSia gamosadegi. `rogorc ki vcdebiT politikuri
filosofiis sferosa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebs vexebiT, - ambobs seligmani
- masSi problemebs vawydebiT. ase, RmerTsa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca ki,
31
namdvilad uTanasworoa da mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebasTan SesabamisobaSi imyofeba,
aseve xSirad ganisazRvreba sindisis kerZo xasiaTisa da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, saxlis an
sxva ganmartoebis adgilebis privatulobis konteqstSi. ojaxi, analogiurad,
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi kerZo sferoSi Sevida, xolo saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv,
CarTuli aRmoCnda kerZo cxovrebis da problemebis regulirebaSi. dayofis meore
svets Tu davakvirdebiT, urTierToba Zmebs Soris mxolod zogierT kulturaSia
Tanaswori, xolo sxvebSi ara. tomobriv sazogadoebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis sistema
SeiZleba an Tanasworobis, da an ierarqiis principebs eyrdnobodes, da erTs meoresTan
analitikuri upiratesoba ara aqvs. megobroba, rogorc TanasworTa araformaluri
urTierToba, aseve uaRresad Tanamedrove movlenaa, metad gansxvavebuli variaciebiT
kulturebisa da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT. is, rac mainc rCeba bobios
ganmartebisgan, aris principuli da Rrmaazrovani gaigiveba sajarosi - mTelisa da
nawilebis urTierTobasTan, xolo kerZosi — nawilebs Soris urTierTobasTan”.
bobios ganmarteba upirispirebs erTmaneTs or sawyiss samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi
adamianTa Soris ndobis Seqmnisa. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi am ndobas (da,
faqtobrivad, eTikas) qmnis kerZo sfero, (is kerZo sfero, romelsac bobio
gansazRvravs rogorc nawilebs Soris urTierTobis formas), maSin roca ufro Zvel
tradiciaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda ara ndoba pirovnebebs Soris, aramed
institucionalizebuli urTierTobebis normebi, sajaro sferoSi miRebuli qcevis
modelebi, mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebis morali (moralisa da eTikis hegeliseuli
gansxvavebis terminebSi).
mokled mimovixiloT politikuri azrovnebis is ori tradicia, `romelTa
moraluri imperativebi uSualod ukavSirdeba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis am or
metad gansxvavebul sferos da romlebic, Sesabamisad, gasuli ori aswleulis
msvlelobaSi, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis bazisad urTierTobebis an erTsa, da an meore
simravles iazrebdnen. SeviswavloT kerZo/sazogadoebrivis problemis rolis
garkveuli momentebi politikur da moralur filosofiaSi.” seligmanis mtkicebiT,
Tuki Cven SeviswavliT or politikur tradicias, romlebsac mokled davarqmevT
`moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis” da `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciebs, Cven
aRmovaCenT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis - rogorc saTnoebisa da zneobis wyaroebis -
or metad gansxvavebul versias. am ori politikuri xedvisTvis moralisa da zneobrivi
wesrigis maformirebeli mTavari urTierTobebi metad gansxvavebul simravleebs
Seadgenen — erTia urTierTobebi nawilebsa da mTels Soris, xolo meore —
urTierTobebi nawilebs Soris.
anu arsebobs ori tradicia, romelic orive samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas
exeba, da swored im mis elements, romlis `gaqrobasac” emduris arendti Tavis
naSromSi — kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis, maTi cal-calke da erTad arsebobis
elementi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi ara romelime erT tradiciaze aqcentis gakeTeba, aramed orive
tradiciis brZola erTmaneTTan politikur velSi. SesaZlebelia, arendti, iseve
rogorc bevri sxva Tanamedrove respublikeli moazrovne, aRniSnavs ubralod erTi —
liberaluri — tradiciis zedmetad gaZlierebas mere — respublikuri tradiciis
sapirispirod, Tumca ki aq frTxilad unda viyoT, vinaidan masobrivi sazogadoebebi,
romlebzedac arendti laparakobs, swored postliberalurad arian ganxiluli bevr
avtorTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am tradiciebis ganurCevloba, ufro SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes masobrivi sazogadoebis fenomens, vidre maTi sruli waSla. `orive
tradicia myaradaa Caqsovili dasavleT evropis inteleqtualur tradiciaSi,
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinaSi, Zveli saberZneTisa da respublikuri romis
32
gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebis wesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri
gardaqmnebis miznebs.
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT imgvarad
gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaod karg (Tumc, arazust)
SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoTxedebTan. pirobiTad Serqmeuli
saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom pirveli diskursi `modernizatori”
imyofeba zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, `marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda
marjvenaSi, `humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo `opozicioneri
konstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.
1. `opozicioneri 2. `modernizatori”
konstitucionalisti”
davicvaT wavideT
liberaluri win, Sors warsulidan
demokratiuli
konstitucia
4. `humanisti 3. `marTlmadidebeli
tradicionalisti” tradicionalisti”
qarTvelebma adamianurad saqarTvelo unda
unda icxovron aRorZindes
es oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxaven
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.
Cven aq ar davaxasiaTebT dawvrilebiT miRebul Sexedulebebs. avRniSnavT, rom
TiToeul dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTilganwyobili
interpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikuli xedva garedan —
Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursis kuTxidan SevxedavT.
garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba zomierebisken ixrebodes da
amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiul diskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia
ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSi xdebodes demokratiisaTvis.
meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, da
dadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapiris-
pirebebis gagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobs pirveli
diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan — saxelmwifo
droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad, arsebuli
xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuli adamianebi —
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis swori gezi gansazRvrulia;
dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon. meore diskursisTvis did
saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelic SesaZloa am kanonebs ar
daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo
adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebrivi regulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon
ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaro iqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT.
kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver
davelodebiT. meore diskursi mesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul
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antitradicia
1 2
procedura mizani
4 3
tradicia
am sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT, rogorc
opozicia `tradicia” _ `antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSi imyofebian
tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciis wyaros warmoadgens
pirvel rigSi is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, warsulidan momdinare, garkveuli
CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danarCeni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore
boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWeben gare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas,
momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.
sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc
damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxares imyofebian isini,
vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meore mxare aqcents akeTebs
wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias
pirobiTad davarqmevT `procedurisa” da `miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod
moviSvelioT demokratiis linkolniseuli cnobili ganmarteba _ `demokratia aris
xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxis mier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, `proceduris”
mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSi ufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebas xalxis mier, xolo `miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos
xalxisTvis.
aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini `antitradicia” sibrtyis zeda
nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT `tradicias” `medasavleTeoba”,
romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurne reformatorebi.
saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSi garkveulwilad `miTvisebuli”
aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxva diskursebic acxadeben masze
pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti `medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT
mocemuli sqemis centraluri zonisken swrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira
ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi. sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli
komponentia imisa, rasac avtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben,
xolo WeSmaritad `medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi
Tanaarsebobis SemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.
am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,
visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafi
gardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebul
demokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,
visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebze da
mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afaseben sibrtyis
qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi qarTvelebs
ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniSvnelovania
qarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zeda marcxena meoTxedi,
marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaa STagonebuli, magram, misgan
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politikur filosofiebsa da saxeebSi. orivem Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli adreuli
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, rodesac feodaluri wesrigisa da universaluri kaTolikuri
eklesiis rRvevas moyva sazogadoebrivi mowyobis axali bazisis Zieba. orive
gansxvavebuli (da xSirad gadaxlarTuli formiT) gagrZelda meTvramete — da
garkveulwilad mecxramete — saukuneebSi sxvadasxva moazrovneTa naSromebSi, rac
aZnelebs sakiTxis sruli istoriis gadmocemas. orive miiswrafis Seqmnas safuZveli
imisTvis, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `moraluri erToba” rogorc socialuri cxovrebis
safuZveli. da orive tradiciaSi `Rirsebis (saTnoebis, virtue)” idea warmoidgineba
amgvari erTobis sakvanZo elementad.”
`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iyo ufro anglo-amerikuli tradicia, romelic yvelaze
mkafiodaa gamokveTili iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian frensis hatCesoni,
jon milari, hag bleri (Hugh Blair), adam fergiusoni da adam smiti, romlebsac Cven
Sotlandiur ganmanaTleblobasTan vakavSirebT. sapirispirod, Rirseuli
moqalaqeobis tradicia Tavisi bunebiT ufro kontinenturi xasiaTisaa, da uSualo
asociaciebs iwvevs iseT avtorebTan, rogorebicaa makiaveli da Jan-Jak ruso.
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ufro axlosaa Zveli saberZneTisa da romis
politikur filosofiasTan da, am mxriv, ufro `Zvelmoduria”. iRebs ra Zvel qalaq —
saxelmwifoebs rogorc respublikuri Rirsebis models, is iswrafvoda (da garkveuli
mniSvnelobiT kvlavac iswrafvis) daubrundes moqalaqeobis im gansazRvrebas,
romelic aTenis polissa Tu romis respublikas edo safuZvlad. is amgvarad cdilobs
daubrundes kacis, rogorc moqalaqis cnebas, rodesac, aristoteles mixedviT, kacis
(da dResdReobiT qalisac), daniSnuleba unda ganTavsebuliyo politikuri saqmianobis
sferoSi da mxolod masSi.”
sapirispirod, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea, rogorc minimum im saxiT, ra saxiTac
is ganviTarda Sotlandiel moralistebTan meTvramete saukuneSi, sul sxva sawyisebs
efuZneboda. maTi azrovneba ufro kargad miesadaga im cvlilebebs, romlebic
kapitalizmis da bazris ganviTarebas mohyveboda adamianTa urTierTobebSi — imas,
rasac adam smiti aRwerda: urTierTgagebis, erTobisa da kooperirebis (da, amdenad,
sabolood, Rirsebis) axali safuZvlebis Seqmnis amocanas, maTTvis Zveli sawyisebi
solidarobisa da sazogadoebis qsovilis formirebisa meTvramete saukunis
komerciul sazogadoebaSi sul ufro saeWvo xdeboda.
`meTvramete saukunis bolo mesamedisTvis, da ufro mkafiod mecxramete saukunis
dasawyisSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradicia iwyebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis
tradiciis adgilis dakavebas. . . sociologiuri terminebiT zneobrivi wesrigis
gansxvavebuli koncefciebi SeiZleba ganimartos solidarobis gansxvavebuli cnebebis
meSveobiT, sadac moraluri grZnoba Sesabamisad iqneba sazogadoebrivi an kerZo
moralis funqcia.
Cemi azriT, seligmani respublikuri tradiciis daxasiaTebisas, da kerZod, rusos
naazrevis gadmocemisas, garkveul Secdomas uSvebs, rodesac am midgomas diurkhemis
meqanikuri solidarobis modelTan aigiveebs. kargad unda gavigoT rusos midgomis
erTi aspeqti: respublikuri ideebi, romlebsac is ayalibebs, aranairad ar aris
tradicionalisturi ideebi. moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ar niSnavs pirovnebis
meqanikur daqvemdebarebas volontй gйnйrale-isadmi. marTalia, rusos mixedviT,
moqalaqeTa erToba xdeba uzenaesi pirovnebis nebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, unda
eqvemdebarebodes saerTo nebas, xolo TiToeuli moqalaqe mTelis nawili xdebodes,
magram aq yvelaze mTavaria is, rom ruso mkafiod asxvavebs sayovelTao da yvelas nebas.
yvelas nebas is mxolod kerZo nebaTa erT-erT nairsaxeobad ixilavs, da am nebebs
legitimurad miiCnevs iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, romlebic mimdinare da viwro
33
sferoebs exeba. magram rac Seexeba maRali, sakanonmdeblo donis sakiTxebs, aq
gadawyvetilebebis legitimacia ekuTvnis uklebliv yvelas, da ara umravlesobas, da
ara yvelas nebas. es sayovelTao neba unda moicavdes umciresobebsac da TiToeul
adamiansac, da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi formirdeba is, rasac is volontй gйnйrale-s uwodebs.
rusos es midgoma kargad Cans, agreTve, mis msjelobaSi religiis Sesaxeb. religia,
rusos mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos orgvari. Sesabamisad, is sxvadasxva rols SeiZleba
asrulebdes socialuri kontraqtis formirebaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi religia SeiZleba
iyos samoqalaqo, kerZo sferos nawili, da am mxriv universalisturi da xelSemwyobi
respublikis arsebobisTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi; is xdeba sajaro sferos
maformirebeli, da, amdenad, partikularistuli, anu ayalibebs im urTierTobebs,
romlebic mxolod mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis, mocemuli droisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
anu rusoseuli morali, marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sferos arealSi iqmneba, magram
iqmneba TviT moqalaqeebis mier, da ara arsebobs maTi kontrolis miRma, rogorc es
SeiZleba totalitarul sazogadoebebSi xdebodes.
adam smiti da sxva warmomadgenlebi e.w. `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciisa,
gansxvavebiT rusosgan, arian dainteresebuli ara imdenad erToblivi nebis
formirebiT, da amgvarad, sazogadoebrivi sferos warmoqmniT, aramed adamianTa Soris
urTierTobaTa regulirebiT rRvevadi socialuri wesrigis fonze (sabazro
meqanizmebis gavlena). maTi interesia im sivrcis formireba, sadac SesaZlebelia axali,
arameqanikuri solidaroba adamianebs Soris. anu, rusos ar ainteresebs ubralod,
intersubieqturi urTierTobebis problema, romelsac is politikuri sferos gareT
tovebs. smits, misgan gansxvavebiT, naklebad ainteresebs mimarTeba saxelmwifosTan,
da ufro — harmoniuli sazogadoebis formirebis idea maSin, rodesac kapitalizmis
gavleniT sazogadoebam TiTqos atomizacia SeiZleba ganicados.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adam smitis Teoria da; zogadad, sabazro ekonomika mxolod
erTi Tvalsawieridan ganixileboda — rogorc racionaluri instrumentuli qmedebis
sabazro urTierTobebis formirebis Teoria, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo moralisa
da zneobis sakiTxebTan. anu bazari — es aris racionaluri moqmedebis sfero, sadac
individualisturi midgomebi batonobs, da araferia darCenili adamianTa
solidarobis da urTierTmimarTebis sferodan. bolo wlebSi xdeba am midgomis
gadasinjva. nel-nela cxadi xdeba, rom sabazro ekonomika aris metad mtkice zneobriv
normebze damyarebuli wesrigi, da am normebis gareSe is ver iarsebebs. anu is ar aris
ekonomikuri mimocvlis erTaderTi abstragirebuli da racionaluri wesi. magaliTad,
mafiozuri da klanuri sistema aseve abstraqtulia da racionaluri, magram is
urTierTobaTa sul sxva models eyrdnoba. universalisturi eTika, romelic smitisa
da fergiusonis adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis safuZvelSi devs, qmnis im samoqalaqo
sazogadoebebs, romlebic liberalur individualistur tradicias Seefereba.
Tuki rusosTvis saerTo nebis wyaros `yvela” warmoadgenda, smitisTvis am wyaros
warmoadgens `erTi” — miukerZoebeli, ganze mdgomi damkvirvebeli, romelic
aRWurvilia sakuTari, Sinagani sindisis safuZvleze gansjis unariT. amdenad,
legitimacia xdeba damokidebuli individebis, erTeulebis mier imis aRqmaze, Tu ra
aris samarTliani.
aq Cndeba saTnoebis, socialuri Tanaziarebis da saerTo sikeTis modeli, romelic
metad gansxvavebulia im sxvadasxvagvari moazrovneebis modelebisgan, visac Cven
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicias mivakuTvnebT. am tradiciaSi sazogadoebrivi
sikeTe aRemateba yvela kerZo interess da sabolood efuZneba kerZo interesis
daZlevas saerTo sazrunavis sasargeblod. es ar aris ubralod moqalaqeobrivi
34
SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT,
demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxva adamianisTvis SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebs warmoadgendes. amdenad,
politikuri sazogadoeba ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi
erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsad fiqroben da politikur movlenebs
msgavsad afaseben. sazogadoebaSi arsebul politikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul
sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebis saxeliT movixseniebT. kvlevis mizans
Seadgenda sazogadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa
da Seswavla konstituciis mniSvnelobisa da konstituciuri Rirebulebebis
gavrcelebis kvlevis farglebSi. kvlevisas amovdiodiT mosazrebidan, romlis
Tanaxmad, demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, rom
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvlili Seitanos
qveynis politikuri sistemis formirebasa da funqcionirebaSi (proceduruli
midgoma).
saqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebuli diskursi,
politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maT daxasiaTebaze
gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs gansxvavebuloba politikur
SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruli
antipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad, nebismier
qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebi ukeTesad
cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxelmwifo da rom
saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT
mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT. sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin,
rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTa Soris gamokveTon prioritetebi da
moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anu daafiqsiron, ras undaT pirvel rigSi
miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebs amgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo
— imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnes esa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos
damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis
prioritetebis mimarT.
imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSi
realur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romelSic,
realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeli warmosaxviTi
individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, anu e.w. veberiseuli
`idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvari idealuri tipis diskursebi
wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuri tipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im
mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvliv arsebobs.
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna oTxi idealuri tipis diskursi, romelbic kargad
axasiaTeben saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikur Sexedulebebs. maT gasaazreblad
Cven SemovitanT Semdeg Teoriul matricas. warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri
Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi
organzomilebiani sibrtyis Sesabamis meoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi
dapirispirebebiTaa Seqmnili:
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paradigma) demokratia aris mizani, romelsac unda mivaRwioT garkveuli
reformatoruli Zalisxmevis Sedegad; meores Tanaxmad demokratia aris procedura,
romelic sazRvravs im wesebs da procedurebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saSualebas,
raTa ganisazRvros, Tu ra da rogor unda gardaiqmnas.
demokratia rogorc mizani da demokratia rogorc procedura —es aris
demokratiis ori, politikuri da samoqalaqo versia, romlebic erTmaneTs
upirispirdeba ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed dasavlur politikur TeoriaSic da
msoflios demokratizaciis da globalizaciis praqtikaSic. es dapirispireba axali ar
aris, Tumca ki saxeSecvlilia. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, civi omis dros, ukve
iyo ideologiuri brZola liberalur demokratiebsa da sabWoTa ideologebs Soris,
rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri pretenzias acxadebda imaze, rom is `saxalxo demokratiis~
formas warmoadgenda. anu, am gagebiT, is, marTalia, ver uzrunvelyofda procedurul
demokratiulobas (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba), samagierod xazs usvamda
Tavis zrunvas xalxisTvis (demokratia rogorc mmarTveloba xalxisTvis). miznebisa da
saSualebebis es dapirispireba, amdenad, ukve arsebobda Tavisi ukiduresi formiT, da
miznebze orientaciam ukve erTxel sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobas monawileobiTi
unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi TiTqmis mTlianad gauqro. dResac, rogorc iTqva,
monawileobiTi Rirebulebebisa da Cvevebis naklebobis problema kiTxvis qveS ayenebs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc proceduruli erTobis, ganviTarebis potencialis
arsebobas. swored am Cvevebma SeiZleba gadon xidi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or
dapirispirebul versias Soris, magram es, rasakvirvelia, ioli gza ar aris.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da transformaciis gzebi da
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi amdenad am ori samoqalaqo sazogadoebis urTierTobaSi
da konkurenciaSi/ TanamSromlobaSi unda veZioT.
5. saqarTvelos politikuri diskursebi
habermasis naSromis ganxilvisas Cven avRniSneT, rom kerZo adamianis da moqalaqis
socialuri rolebi xSirad ewireba axal demokratiebSi mesame — amomrCevlis rolis
eTikas. es maniSnebelia imis, rom sazogadoeba ar aris sakmarisad moZlierebuli
rogorc sazogadoeba da rogorc samoqalaqo sivrce, rom politikuri brZola
`itvirTos~. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom sazogadoeba aris, aristoteleseuli gagebiT,
`barbarosuli~, an, Tanamedrove gagebiT, CamorCenili, anu mas ara aqvs politikuri
wesrigis Seqmnis unari, romelzedac laparakobs dominik kola da rasac xazs usvams
hana arendti?
saqarTveloSi arsebuli `samoqalaqo tipis~ politikuri Sexedulebebis kvleva,
romelic 2004 wels iyo Catarebuli avtoris mier (l.arutinTan TanaavtorobaSi),
gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTvelos aqvs sruli potenciali ganviTardes rogorc
normaluri politeia da jansaRi politikuri sazogadoeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT
politikuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic savsebiT SesaZlebelia safuZvlad daedos
samoqalaqo ganviTarebas, Tuki movaxerxebT im politizirebis da radikalizaciis
Sesustebas, romelsac aCens amomrCvelis rolze koncentrireba da romelsac
aZlierebs saqarTvelos masmedia (romelsac mogvianebiT davaxasiaTebT).
mocemul naSromSi sazogadoebas vikvlevdiT rogorc subieqturi Sexedulebebisa
da warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierToben ra
erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinamdvilis
sakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individis politikuri
78
suliskveTeba, aramed kacobriobis imgvari xedva, romelic sajaro saqmianobas xedavs
erTaderT SesaZleblobad kerZo moqalaqis TviTidenturobis realizebisa da
dakmayofilebisa. amis sapirispirod, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciaSi eTikuri
idea aris kerZo saqme, realizebuli individualuri socialuri aqtorebis gulebSi,
gonebaSi da gacvlis aqtebSi. politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciis
Taviseburebebi Sejamebulia — garkveulwilad sqematurad - Semdeg tabulaSi.
samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
Rirseuli moqalaqeoba
saTnoebis sfero kerZo sazogadoebrivi
saTnoebis
gansazRvreba
moraluri grZnobebi;
bunebrivi simpaTia,
yuradReba, /
gaziarebuli erToba
saTnoebis meqanizmebi miukerZoebeli
damkvirvebeli
volontй gйnйrale
pirovnulobis modeli dayofili (da, amdenad),
refleqsuri (SedarebiT
diferencirebuli)
formirebulia
koleqtiuri SegnebiT
(conscience collective)
(SedarebiT
aradiferencirebuli)
pirovnuli orientacia Sinagani garegani
wyaro: seligmani
seligmanis mixedviT, da es Sefaseba unda gaviziaroT, `kamaTi, romelic
mimdinareobs moqalaqeobis liberalur da respublikur versiebs Soris sxva araferia,
Tu ara Tanamedrove versia politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis, individisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sapirispiro
xedvebis. liberaluri (an, rasac Carlz teilorma `proceduruli” uwoda) Teoria
ixilavs sazogadoebas moralurad avtonomiuri individebis nakrebad, romelTagan
TiToeuls aqvs kargi cxovrebis sakuTari xedva, sazogadoebis funqcia ki,
Semofarglulia am individebis samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, rac
miiRweva sajaro sivrceSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurulad samarTliani (an
wesieri) demokratiuli procesiT. es Teoria ufro zrunavs samarTlianobis
universalurad validuri principebis uwyveti funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze,
vidre sazogadoebis Semadgeneli raime individualuri socialuri aqtorebis
konkretuli kerZo moraluri xedvis win wamowevaze.
moqalaqeobis respublikuri versia, amis sawinaaRmdegod, win wevs sazogadoebis
rogorc saerTo sikeTis miRwevaze orientirebuli `moraluri erTobis” cnebas,
romlis ontologiuri statusi win uswrebs nebismieri individualuri wevris statuss.
Semdgomi ganmartebis gareSec advilia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebul
amgvar gansxvavebul SexedulebebSi SevamCnioT gamoZaxilebi (odnav modificirebuli)
smitis da rusos nawerebze.
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brZola socialuri mowyobisa da solidarobis axali principebis
formulirebisTvis postkomunistur sazogadoebebSi, seligmanis azriT, mcdarad
efuZneba dapirispirebas im principebs Soris, romlebic uxeSad SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
rogorc `demosi” da `eTnosi” da romlebic aq ganxiluli modelebisgan erTs an meores
efuZneba.
nebismieri mocemuli politia SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ubralod am oridan
romelime erTi modelis gaziarebiT, aramed orives SezavebiT, da amdenad, erTobisa da
solidarobis safuZvlebis diferencirebuli formulirebiT, iseve rogorc
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebisa da valdebulebebis.
ruso: respublikuri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
rusos naSromi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ramodenime damatebiT komentars
moiTxovs.
rusos sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba mTlianad agebulia idealuri tipebis
dapirispirebebze: samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da bunebrivi wesrigi; yvelas neba da
sayovelTao neba; mflobeloba da sakuTreba; samoqalaqo da arasamoqalaqo religia;
da a.S. ase: `. . . aucilebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad gamovlenili
mflobeloba, an pirveli dampyroblis ubralo ufleba, ganvasxvaoT sakuTrebisgan,
romelic mxolod dadebiT uflebas SeiZleba efuZnebodes”. mflobelobasa da
sakuTrebas Soris aq dafiqsirebuli gansxvaveba yofiT viTarebaSi SeiZleba
umniSvnelod mogveCvenos, da Tuki arasakmarisad seriozulad da analitikurad
mivudgebiT socialur mecnierebebs, da daviyvanT maT yofiTi (politikuri) Jargonis
doneze, maT Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba gamogvrCes kidec (yuradReba ar mivaqcioT).
magram, Tuki am sxvaobas gavSliT da yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom
mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli buneba da xasiaTi sinamdvileSi aris
dasavluri sabazro ekonomikasa da aradasavluri arasabazro (Crdilovani)
ekonomikebs Soris sxvaobis sawyisi, romelic aramcTu Teoriulia, aramed gamoisaxeba
TvalnaTliv uzarmazar sxvaobaSi (gansxvavebulobaSi) ekonomikuri mwarmoeblurobis,
uTanasworobisa da simdidris mxriv.
anu amgvari dakvirvebebi, rogoricaa mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis erTmaneTisgan
garCeva, sulac ar aris sityvebiT TamaSi. mniSvnelovania, rusos mixedviT, is, rom
samoqalaqo mdgomareoba cvlis bunebriv mdgomareobas, da es ukavSirdeba adamianTa
qcevaSi marTlmsajulebis principze gadasvlas instiqtebze dafuZnebuli qcevis
sapirispirod. sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, romelic iqmneba erTeulTa Zalebis SejamebiT,
bevrad aRemateba SesakrebTa martiv jams, da TiToeuli wevris SesaZleblobebsac
zrdis, anu bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze gadasvla
aranulovanjamovania.
(komentari: politikuri Teoriebi xSirad iyeneben TamaSTa Teoriis
terminologias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moitana politikur mecnierebaSi racionaluri
arCevanis midgomis gamoyenebam. zogierTi avtori politikas uyurebs rogorc
aranuljamovan TamaSs, romlis drosac jami metia, vidre 0, anu yvela met-naklebad
mogebuli rCeba ubralod imis gamo, rom monawileobs TamaSSi. arseboben sxva avtorebi,
romlebisTvisac politika nulovanjamovania — erTis mogeba niSnavs sxvebis Sesabamis
wagebas, xolo jamSi iqmneba nuli. respublikuri midgoma, rogorc wesi, arsebiTad
aranuljamovania, da rusoc am mxriv tipuri magaliTia. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
arsebobs, agreTve, uaryofiTjamovani TamaSebic, rodesac yvela rCeba wagebuli
36
sivrceze, sadac meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxda sazogadoebebis Zalismieri
modernizeba erTi politikuri ideologiis mier mTlianad instrumentalizebuli
totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZaliT.
politikuri reJimis gamocvlas zogjer sazogadoeba metad swrafad, ramdenime
weliwadSi axerxebs. `Tanamedroveobis~ (modernity) tipis gamocvla sazogadoebas
revoluciurad ar ZaluZs, is mxolod TandaTan modificirdeba. marqsizm-leninizmis
rogorc mmarTveli ideologiis gardacvalebam gardaqmna politikuri lanSafti,
magram ideologiuri, dogmaturi midgomebi samoqalaqo da sazogadoebriv
warmodgenebsa da filosofiaSi dResac ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs da ukidures
politikur polarizebas uwyobs xels.
am ideologizirebul konteqstSi arasamTavrobo seqtori Camoyalibda rogorc
erT-erTi ideologiis matarebeli, da ara sxvadasxva ideologiebis Widilis adgili
(rasac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea gulisxmobs). sakuTari Tvalsawieridan is
Camoyalibda, `vardebis revoluciis” wina periodSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
garkveuli tipis `demokratizaciis” avangardi, romelic win uZRvis sazogadoebas. misi
funqcia aris winamZRoloba, reformireba, dasavleTizacia da modernizacia. seqtoris
politikuri pozicia gamoixateba xelisuflebis mimarT totalur dapirispirebaSi. mis
TviTSegnebaSi metad mkafiod daupirispirda `Cven~ `imaTs~ da is xasiaTdeboda
moraluri zeobis gancdiT. rogorc ideologizirebul azrovnebas Seefereba, xdeboda
`imaTi~ stigmatizeba (`xelisuflebis agentebi~, `prorusuli Zalebi~). rogorc
Seefereba avnagards, seqtori kritikulad uyurebs qarTul sazogadoebas da cdilobs
mis civilizebasa da ganaTlebas.
sapirispiro warmodgenebi ar iqna formirebuli artikulirebul ideologiad
(ganviTarebis politikur strategiad), magram moaxdina TviT seqtoris stigmatizeba
`grantiWamiebad”, `crus agentebad”, `bolSevikebad”, `isini Wkuas gvaswavlian da
sulelebi vgonivarT” da ase Semdeg. amdenad, Tumca ki adamianis damokidebuleba am
seqtoris mimarT principSi politikuri TvalTaxedvis amsaxvelia, sapirispiro
warmodgenebma ver Seqmnes sakuTari ideologebi da artikulatorebi sazogadoebriv
sivrceSi, rac mianiSnebs maT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaze. sabolood,
sazogadoebis politikuri mimarTebebis mravalferovneba aisaxa ara seqtoris Sida
struqturirebaSi, rogorc es Tavidan iyo dagegmili, aramed seqtorisadmi
damokidebulebaSi zogadad — Camoyalibda xedva Signidan da xedva garedan.
4. proceduruli Tu substanciuri: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori versia
zemoaRniSnuli kritikuli xedva gulisxmobs, rom, Tumc ki araartikulirebulad,
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori dapirispirebuli koncefcia:
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris arasamTavrobo seqtori, da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
aris mTeli sazogadoeba. pirvelis Tanaxmad arasamTavrobo seqtori gamoxatavs mTeli
mosaxleobis Sexedulebebs, da, Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac mis Sexedulebebs ar
Seefereba, aris antidemokratiuli. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo sazoga-
doeba aris mTeli sazogadoeba, mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebebis mravalferovnebiT,
romelTagan arasamTavrobo seqtori warmoadgens erT-erTs, da ara erTaderTs, xolo
am seqtoris pretenzia erTaderTobaze swored mas aniWebs arademokratiulobis
xasiaTs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis es ori versia zedmiwevniT Seesabameba demokratiis
cnebis aseve CvenSi arsebul or versias. pirvelis Tanaxmad (tranzitologiuri
77
institutebze (universalisturi institutebia mxedvelobaSi), im varaudiT, rom es
institutebi neitraluria konteqstis mimarT, da SesaZlebelia socialuri
struqturisa da institutebis erTmaneTisgan iseTnairad daSoriSoreba, rom
SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi cal-calke ganxilva da danergva.
problema is aris, samwuxarod, rom amgvari Sexeduleba warmoadgens erT-erT, da
ara erTaderT SesaZlo xedvas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa, da misi mxolod erTi
gagebidan gamodis, maSin roca arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis alternatiuli
Teoriebic, romelTa ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba.
alternatiuli midgomis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo seqtori
Camoyalibda rogorc zogadi tranzitologiuri paradigmis nawili, da atarebs am
paradigmiT ganpirobebul ideologias. es ideologia ara marto moicavs ganviTarebis
mimarTulebas da mis garkveul saboloo institucionalur ideals, aramed saxavs
kidec am idealis miRwevis strategias. Sesabamisad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
arasamTavrobo seqtorSi Tavmoyrilia mcirericxovani, gavleniani, specifikuri
dafinansebisa da miznebis mqone socialuri jgufi, romelsac aseve garkveuli "yalbi
cnobiereba" (ideologiis marqsiseuli saxeli) axasiaTebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis
aRsawerad kargad gamodgeba wminda marqsistuli terminologia da rom mas sakmaod
zustad politikuri klasis cneba Seesabameba. am nawilSi Cven saqarTvelos
arasamTavrobo seqtors swored am Tvalsawieridan SevxedavT.
aq mTavaria ori maxasiaTebeli - ekonomikuri arsebobis Tavisebureba da am
arsebobis Sesabamisi cnobierebis formireba. rac Seexeba ekonomikur sakiTxebs, is did
ganmartebas ar saWiroeben - seqtori arsebobs mTlianad ucxouri fondebis
dafinansebiT da masSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi xSirad cxovrebis saSualo donesTan
SedarebiT bevrad ufro maRal Semosavlebs iReben. rac Seexeba mis "yalb cnobierebas",
igi SeiZleba ramdenime fraziT gamoixatos: "Cven, arasamTavrobo seqtori, varT
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba; Cven vviTardebiT rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoeba; Cven,
rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, gvevaleba xelisuflebasTan dapirispireba".
ekonomikuri sawyisebi amgvari warmodgenis gavniTarebisa, rogorc vTqviT,
gansxvavdeba im sawyisebisgan romlebic Zvel demokratiebSi arsebobda. Zveli
demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, minimaluri demokratiebi xasiaTdeba kapitalizmis
gviandeli ganviTarebiT (postsabWoTa qveynebi —saerTod ganicdian wyvetas am mxriv
meoce saukuneSi). kerZo sfero, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sawyisi am qveynebSi
sabazro TviTregulirebis sust sawyisebs moicavda.
am tipis qveynebSi jer kidev mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoebrivi diskursi da
sazogadoebrivi institutebi didad gansxvavdeboda dasavluri samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis modelisgan. am diskursebSi monawileobdnen ZiriTadad inteleqtualebi da
inteligencia — is, rasac yvelaze ukeT aRwers sityva `sazogadoebrioba” (“obsCes-
tvennost” ix. magaliTad, Вадим Волков, Общественность: забытая практика гражданского
общества, www.carnegie.ru), da rasac sul ar udgeba dasavluri termini `samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba”. ar udgeba pirvel rigSi diskursSi burJuaziuli, ekonomikuri inte-
resebis arwarmomadgenlobiT da diskursis metad maRali ideologiuri da poli-
tikuri instrumentalizaciiTa da polarizebiT. zogierTi avtori amgvar viTarebebs
`polarizebuli pluralizmis” terminiT moixseniebs. gansxvavdeboda, agreTve, mediis
sistemebi, romlebSiac Warbobda politikurad mikerZoebuli presa da Jurnalistika,
mibmuloba politikur brZolebze da dabali iyo mediis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba.
es viTareba dResac igrZnoba samxreT evropisa da samxreT amerikis im qveynebSic ki,
romlebsac (zogierTs) demokratiuli arsebobis Cvenze gacilebiT xangrZlivi istoria
aqvT. sulac araa gasakviri, rom kidev ufro mZafria am faqtorebis gavlena im
76
(kazinos TamaSi). politikis es versia, rogorc wesi, ar ganixileba. mas waagavs,
magaliTad, valerStainis msoflio sistemis Teoria, romelSiac periferiuli
saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ageben, rac swored amgvari TamaSis Sedegebs waagavs.
saerTod, rodesac saqme geqnebaT nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan
modelebTan, sasargebloa warmoidginoT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Wadrakis TamaSi, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi, maTematika. WadrakSi wagebul da mogebul qulaTa jami yovelTvis
nolia, xolo mogeba — praqtikulad TviTmizani (da fexburTSic, aseve sxva sportul
TamaSebSi). maTematikaSi mecnierebi aseve ejibrebian xolme erTmaneTs imaSi, Tu vin
ufro adre daamtkicebs Teoremas da Seqmnis Teorias, (romelsac mere misi saxeli
daerqmeva), magram erTis mogeba ar niSnavs imavdroulad sxvebis wagebas. vinaidan
mecnieris migneba pozitiuri Senatania yvelas codnaSi, da is yvelas Tanabrad ergeba,
mogebulia yvela, da saerTo procesi aris mecnierebis mzardi ganviTareba da codnis
akumulireba. politikis versia, sadac politika aranuljamovania, da rodesac is
nulovanjamovania, efuZneba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis gansxvavebul mimarTebebs
erTmaneTTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo laparaki.
aseve, yvelas neba gansxvavdeba sayovelTao nebisgan. `sayovelTao neba mxolod
saerTo nebas iTvaliswinebs, yvelas neba ki, rogorc calkeul adamianTa nebaTa
erToblioba — kerZo interesebs”. rusos azriT, kerZo interesebis jami udris nols,
anu isini abaTileben erTmaneTs, da is rac rCeba yvelas interesis SekrebiT, am
gabaTilebis Semdeg, aris sayovelTao interesi. magram Tuki moxda ise, rom
moqalaqeebma moaswres kerZo interesebis asociaciuri gaerTianeba manam, sanam
sayovelTao nebis gamokveTamde mividoda saqme, maSin maTi preferenciebi Seicvleba,
isini imoqmedeben rogorc kerZo pirebi, kerZo interesebis warmomadgenlebi, da
gaimarjvebs kerZo interesi, da ara sayovelTao. amdenad, aucilebelia, moqalaqeebs an
ar mieceT asociaciebSi gawevrianebis SesaZlebloba an amgvari asociaciebis ricxvi
maqsimalurad gaizardos, raTa danawevrebulma kerZo interesebma mainc gaabaTilon
erTmaneTi. sxva sityvebiT, erTeulebis jamad gadaqcevis Sedegi damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra gziT vajamebT Sesakrebebs. erT SemTxvevaSi Sedegi nulovanjamovania, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi — ara.
sainteresoa, rom habermasi rusos akritikebs swored imisTvis, rom ruso,
sayovelTao nebis formirebis miseul TeoriaSi, ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas
proceduras, anu moqalaqeTa msjelobas — is sayovelTao sikeTis warmoqnas
garkveulwilad avtomaturad miiCnevs. magram aq moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom
rusosTvis procedura sulas ar aris sulerTi, da is Sedegis raobas ganapirobebs.
amasve (proceduris mniSvnelobas Sedegis raobis gansasazRvravad) ukavSirdeba
sakiTxi, romelsac ruso aseve uTmobs yuradRebas — sajaro unda iyos Tu faruli
kenWisyra gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. es sakiTxi sulac ar aris ubralo teqnikuri
sakiTxi, am procedurebs Soris principuli sxvaoba arsebobs. iTvleba, rom faruli
kenWisyra saWiroa, radgan daculi iyos rigiTi moqalaqeebi xelisuflebis zewolisgan.
xolo xmis micema iyos Tavisufali. magram, garda amisa, adamiani, romelic moqmedebs
sajarod, da adamiani, romelic farulad moqmedebs, gansxvavebul logikas miyvebian.
sajaro qmedebaSi adamiani ver gamoamJRavnebs bevr iseT miswrafebas da interess,
romelic samarcxvinoa da dasaZraxi sazogadoebis TvalSi. sajaro moqmedeba naklebad
gulwrfelia am mxriv, vidre faruli.
jon elsteri xazs usvams gansxvavebas sajaro da farul kenWisyrebs Soris,
rodesac miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze Cveulebriv demokratiasa da e.w. deliberaciul
(msjelobaze dafuZnebul) demokratias Soris. deliberaciuli demokratia — es aris
Teoriuli konstruqcia, romelic aqtiurad ganixileba dasavluri inteleqtualebis
37
mier, rogorc arsebuli institucionalizebuli liberaluri saarCevno demokratiis
gaumjobesebis (gamosworebis) gza. aseT demokratiaSi politikuri sakiTxebi wydeba
ara kenWisyriT, aramed Ria farTo msjelobiT, romelSiac yvela moqalaqe iRebs
monawileobas (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia CaerTos Tanabaruflebianobis
safuZvelze).
gadawyvetilebebis miReba faruli kenWisyriT Tu sajaro diskursiiT, rogorc
elsteris miTiTeba cxadyofs, SesaZlebelia gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleodes da
gansxvavebul urTierTobebsac qmnides kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris. ruso
am sakiTxze garkveviT gamoTqvams sakuTar pozicias (gv.116). romaelebi xmas sajarod
aZlevdnen. `es adaTi manamde iyo kargi, sanam moqalaqeebSi patiosneba sufevda da sanam
TiToeuls eTakileboda sajarod mieca xma usamarTlo azris an uRirso adamianisTvis.
magram rodesac xalxi gairyvna da ukve xmebi iyideboda, maSin xmis faruli micema ufro
xelsayreli Seiqna, raTa myidvelebi undoblobiT SeezRudaT da arc gaiZverebisTvis
miecaT TaRliTobis saSualeba”. da Semdeg, ruso aRniSnavs, rom imis arCeva, Tu rogor
unda xdebodes kenWisyra — Riad Tu farulad, ar aris absoluturi, aramed
damokidebulia mocemuli xalxis zneobaze, qveli xalxi erTi kanonebiT unda
imarTebodes, xolo uzneo xalxi — sxviT.
amdenad, ruso miiCnevs, rom faruli kenWisyra xalxis garyvnilobis gamo xdeba
aucilebeli, da rom jansaR sazogadoebas faruli kenWisyra ar dasWirdeba.
`sazogadoebrivi~ da `sajaro~ respublikuri koncefciiT aq srulad Sekrulia
(gaigivebuli), xolo `arajansaRi~ ukavSirdeba ara imdenad kerZos, ramdenadac
mikerZoebuls.
gelneri: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liberaluri xedva
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganxilvisas gelneri xazs usvams sazogadoebis
socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobas. am struqturis Taviseburebas igi ixilavs
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis im liberaluri tipis fonze, romelic dasavlur
samyaroSi warmoiSva. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gelneris mixedviT, aris
individualisturi dasavluri sazogadoebis arsebobis sfecifiuri tipi, romlis
antiTezaa ara marto totalitaruli sabWouri tipis sazogadoeba, aramed nebismieri
sxva, araliberaluri, magaliTad, islamuri qveynebis sazogadoeba. samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba icavs adamians ara marto saxelmwifo politikuri Zalauflebis
tiraniisgan, aramed aTavisuflebs mas sakuTriv sazogadoebis mxridan damonebisgan.
realurad, gelneris azriT, `arsebobs sami tipis sazogadoeba. arseboben
segmentirebuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic gamsWvalulia ritualebiT da naTesauri
kavSirebiT. isini SesaZloa, Tavisufali arian centralizebuli tiraniisgan, magram
mainc ar arian Tavisufalni `Tavisuflebis~ Tanamedrove gagebiT. meores mxriv,
arsebobs centralizeba, romelic spobs meore donis yvela institutsa da erTobas,
ritualizebulia isini Tu ara. da bolos, arsebobs mesame SesaZlebloba - romlis
gansazRvrasac vcdilobT da romelTanac Cvens imedebs vakavSirebT - igi gamoricxavs
rogorc damTrgunav komunalurobas, aseve centralizebul avtoritarizms.
marTebulia, rom socialuri organizaciis swored amgvar tips vuwodoT samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba.`
amdenad, gelneri Tvlis, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciuli ganmarteba
`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - es aris sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo institutebis
erToblioba, romlebic sakmaod Zlieria, raTa iTamaSon saxelmwifos
:
38
maTi saqmianoba didwilad mimarTulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gavniTarebaze da
mxardaWeraze, rac didad ganapirobebis am sazogadoebis ganviTarebis potencialsa da
mimarTulebas.
am uzarmazari daxmarebis fonze, romelmac ueWvelad didi gavlena moaxdina
saqarTvelos politikur klimatze da mis Tanamedrove istoriaze, ratom vlaparakobT
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis praqtikis warumateblobaze? xom isic unda
iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori saqarTveloSi, sxva postsabWoTa qveynebTan
SedarebiT, metad Zlier da gavlenian warmonaqmnad iqca, romelmac didi roli
Seasrula bevri demokratiuli inciativis wamowyebaSi da adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi.
SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom revoluciis wina periodSi saqarTveloSi
arsebobda bevri seriozuli arasamTavrobo organizacia, da Tu ara revoluciaSi maTi
monawileoba, dResac SesaZlebeli iqneboda laparaki imaze, rom arasamTavrobo
seqtori saqarTveloSi mtkiced dgas fexze. miTumetes, rom garda `revolucioneri”
organizaciebisa, aris sxva, ararevolucioneri monawileebi, romlebic dResac
warmatebiT saqmianoben sxvadasxva dargSi. es organizaciebi sazogadoebas dResac
mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi produqtiT amarageben da, albaT, eseni Tu sxvebi
iarsebeben, vinc imave saqmianobas gaagrZeleben.
da mainc, keTilsindisieri damkvirvebeli bevrs ifiqrebs, vidre am seqtors
`samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” saxeliT moixseniebs, vinaidan amgvari gaigiveba
aracalsaxaa da bevr kiTxvas warmoqmnis.
lari daimondis mier aRwerili organizaciebi yvela arian dakompleqtebuli
Cveulebrivi administratorebiTa da menejerebiT, romlebic moqmedeben ise, rogorc
Seefereba maT profesias. es imas niSnavs, rom maT unda dasaxon konkretuli miznebi,
ganaxorcielon zomebi am miznebis misaRwevad da miiRon xelSesaxebi Sedegebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gaizomos. yvelaferi es erTad niSnavs, rom maT saqmianobas
warmarTavs empiriuli midgoma realobisadmi, pragamatuli saRi azri da maTi
dasayrdenia is, rac SesaZlebelia advilad iyos gagebuli socialuri konteqstisda
ganurCevlad, erTnairad ikiTxebodes rogorc amerikaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi.
Sesabamisad, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra politikuri Sexedulebebisaa, yvela es
organizacia meTodologiurad erTnairia da Cvens mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT
`liberaluri” diskursis CarCoebSi moqmedebs.
magram rodesac gavdiodiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa Tu demokratiis cnebebsa da
Teoriebs, Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, da araerT avtorTan es davafiqsireT, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (da demokratiac) aris ramdenime midgomis nazavi. kerZod,
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba unda moicavdes rogorc `liberalur”, aseve `respublikur”
komponentebs.
gamodis, rom msoflio daxmareba nebismier SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mxolod erTi mxaris ganviTarebaze, da verafers Svelis misi meore,
respublikuri komponenetis warmoCenas. anu, saerTaSoriso organizaciebma SesaZloa
uSvelon saqarTvelos imaSi, rom Seiqmnas raRac instituti, organizacia, moxdes
reforma Tu sxva, magram isini veranairad ver Caerevian (da arc Caervian) Cveni
sazogadoebis siRrmiseul urTierTobebSi, romelTa fonzec unda ifunqcioniros am
struqturam.
Rirebulebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvari viTareba sworia. vinaidan
Cveni Sida saqmeebi aris Cveni Sida saqmeebi. sazogadoebis sirRmiseuli gardaqmna aris
Cveni saqme, da sxvisi Careva am sferoSi kulturuli eqspansiis tolfasi iqneboda, da
vesternizaciis formas miiRebda, demokratizaciis sanacvlod. vesternizaciis forma
rom ar miiRos, saerTaSoriso daxmareba koncentrirebas akeTebs mxolod
75
gasawevad — magaliTad, kanonproeqtis daswerad an policy analysis-Tvis. am saqmeSi am
periodSi liderobs fondi evrazia, romelic mimarTulia think tank-ebis
ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionul doneze, da cdilobs saeqsperto
sazogadoebis mxardaWeras. amave periodSi amerikis ganviTarebis saagentoc
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxardaWeris Tavis politikaSi cvlis prioritetebs da
iRebs gadawyvetilebas daexmaros pirvel rigSi arasamTavrobo seqtoris `lider”
organizaciebs — im organizaciebs, romlebic ukve Camoyalibdnen rogorc yvelaze
Zlieri da aqtiuri moTamaSeebi. es cvlileba gulisxmobs, rom saxsrebis amgvari
gadanawileba yvelaze efeqturi iqneba maTi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
es periodi didxans ar grZeldeba. SevardnaZis reJimi am periodSi ukve Rrmadaa
CixSi Sesuli da axali iniciativebi da politikuri wamowyebebi ver pouloben
ganxorcielebasa da gamoZaxils politikuri xelmZRvanelobis doneze. arasamTavrobo
seqtoris liderebs uCndebaT SegrZneba, rom maT unda moipovon Zalaufleba, raTa
sakuTari gegmebi ganaxorcielon. am droisTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis lideroba
asociirebulia ramdenime organizaciasTan, romlebsac aqvT erTiani politikuri
xedva, seriozuli kontroli arasamTavrobo seqtoris saxsrebis xarjvaze da
romlebic aRar arian ganwyobili grZelvadiani gegmebi dasaxon, aramed Cqaroben
politikuri Sedegebi miiRon.
am periodSi icvleba aseve sorosis fondis strategia. iqmneba moZraoba `kmara”, da
iwyeba sorosis fondis proeqti saxelwodebiT `kmara”, romelic arsebiTad reJimis
cvlilebazea mimarTuli. es proeqti arsebiTad politikur xasiaTs atarebs da
sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs vardebis revoluciis ganxorcielebaSi. arasamaTavrobo
seqtoris liderebi aRweven politikur Zalauflebas da amiT, arsebiTad, Tavdeba am
seqtoris ganviTarebis is cikli, romelic win uZRoda vardebis revolucias.
ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba arasamTavrobo seqtori vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg, es kiTxva jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia, raime gamokveTili tendencia aq ar
SeimCneva. ueWvelia, rom darCeba mTeli rigi organizaciebisa, visac SeuZlia maRali
xarisxis sazogadoebrivi produqtis warmoeba — iqneba es monitoringi, treiningebi Tu
saeqsperto codna. ueWvelia, agreTve, rom iwyeba sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli
gardaqmnebis etapi — ganaTlebis reforma gacilebiT Rrma sazogadoebriv
struqturebs umiznebs, vidre ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Seqmna. rogor
warimarTeba es reformebi — rogorc TurqeTSi, sadac modernizaciam faqtiurad
daangria tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi struqtura (ix. Semdgom), Tu ufro
demokratiuli gziT, bevrad iqneba damokidebuli TviT sazogadoebis unarze
aqtiuroba gamoiCinos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze am procesSi.
3. dominanturi Tu pluralisturi; saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
kritikuli xedva
lari daimondi (Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997)
aRwers, Tu rogor exmareba msoflio, saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo organizaciebis
meSveobiT, demokratiis gaviTarebas, da ra uzarmazari saxsrebi ixarjeba am
saqmianobaze. faqtobrivad, msoflio arenaze, garda saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSoriso
korporaciebisa, gaCnda arasamTavrobo damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebic, pirveli
oris msgavsad, xSirad bevrad aWarbeben Tavisi zomiTa da SesaZleblobebiT im patara,
susti da ganuviTarebeli saxelmwifoebis potencials, romelsac isini exmarebian.
74
gamawonasworeblis roli da ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mas, Seasrulon arbitris roli
interesTa Zlier jgufebs Soris, Seakavon saxelmwifos swrafva danarCeni
sazogadoebis dominirebisa da atomizaciisken~ (gelneri) - ar aris sruli da ver
asxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas segmentirebuli sazogadoebisgan. sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis es ori tipi warmatebiT upirispirdeba saxelmwifos centralizebuli
kontrolis gadametebul gaZlierebas, magram maTi es unari gansxavebuli mizezebiTaa
ganpirobebuli.
segmentirebul sazogadoebaSi adamianis arseboba mWidrod ukavSirdeba im
tradiciul garemos, romelSiac mas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli. adamians ar SeuZlia iolad
Seicvalos Tavisi garemocva, profesia, statusi, religia da sxva, vinaidan es cvlileba
ukavSirdeba im erTobidan (soflidan, komunidan, kastidan, klanidan) gandevnas,
romlis wevricaa igi, xolo erTobidan gandevna misTvis daRupvis tolfasia, vinaidan
sxva erTobaSi saarsebod igi ar aris momzadebuli. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli
ritualebis, normebisa da cxovrebis wesis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom saxelmwifo
ver cvlis maT da amdenad ver axerxebs adamianTa srul damorCilebas. magram amgvar
sazogadoebaSi, adamiani mainc ar aris Tavisufali, romc ar ganicdides politikuri
Zalauflebis Zlier zewolas, an warmatebiT icavdes Tavs amgvari zewolisgan, vinaidan
igi sakuTriv sazogadoebis mieraa SezRuduli da amdenad araTavisufalia.
Tanamedrove dasavlur samyaroSi axalma ekonomikurma mowyobam, Sromis
danawilebam da sakontraqto ekonomikurma urTierTobebma Seasustes tradiciebis,
warmomavlobisa da zne-Cveulebebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani gaxda
`moduluri~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc aveji, an saTamaSo konstruqtori, SeiZleba
Sedgebodes Semadgeneli modulebisgan, romlebic SeiZleba iolad SeerTdes
survilisamebr sxvadasxva kombinaciebis gamoyenebiT, aseve Tanamedrove adamians aqvs
unari gaerTiandes sxvadasxva asociaciebSi, monawileoba miiRos ama Tu im
institutebis funqcionirebaSi, tovebdes maT Tu CaTvlis saWirod. adamianTa Soris
yalibdeba moqnili, mobiluri, cvalebadi da mravalferovani kavSirebi. swored
moduluri adamianis arseboba aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis sawindari.
gelneris SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove moduluri, egalitaruli da individualisti
adamianis formireba ukavSirdeba ekonomikisa da politikis daSoriSorebas, Sromis
danawilebas, specializebas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba SesaZlebelia im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomika gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan da amave dros
saxelmwifo asrulebs instrumentalur funqcias ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. am
saxelmwifoSi gamoricxulia nebismieri saxis ideologiuri monopoliis arseboba,
magram Tavad saxelmwifo asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols wesrigis uzrunvelyofis
saqmeSi.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba, gelneris azriT, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
demokratiis cneba, vinaidan is gvexmareba gaverkveT Tanamedrove dasavluri
sazogadoebis socialuri mowyobis arsSi. es aris is arsebiTi, rac dasavlur
demokratias mis Taviseburebas aniWebs.
gelneris modeli moduluri sazogadoebisa, es aris sazogadoebis liberaluri
xedva, romelic, garkveulwilad, upirispirdeba ara marto araliberalur koncef-
ciebs, aramed respublikur da komunitarianul xedvebsac dasavluri sazogadoebis
SigniT. gelneri laparakobs institutebze, struqturul diferenciaciaze, da
mxolod garkveul aspeqtebs aniWebs upiratesobas. amaSi gasarkvevad cota Rrmad unda
CavixedoT Tanamedrove institutebis bunebaSi.
warmovidginoT ori gansxvavebuli situacia. erT SemTxvevaSi, warmoidgineT, rom
dgaxarT metros sadguris baqanze da elodebiT matarebels, romelic tunelidan
39
gamoCnda da baqans uaxlovdeba. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tqven dgaxarT junglebSi,
bilikTan, romliTac spiloebi wylis dasalevad dadian, da uyurebT spilos (spiloebs),
romelic am bilikiT giaxlovdebaT.
orive SemTxvevaSi Tqveni goneba msgavs refleqtorul signalebs iZleva —
gamoyofs adrenalins, rac bunebrivia, rodesac raRaca didi da potneciurad saSiSi
giaxlovdebaT didi siCqariT. es xdeba refleqtorulad, qvecnobierad, da TavisTavad
ar ganapirobebs Tqvens qcevas. kognituri reaqciebi ki, am or SemTxvevaSi savaraudod
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, Tqven adgilidan
ar daiZvrebiT, vinaidan mSvenivrad iciT, rom matarebeli relsebs gahyveba, Tqvens
gverdiT Caivlis, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqveni sxeuli safrTxis signals iZleva,
Tqven arafers ar riskavT. meore SemTxvevaSi, viTareba ufro gaurkvevelia. Tqven
winaswar ver gansazRvravT spilos qcevas. Tqven iq rom ar yofiliyaviT, spilo,
savaraudod, gayveboda biliks, rogorc is amas Cveulebrivad akeTebs. magram Tqveni iq
yofna masze axdens zegavlenas da SeiZleba gaabrazos kidec. matareblisgan
gansxvavebiT, spilosTan Tqveni urTierToba interaqciulia (matarebelTan araa
interaqciuli, imitom rom Tqveni arseboba-araraseboba ar axdens gavlenas
matareblis qcevaze), da Sesabamisad am urTierTqmedebis Sedegi konteqstualurad
ganpirobebulia. anu, Tuki spilo moTvinierebulia, da Tqvendami SeCveuli, anu Tqvens
Soris ndoba da nacnoboba arsebobs, safrTxe praqtikulad ar arsebobs. magram Tuki
spilo veluria, interaqciis Sedegi SeiZleba Tqvens Soris arsebul ZalTa
Tanafardobaze iyos damokidebuli. magaliTad, Tuki Tofi gaqvT da nadirobas
apirebT, erTia, xolo Tuki spilosi geSiniaT da girCevniaT gzidan gaecaloT — sxva.
Tanamedroveobis institutebi universalisturia, anu maTi funqcionireba
winaswarmetyvelebadia, rogorc matareblis marSruti. mgzavrs, romelic dgas baqanze,
ar sWirdeba Tofis srola, raTa aiZulos memanqane gaaCeros da waiyvanos is
daniSnulebis adgilas. mgzavrma icis, Tu ras unda elodes matareblisgan, da es codna
aZlevs SesaZleblobas dagegmos Tavisi gadaadgileba, moifiqros moqmedeba, romelic
windawin gansazRvrul Sedegs gamoiRebs.
amasTan, Tanamderoveobis institutebi universaluria, anu indiferentuli im
konteqstis mimarT, romelSiac isini moqmedeben. matareblisTvis absoluturad
sulerTia, Tu vin dgas baqanze, Tundac aravin ar idges, is iq mainc gaaCerebs. cxadia, aq
laparakia matareblis `idealur tipze” da ara, magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos
viTarebaze, sadac zogjer SesaZlebelia, memanqanes dauZaxo rom man Tqvens sofelTan
Seanelos svla da CagsvaT matarebelSi - rac kidev ufro savaraudoa, Tuki memanqane
Tqveni mezobelia an axlobeli. maSin matareblis moZraoba ukve emorCileba ara
pirveli tipis — universalur — logikas, aramed meore tipis — partikularistul —
mimarTebebs. is xdeba interaqciuli, da misi Sedegebi ganpirobebulia im ZalisxmeviT,
romelsac mxareebi iCenen am interaqciis dros. pirveli tipis institutebi atareben
neitralur, obieqtur xasiaTs im gagebiT, rom yovelTvis erTnairad moqmedeben da
winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs iZlevian, maSin rodesac meore tipis urTierTobebi
winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs ar iZleva.
gidensi `Tanamedroveobas” aigiveebs institutebis mimarT iseTi ndobis
gavrcelebasTan, romelic dakavSirebulia sivrcisa da drois universalizaciasTan,
anu am institutebis advil da calsaxa gadatanasTan da gavrcelebasTan mTel
msoflioSi, universaluri da universalisturi saxiT, rac, gakveulwilad, codnis
faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. ndoba am institutebis mimarT ganpirobebulia maTi
winaswarmetyvelebadobiTa da obieqturobiT, funqcionirebis Sinaganad
ganpirobebuli logikiT, romelic mowyvetilia konteqsts da garemoebebs. es aris
40
vinaidan aqtiur politikur da ekonomikur saqmianobas ar iyo miCveuli. am sferoebma
ki, gansakuTrebiT politikurma sferom, miizides sxva adamianebi, romlebic naklebad
ganicdidnen samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis (wesiereba, Rirseba) zewolas. politikurma
eTikam dajabna samoqalaqo eTika, xolo Zalaufleba da simdidre gaxda bevrad ufro
mniSvnelovani sazomi warmatebis, vidre wesiereba da Rirseba.
Sesabamisad iklo, da ara gaizarda sazogadoebrivma kapitalma da ndobam. amas
sxvadasxva sociologiuri gamokvlevebi adasturebs, magram es isedac Cans.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi ukve im periodSi iwyeba
(daaxl. 1994 w.), rodesac adre arsebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri
amboxebis talRam iklo, da ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi kapitali masobrivi
organizaciebis Sesaqmnelad. is enTuziastebi, romlebic qmnian samoqalaqo
organizaciebs, maleve rwmundebian, rom maTi Zalisxmeva masobrivi nebayoflobiTi
organizaciebis Seqmnisa Sedegis momtani ver iqneba. Sedegianad moqmedeben mxolod
isini, vinc advilad iwereba axal, samoqalaqo gagebiT araeTikur, magram politikuri
gagebiT efeqtur saqmianobaSi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. axali seqtoris eTika
konfliqtSi modis Zveli sazogadoebis eTikasTa, rac mianiSnebs, rom Cvens mier
ganxiluli doneebidan arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da Zveli sazogadoebrioba
sxvadasxva doneebze aRmoCndebian. gzadagza am dapirispirebas gamoeyofa Sualeduri —
saeqsperto done, romelic met-naklebi stabilurobiT imkvidrebs adgils
profesiuli, codnaze orientirebuli viwro organizaciebis saxiT.
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi arasamTavrobo seqtorma ganvlo ganviTarebis sruli
cikli — pirveli donidan meores gavliT mesame, politikur donemde, da daasrula es
cikli vardebis revoluciis mowyobiT. rogor icvleboda am periodSi mimarTeba
adgilobriv organizaciebsa da `globalur samoqalaqo sazogadoebas” Soris, romelic
saqarTveloSi am wlebSi metwilad iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis, evraziis
fondis, sxva fondebis, amerikis ganviTarebis saagentos, euTos struqturebisa da sxva
samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT?
sorosis fondis mier gasacemi grantebi 10 wlis win aucileblobiT ukavSirdeboda
Semdeg moTxovnebs grantis mimRebTa mimarT: maT ar unda aeRoT xelfasebi da
honorarebi grantis fulidan; maT ar unda gamoeyenebinaT grantis saxsrebi
politikuri saqminobisTvis; grantis mimRebi organizaciis masobrioba da saqmianobis
Sida demokratiuloba unda yofiliyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli,
romliTac fasdeboda grantis mimRebi.
ramdenime wlis praqtikam aCvena, rom es moTxovnebi masobrivad irRveoda im
gagebiT, rom vinc grantebs axorcielebda, imaT unda mieRoT anazRaureba, sxvanairad
seriozuli da kargi proeqtebi ver xorcieldeboda. TandaTan Camoyalibda `profe-
sionalTa” viwro wre, romlebic gaxdnen arasamTavrobo seqtoris `specialistebi”,
maT, sxva sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT kargad aiTvises bevri Teoriuli da praqtikuli
unar-Cveva, rac sWirdeba warmatebul arasamTavrobo saqmianobas. maTi organizaciebi
damkvidrda, magram masobrivi ar gaxda. am organizaciebis mier warmoebulma
profesiulma produqtma (publikaciebi, konferenciebi, iuridiuli konsultaciebi,
adamianTa uflebebis dacva, sociologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba) seriozuli adgili
daimkvidres sazogadoebaSi.
amdenad, am etapze Cven saqme gvaqvs codnaze dafuZnebul profesionalebTan,
romlebic sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan produqts
awarmoeben. es produqti aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiis funqcionirebisaTvis.
am periodSi sorosis fondi ukve uSvebs grantebis biujetSi saxelfaso saxsrebis
gaTvaliswinebas, da met grantebs iZleva saeqsperto, profesiuli momsaxurebis
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Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba
demokratia sxvadasxva Rirebulebrivi orientaciebis mqone eqspertebis mier, iqneba
aseve SesaZloa gansxvavebuli pasuxebi demokratiis arseboba-ararsebobis Taobaze da
misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis gzebis Sesaxeb. am donis midgomis erT-erTi tipuri
magaliTia reedom ouse, romelic iyenebs demokratiis garkveul instrumentalizire-
bul ganmartebas da zomavs demokratiis dones msoflios praqtikulad yvela qveya-
naSi. meore kargi magaliTia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
zogierTi avtoris TvalSi saqarTveloSi arsebobs da viTardeba, xolo sxva avtorTa
TvalsazrisiT, dakninebis procesSi imyofeba da praqtikulad ar arsebobs.
da bolos, mesame done — es aris politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis veli. aq,
am velSi, mTavar mniSvnelobas iZenen politikosebi, xolo diskursuli eTika
ZalauflebisTvis brZoliT aris nakarnaxevi. kiTxva imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara
saqarTveloSi demokratia aq SeiZens politizebul xasiaTs. es imas niSnavs, rom
xelisufleba aucileblobiT ilaparakebs demokratiis miRwevebze saqarTveloSi,
xolo opozicia — imaze, rom demokratia ar aris, da rom xelisufleba (an mmarTveli
elita) arRvevs demokratiis fuZemdeblur normebs. am diskursis eTika sufTa
manipulaciuri xdeba, xolo droiTi orientaciebi — metad mokle. anu, Tuki pirveli
diskursi ar svamda raime droiT orientirebs, da usasrulod SeiZleba gagrZele-
buliyo, meore ki, met-naklebad realisturobas cdilobda, mesame, politikuri
diskursi Cqarobs da rac SeiZleba male cdilobs Zalauflebis mopovebas. am eTikaSi
mTavaria gamarjveba, gamarjvebuls ar sjian, xolo Sedegi amarTlebs saSualebebs.
Sesabamisad, Cveni sakvanZo fraza — `saqarTveloSi aris (an ar aris) demokratia” sam
gansxvavebul diskursSi sam gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens. erT SemTxvevaSi is
gamoxatavs moqalaqeobriv pozicias, meoreSi - saeqsperto Sefasebas, xolo mesameSi —
politikur propagandas.
problema, rogorc adre avRniSneT, rodesac am diskursebs vswavlobdiT, Cndeba
maSin, rodesac ar viciT, rasTana gvaqvs saqme. Tu diskursebi ar aris erTmaneTisgan
struqturulad diferencirebuli, sazogadoeba ver icavs sakuTri diskursis vels
politikuri manipulaciisgan. maSin mosalodnelia, rom keTili survili
moqalaqeobrivi urTierTobisa an akademiuri ganwyoba simarTlis Ziebisa gaxdes
msxverpli arakeTilsindisieri propagandisa, romelsac politikuri sarCuli eqneba.
diskursis warmoebis meTodis daucveloba daukargvas am diskurss WeSmarit arss da
mouspobs adamianebs ndobas mis mier warmoebuli Sedegebisadmi, da momavali
urTierTobisadmi. politizireba amcirebs ndobas moqalaqeTa Soris — im ndobas,
romelic qmnis socialur kapitals da safuZvelSi udevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas.
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi CvenSi arsebobda is, rasac Tamamad
SeiZleba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saxeli ewodos, erTaderTi im sxvaobiT, rom is iyo
Crdilovani, saxelmwifosgan dafaruli da arasajaro. magram es iyo sazogadoeba adam
smitisa da sxva klasikosebis gagebiT, vinaidan masSi adamianebi umaRles Rirebu-
lebebad ixilavdnen wesierebas, sakuTari sindisis normebsa da Rirsebas. vinaidan
politikuri da ekonomikuri warmatebis miRwevis gzebi am sazogadoebis eTikis nor-
mebis CarCoebSi praqtikulad ar arsebobda, an iyo metad SezRuduli, am sazogadoebis
wevrTa mTeli cxovrebiseuli Zalisxmeva profesiuli da adamianuri standartebis
amaRlebaze iyo gadatanili. pirovnebis TviTrealizeba TviTsrulyofasac gulis-
xmobda.
am Crdilovanma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam perestroikis gziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TviTlikvidireba moaxdina. is gamovida quCebSi da CaerTo politikaSi Tavisuflebisa
da samarTlianobis moTxovniT, magram Zalian male isev pasiur arsebobas daubrunda,
72
saeqsperto, samarTlebrivi, racionalur-biurokratiuli (veberiseuli ganmartebiT)
institutebi, romlebiTac iqmneba Tanamedrove saSualo klasis arsebobis saimedo,
sando safuZveli, myari, `Seswavaladi” saarsebo garemo. es institutebi advilad
inacvleben konteqstidan konteqstSi, da, amgvarad, globalizaciisa da modernizaciis
`damrtymel Zalas” warmoadgenen.
ndoba partikularistuli institutebis mimarT, sapirispirod, aris sxva tipis, da
ar efuZneba Sedegebis winaswar ganWvretis SesaZleblobas. instituti individs aZlevs
Sanss, magram Sedegi sxva garemoebebzec aris damokidebuli, kerZod ki TviT individis
Zalisxmevaze. ase, qorwinebis instituti emyareba garkveul warmodgenebsa da normebs,
magram ojaxis arsebobis SenarCunebas yvela wyvili ver axerxebs. momavlis standartsa
da garantias aravin iZleva, yvelaferi ojaxis wevrebzea damokidebuli, imaze, Tu
ramdenad moaxerxeben isini erTmaneTTan aranulovanjamovani, urTierTsasargeblo
urTierTobebis agebas. sapirispirod, universalistur institutebSi, rodesac,
magaliTad, mwvane Suqi inTeba gzaze gadasvlisas, wesiT es niSnavs ara Sanss gzis
mSvidobianad gadakveTisa, aramed mis garantias. aqve davZenT, rom institutebis
formalurad daTqmuli universalizmi realurad srulad ar xorcieldeba, da miT
ufro naklebad xorcieldeba, rac ufro aradasavluri qveynebisken vinacvlebT. ase,
samxreTis qveynebSi, anTebuli mwvane Suqi swored rom Sansia, da ara garantia gzis
mSvidobiani gadakveTisa, vinaidan moZraobis formaluri wesebi ki arsebobs, magram
xSirad araferi ar Rirs, xolo gzebze bevria `jigiti”, romlebic swored Sansebze
arian orientirebuli, da ara garantiebze.
“me ar var relativisti” — ambobs gelneri (Tavi 29, gv.217 rus) `da iseTi
WeSmaritebis arseboba, romelic scdeba kulturul barierebs, meCveneba adamianTa
arsebobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtad. es faqti imavdroulad samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis erT-erTi sawyisia, vinaidan man uzrunvelyo misi warmoSobis umTavresi
piroba — Semecnebis, kognituri zrdis ganviTareba da absolutizmis uaryofa”.
winaswarmetyvelebadoba, universaluroba da neitraluroba aris is
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gelneriseul socialur modulur struqturas axasiaTebs.
adamianis moduluroba niSnavs misi qcevis garkveuli universaluri standartis
arsebobas, romelic damoukidebelia mocemuli adamianis politikuri da
msoflmxedveluri Taviseburebebisgan, misi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri
Zalauflebisgan (sxva adamianebTan arsebuli ZalTa balansisgan). sxva sityvebiT, es
niSnavs adaminebs Soris universalisturi eTikis moqmedebas, rac individualizmis
safuZvelia. im eTikisa, romelsac gelneris winamorbedi liberalebi icavdnen, da
romlis sawyisi TviT adamianSia, da ara mis garemocvaSi, TviT adamianis ganwyobaSi iyos
orientirebuli gaTvlad, codniT uzrunvelyofil, saimedo momavalze. mis
Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofs misi unari gansazRvros sakuTari momavali, rac mxolod
universalisturi institutebis funqcionirebis fonzea SesaZlebeli.
gelneris midgomis naklovaneba swored mis calmxrivobaSia. moduluri adamiani
ver amyarebs interaqciul urTierTobebs — urTierTobebs, romlis drosac is axerxebs
gavlena moaxdinos sxvebze (da sxvebis zemoqmedebas ganicdis). sxvebTan misi moduluri
SekavSirebis sixiste ganapirobebs am urTierTobis dros yvela monawilis
Tavisuflebas. magram zogjer Cven ar gvinda Tavisufleba sazogadoebisgan, rogorc
ar gvinda Tavisufleba Cveni axloblebisgan. Tuki gvinda, rom movaxdinoT zegavlena
sazogadoebaze, da mzada varT amisTvis `gavixsnaT~, maSin gza unda gaikafos
arauniversalizebul sferoSi, sadac aravin icis, Tu ras moelodos erTimeorisgan,
sadac SesaZlebelia aranuljamovani Sedegi, romelsac mxareTa erToblivi Zalisxmeva
warmoqnis.
41
literatura:
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books chapters 10, 11,12,29
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123
Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-
dan, 10 gv.
Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000 Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative
democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press
42
sofiuri, inteleqtualuri, msoflmxedvelobiTi, Rirebulebrivi Tvalsawieridan. es
ufro akademiuri an moqalaqeobrivi msjelobaa, rodesac laparakia `maRal
materiebze”, samarTlianobis bazisur cnebebze, rodesac gadawyvetileba arasdros
aris sabolooo, aramed is aris mxolod etapi usasrulo jaWvSi msjelobisa, romelsac
axali da axali Taobebi uerTdeba. am doneze iseTi gamonaTqvami, rogoricaa
`saqarTveloSi aris demokratia”, an `saqarTveloSi ar aris demokratia” gamoxatavs
moqalaqeobriv SeSfoTebas garkveuli idealebis ganuxorcieleblobis gamo, an
piriqiT, sixaruls am idealebTan miaxloebis gamo. es msjeloba gulisxmobs imaze
msjelobasac, Tu ras warmoadgenen es idealebi, da imis Sefasebasac, Tu ramdenad
misaRebia arsebuli mdgomareoba.
amgvari, Cveni terminologiiT `respublikuri” donis msjeloba, rogorc viciT,
transformaciulia (interaqciuli). mis dros adamianebi cdiloben erTmaneTze
zegavlenis moxdenas da amave dros sakuTari Sexedulebebis daxvewas. am doneze iqmneba
sazogadoebrivi kontraqti — bazisuri samarTlianobis principebiT aRWurvili
erToba. misi mTavari principia monawileoba — anu, kontraqti dadebulia, Tuki yvela
aRiarebs erTobis arsebobas, romelSiac yvela Tanabaruflebamosilia ilaparakos
sxvebis winaSe da aRiarebs sxvebis monawileobis uflebas. am erTobis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs yvela — sazogadoebrioba farTo gagebiT; misi institutebia eklesia,
universiteti, Teatri, muzeumi da sxva. am doneze aravin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli,
monawileoba am msjelobaSi TviTmizania, da Seesabameba adamianis Sinagan
moTxovnilebas.
cxadia, rom aq Cven ar moveliT imas, rom am diskusiiT iqneba miRweuli erTiani
Sexeduleba imaze Tu ras warmoadgens demokratia. Seiqmneba ubralod raRac
Rirebulebebis rigi, romlebic masTan arian asocirebuli.
gadavideT Semdeg doneze. davuSvaT, rom romelime mosaubreebi mtkiced
Camoyalibdnen sakuTar SexedulebebSi demokratiis Sesaxeb da aRar undaT am saubris
gagrZeleba (miuxedavad imisa, rom maT Soris aucileblad darCeba garkveuli, da,
SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi). Semdegi kiTxva, romelic maT SeiZleba gauCndeT, es
aris `rogor?” — rogor SeiZleba dasaxuli idealebis realizeba?
am etapze adamianebi ukve Camoyalibebuli SexedulebebiT (romlebic aucileblo-
biT mravalferovani iqneba) gadadian meore doneze da iwyeben konkretuli realizebis
gzebis Ziebas maTi Sexedulebebis realizebisTvis. maT SeiZleba mxari dauWiron
konkretul reformebs, institucionalur gardaqmnebs da policy-s romelic maTTvis
yvelaze mimzidvelia. aq ukve SeiZleba Cndebodes diskusia romelic codnaze iqneba
damyarebuli — viTarebis Sefaseba, strategiebis Seswavla da propagandireba, winada-
debebis da kanonproeqtiebis SemuSaveba. es kvalificiuri, saeqsperto msjelobis
arealia, romelSiac eqspertebi iCenen Tavs, da codna wamyvan rols TamaSobs.
mivaqcioT yuradReba, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore doneze codnaa wamyvani iaraRi,
Rirebulebrivad neitraluri es msjeloba ukve ar aris, vinaidan monawileebs pirveli
donidan ukve aqvT gamotanili sxvadasxvanairi orientaciebi. anu SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
memarjvene an memarcxene, konservatori an liberali eqspertebi, romlebic arsebiTad
gansxvavebul politikur strategiebs SeimuSaveben. ar arsebobs policy, romelic
pirveli donisadmi neitraluri iqneba. jansaRi meore done unda warmoqmnides
pluralistur strategiebs, pirveli donis dayofebis Sesabamisad. am doneze msjeloba
imis Sesaxeb aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia — Cvens konkretul magaliTs rom
davubrundeT — iqneba mowyobili Semdegnairad: jer iqneba SemuSavebuli opera-
cionalizebuli ganmarteba imisa, Tu ra aris demokratia, xolo Semdgom am
ganmartebisa da empiriuli faqtebis SedarebiT iqneba dadgenili (dasabuTebuli) aris
71
umaRlesi Rirebulebaa, da demokratia, rogorc politikuri Tanasworobis gansaxi-
ereba, imyofeba maT Rirebulebriv sistemaSi metad maRal doneze. postsabWoTa saqar-
Tvelos ara hyavs politikuri elitebi, gamoyofili samoqalaqo sazogadoebisgan,
aristokratiuli sazogadoebis msgavsad (tokviliseuli gagebiT). amdenad, Tuki
egalitaruli sazogadoeba ar marTavs TviTon, tikviliseuli gagebiT, vin unda
marTavdes mas? tokvilis pasuxi am kiTxvaze cnobilia — amgvar sazogadoebebs emuqreba
demokratiis tiraniuli forma, anu is, rasac Cven aq ufro araliberaluri
demokratiis saxeliT movixseniebT.
dabali wevroba arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi da politikur partiebSi,
sazogadoebis uunaroba marTos TviTon, unda ganvixiloT rogorc politikuri
sistemis sakmaod stabiluri da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romelic
ganapirobebs politikuri reJimis xasiaTs da sxva maCveneblebs (an, ufro
swored, maTTan uSualo kavSirSi imyofeba).
2. diskursuli eTikebi: gvaqvs Tu ara saqme sazogadoebriv moZraobasTan
wina ganxilvam SeiZleba Segviqmnas damaxinjebuli warmodgena saqarTveloSi
arsebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebze. kerZod, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini, jer
erTi, yvela erTnairia, da, meore, ganvlili drois ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave saxiT
arsebobda. arc erTi da arc meore mtkicebuleba ar iqneboda swori.
jer erTi, miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
saqarTveloSi metad mravalferovania rogorc saqmianobis stiliT, aseve politikuri
msoflmxedvelobebiTac. garkveuli erTferovneba moCvenebiTia, da ganpirobebulia
didwilad imiTi, rom sajaro sivrceSi (ZiriTadad rusTavi-2-is mier formirebulSi)
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi warmoCindeba rogorc erTgvarad erTiani
konglomerati, romelsac hyavs radenime gamokveTili lideri organizacia (es
organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze kargad finansdeba amasTan). sxva tipis
organizaciebi an ar Canan sajaro sivrceSi, an ar moiazreba `arasamTavrobo seqtoris”
saTauris qveS.
meorec, Tavisi saqmianobis tipiTa da mimarTulebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicdidnen mniSvnelovan transformacias, romelic
ufro dawvrilebiT unda ganvixiloT. es transformacia gvaZlevs safuZvles
vivaraudoT, rom mocemuli seqtori ufro kargad aRiwereba sazogadoebrivi
moZraobebis Teoriis meSveobiT, vidre regularuli, stabilurad arsebuli
samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis terminebiT. am evolucias Cven aq aRvwerT siRrmiseulad,
im cnebiTi aparatis gamoyenebiT, romelic adre aviTviseT.
davubrindeT Cvens mier ganxilul sam diskursul eTikas. iyo naTqvami, rom
TiToeuli eTika gansazRvravs `politikuri” moqmedebis raRac tips. es `politikuri”
moqmedebebi xorcieldeba (prevalirebs) sazogadoebrivi struqturis sxvadasxva
doneebze, rasac sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciacia uzrunvelyofs. kidev
erTxel davubrundeT maT daxasiaTebas.
davuSvaT, rom ramdenime pirovneba saubrobs demokratiaze saqarTveloSi. es
saubari sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba warimarTos. kiTxva — aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi
demokratia — sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeiZleba aRelvebdes da ainteresebdes mosaubreebs.
pirveli, da yvelaze siRrmiseuli done, romelzedac SeiZleba warimarTos
diskusia — es aris TviT demokratiis arsisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb msjeloba filo-
70
leqcia 6
demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia
jer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msoflios sul
ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi `demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi . . . ugulebelyofen
maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqalqeebs ZiriTad
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven”. demokratizaciis mesame talRam msoflioSi
axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romelsac araliberaluri demokratiis
saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur
demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT,
am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia da sayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da
safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidre konstituciuri liberalizmi: `demokratia yvavis,
konstituciuri liberalizmi ki — ara”. sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli
mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas, rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi
auaron, qveyana saprezidento brZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati
opoziciisa da Tavisufali presis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri
uflebebi Selaxon. es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorc
laTinur amerikaSi, aseve yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayovelTao
arCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas, korufciis
SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciur CarCoebSi. aseTi
qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc miekuTvneba.
demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokratiebSi
erTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom konstitucionalizmi
da liberalizmi, orive arsebiTad xelisuflebis SezRudvis, SezRuduli
mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo demokratia xalxis
umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis maqsimalur akumulirebasa da
gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demokratiebSi demokratiis,
konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebi garveul dabalansebul sistemas
qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis principebi aSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris
liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvis aucilebel danarCen komponentebs:
`demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axasiaTebT imis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT
absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT, aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia
gamoiwvios”. igive movlenas aRwers o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier
liderebs, romlebsac sjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar
esmiT, Tu ratom unda dauqvemdebaron Tavisi Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs,
Tuki is, rasac isini akeTeben (rogorc wesi ki es korufciasTan brZolas exeba xolme),
xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania.
axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demokratiebSi
konstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre met-naklebad
samarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, rom xalxis
umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axal demokratiebSi
TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba hpova.
sasargebloa, farid zaqarias dixotomiis garda (demokratia- liberaluri
konstitucionalizmi) ganvixiloT o’donelis SedarebiT ufro Rrma trixotomia:
demokratia, liberalizmi, respublikanizmi. (Semdgomi msjeloba G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996 da G. O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998-is mixedviT)
43
liberalur demokratiebs axasiaTebT ara marto demokratiisadmi erTguleba,
aramed sxva politikuri tradiciebis arsebobac. rogorc wesi maTSi igulisxmeba ori
komponenti, ori politikuri tradicia, romelic didwilad gansazRvravs Tanamedrove
demokratiebis saxes - demokratia da liberalizmi. maTTan erTad arsebobs mesame
tradicia, romlisganac aseve ganuyofelia Tanamedrove demokratiis arseboba - es
aris respublikanizmi. ori politikuri tradiciis - liberalizmisa da
respublikanizmis sisusteze laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi miuTiTebs gilermo
o’doneli, rodesac cdilobs axsnas am qveynebSi damkvidrebuli politikuri reJimebis
Taviseburebebi, maT Soris ara marto demokratiis araliberaluroba, aramed
korufciac.
demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi sxvadasxva istoriul da
inteleqtualur tradiciaSi iReben saTaves. demokratia saTaves iRebs Zvel aTenSi;
respublikanizmi - winaimperiul romSi da zogierT Suasaukunovan italiur qalaqSi;
liberaluri tradicia scenaze gamodis Suasaukunovani evropis feodalur
sazogadoebebSi, xolo Semdgom lokis inglisSi da monteskies safrangeTSi.
winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic am sam tradicias Soris arsebobs, qmnis rTul nazavs,
Tanamedrove demokratiis Ria da dinamiur formas.
liberalizmi icavs individs da mis uflebebs, romlebic arc erTma Zalauflebam ar
SeiZleba Selaxos, da amgvarad, kerZo sferos ganixilavs, sazogadoebriv sferosTan
sapirispirod, im asparezad, sadac yvelaze srulad xdeba adamianis realizeba.
respublikanizmi, iseve rogorc liberalizmi, mkafiod ganasxvavebs kerZo da
sazogadoebriv sferoebs, magram sxva mizezis gamo. respublikanizmi xazs usvams
pirovnebis, miT ufro, mmarTvelis valdebulebebs sazogadoebis winaSe da Tvlis, rom
adamianis umaRlesi Rirsebaa sazogadoebis uangaro samsaxuri.
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebriv sferos, sazogadoebriv interess liberalizmi da
respublikanizmi sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWebs. liberalizmisTvis sazogadoebrivi
interesi es aris yvelas interesi, kerZo interesebis nakrebi da maTgan gamomdinare
jamuri Sedegi. respublikanizmisTvis es aris saerTo interesi, interesi, romelic
maRla dgas TiToeul kerZo interesze da, romelsac kerZo interesi SeiZleba Seewiros
kidec.
gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba, romelsac liberalizmi da respublikanizmi aniWebs
kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferos, iwvevs gansxvavebul daskvnebs politikuri
uflebebisa da movaleobebis, moqalaqeobisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, sxva
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic politikuri debatebis arsia. yvela es debatebi
gamomdinareobs im mkafio zRvaris arsebobidan, romelic asxvavebs kerZosa da
sazogadoebrivs, da romelic orive tradiciis mieraa xazgasmuli.
miuxedavad am winaaRmdegobrivi Sinagani logikisa, liberalizmsac da
respublikanizmsac aqvs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra, romelic ganapirobebs maT organul
Tanaarsebobas erTi sazogadoebisa da erTi demokratiuli sistemis CarCoebSi: orive
realizdeba kanonisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pativiscemaSi. ra gziTac ar unda
iaroT, liberaluriT Tu respublikuriT, mixvalT iseTi samarTlebrivi wesrigis
aRiarebamde, romelSic adamianis da sazogadoebis urTierTobas aregulirebs
universaluri, yvelasaTvis erTnairi kanoni. es kanoni ara marto icavs adamianis
universalur (yvelasTvis erTnair) Tavisuflebebs, aramed gansazRvravs mis
valdebulebebs sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe. Sedegad Tanamedrove
demokratiis moqalaqe aris ara marto Tavisufali, aramed pasuxismgebeli, misi
Tavisufleba ganuyofelia sazogadoebis (da ara mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari
ojaxis) winaSe misi pasuxismgeblobisgan.
44
sivrcidan da sityvis prioritetuli Tavisuflebis damkvidreba mxolod maTTvis, vinc
mas upirobod emxroba. anu strategiulad momgebiania misi damkvidreba dominanturi
ideologiis saxiT, sajaro sivrcis Sesabamisi monopolizebiT. am dominanturi
ideologiis rols am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs neoliberaluri doqtrina, romlis
mixedviTac sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba avtomaturad iwvevs kargi donis presis
Seqmnasa da media - auditoriis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas. xdeba sakiTxis mkveTri
ideologizireba, rac iwvevs Sesabamisi jgufis gadasrolas samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebidan politikur sazogadoebaSi, xolo inkluziuri sazogadoebrivi diskursis
nacvlad - eqskluziuri politikuri Zalauflebis miznad dasaxvas. imas, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom es logika efeqturad moqmedebs postsabWoTa sivrceSi, Cven dabla
davubrundebiT.
Tuki neoliberaluri, ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) eTika
sazogadoebaSi sWarbobs, xolo liberaluri da respublikuri komponentebi sustia,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formaluri organizaciuli struqturebi (institutebi) am
konteqstis Sesabamisad ganicdian racionalur araformalur transformacias. maTi
Riaoba ver ganxorcieldeba im saxiT, rogoradac igi navaraudevia. inkluziuri,
samoqalaqo xasiaTis nacvlad isini iZenen politikur, eqskluziur xasiaTs.
erTaderTi, rac ucvleli rCeba, aris is terminologia da warmodgenebi, romelic
Tavidanve edo safuZvlad maT Camoyalibebas, da romelic am transformirebul
konteqstSi "yalb cnobierebad" iqceva. es aris warmodgena, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs
realobas, da kvlavidneburad uwodebs am organizaciebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
institutebs, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon demokratiis damkvidrebas. isini marTlac
uwyoben xels "demokratizacias", magram es sxva tipis, "avangardistuli", "ideolo-
giuri" demokratiaa (liberaluri demokratiis sapirispirod), iseve rogorc TviT es
institutebi ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, aramed sazogadoebis "avangardis"
institutebs warmoadgenen saboloo jamSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq naxsenebi socialuri
konteqsti ar unda gavigoT rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis kulturulad
ganpirobebuli raime Tavisebureba, aramed rogorc qveynis istoriuli warsulisa da
ekonomikuri da globalisturi viTarebebis erToblioba, romelic sxva postsabWoTa
respublikebSic iCens Tavs.
uaRresad dabali maCveneblebi arasamaTavrobo organizaciebSi gawevrianebis,
romelbic damaxasiaTebelia posttotalitaruli qveynebisTvis, (Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge University Press; 2003) aris
maTi saerTo maCvenebeli. aTas sul moqalaqeze posttotalitarul demokratiebSi
(aRmosavleTi evropa, baltiispira qveynebi), modis gacilebiT naklebi raodenobis
adamiani, romelic gawevrianebulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi Tu politikur
partiebSi, vidre es xdeba ara marto Zvel demokratiebSi, aramed postavtoritarul
qveynebSic ki.
postsabWoTa ganviTarebis wlebma aCvenes, rom tokviliseuli gamowveva Cvennairi
qveynebisTvis gadaulaxavi aRmoCnda. miuxedvad uaRresad bevri mcdelobebisa da
axali da axali wamowyebebisa, romlebic miznad sazogadoebis gaaqtirurebas da mis
mier mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas isaxavda miznad, araferi gamovida.
qarTuli sazogadoeba awarmoebs opoziciur diskurss, akritikebs mTavrobas da,
uaRresi gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi, gamodis quCaSi mTavrobis Camosagdebad. magram
revoluciebsa da arCevnebs Soris is ar aqtiurobs, da axdens mTeli mmarTvelobiTi
pasuxismgeblobis delegirebas xelisuflebaze (gaixseneT delegirebuli demokratiis
cneba). amave dros qarTuli sazogadoeba (da mTlianad postsabWoTa sazogadoebebi)
uaRresad egalitarulia, da, tokvilis gagebiT, demokratiuli. Tanasworoba maTTvis
69
fondebisgan da ucxouri mTavrobebisgan, arcTu bevri darCeba dRes arsebuli
mravalferovnebisgan.
b. arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi momuSave pirTa xelfasi (anazRaureba,
honorarebi) bevrad aRemateba qveynis moqalaqeTa saSualo Semosavals.
c. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis personali umetes SemTxvevebSi warmoadgens
profesiul, energiul da prodasavlur axalgazrdobas, romelsac SeiZleba `qarTuli
iapebis” socialuri fena vuwodoT. amdenad, am organizaciebSi gawevrianebulebi arian
ara saSualo, reprezentatuli moqalaqeebi, aramed sazogadoebis garkveuli
elitaruli fena, romelic xSirad Tavs "axal inteleqtualebad" da sazogadoebis
avangardad iazrebs.
d. zRvari arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da politikur organizacias Soris
didwilad waSlilia. saxezea rogorc brZola ama Tu im politikuri iniciati-
vebisaTvis, politikuri agitaciiT saarCevno periodebSi, aramed pirovnebaTa uSualo
monawileoba politikaSi, brZola ZalauflebisaTvis.
aSkaraa, rom saxezea institutebis arainkluziuri, eqskluziuri transformacia,
romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis am organizaciebis Ria sazogadoebis institutad
gadaqcevis gegmasTan. amdenad, Tu gamoviyenebT olsonis midgomas, SesaZloa
vivaraudod, rom mizezi, romlis gamoc am formalurma organizaciebma amgvari
transformacia ganicades, mdgomareobs maTi wevrebis racionaluri motivaciebis
bunebaSi da im miznebis xasiaTSi, romlebsac es wevrebi isaxaven.
qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis viwro-jgufuri, eqskluziuri bunebis
asaxsnelad SesaZloa wamovayenoT ori hipoTeza - erTi, ekonomikuri, ufro aSkaraa,
xolo meore, politikuri, met gansja-analizs moiTxovs.
ekonomikuri mizezis hipoTeza SesabamisobaSia sabazro meqanizmebis analizTan da
gulisxmobs, rom arsebuli organizaciebi warmoadgenen ekonomikis axal segments,
romelic funqcionirebs jamobrivad SezRuduli ekonomikuri bazris aTvisebaze
(saerTaSoriso fondebis grantebi), da amdenad, racionalurad miiswrafvis stra-
tegiuli moqmedebisken eqskluziuri miznebis misaRwevad. anu is, rom dafinansebis
wyaroebs Seadgenen saerTaSoriso fondebis jamobrivad SezRuduli resursebi da ara
sazogadoebis Teoriulad SeuzRudavi nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebi, ayalibebs
seqtoris saxes da saqmianobis elfers.
meore hipoTeza garkveulwilad pirvelTanaa kavSirSi. Tavisi arsiT igi efuZneba
sxvaobas ideologiur (partikularistul) da samarTlebriv (universalistur)
legitimaciebs Soris. (adre Cvens mier gamoyenebul sam diskursul eTikas Tu
gavixsenebT, aq erTmaneTs upirispirdeba demokratiuli diskursis eTika da
liberalur-respublikuri diskursebis eTikebi. pirveli qmnis brZolas
ZalauflebisTvis, romelic aris eqskluziuri resursi, xolo danarCeni ori —
horizontalur urTierTobebs, romlebic inkluziurobas ganapirobeben).
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT jgufi, romelic iswrafvis sityvis Tavisuflebis
dacvas. sityvis Tavisufleba aSkarad inkluziuri faseulobaa, romelic wesiT Ria da
masobriv koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca ki nebismier sazogadoebaSi
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian sityvis Tavisuflebis garkveul SezRudvas
eTikuri da sxva mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. mokled, maT, mediis Tavisuflebis garda
(da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac), aRelvebT im produqtis xarisxi, romelic iqmneba mediis
sivrceSi. sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis diskursiuli logika moiTxovs maT Tanabar
monawileobas sakiTxis ganxilvasa da Sesabamisi normebis institucionalizebaSi;
sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) logika
gulisxmobs, rom politikurad ufro efeqturia amgvari adamianebis gariyva sajaro
68
rodesac vambobT, rom sazogadoebrivi da kerZo sferoebi erTmaneTisgan
gancalkevebulia, es sulac ar niSnavs am sferoebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
arsebobas. liberalizmisgan da respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokratia ki ar
aSoriSorebs erTmaneTisgan kerZos da sazogadoebrivs, aramed piriqiT - maT Soris
kavSirs amyarebs. demokratiis meqanizmebSi Cadebulia is, rac axdens kerZo da
sazogadoebrivi interesebis erTmaneTze mibmas. demokratiis CarTviT xdeba swored
interesTa mravalnairi konfliqtebis mogvareba, rogorc kerZo pirTa, aseve
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris.
demokratia, respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar moiTxovs mmarTvelebisgan
gansakuTrebul keTilSobilebas; piriqiT, demokratia gulisxmobs, rom nebismiers
SeuZlia qveynis marTva. aseve, demokratia, liberalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar fiqrobs,
rom pirovneba daculi unda iyos imisgan, rasac xalxi, xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets.
demokratia uzrunvelyofs liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis mier daSoriSorebul
kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris harmoniuli balansis damyarebas.
bolo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi es sami tradicia gaerTianebula
mravalnairad da cvalebadad. nebismieri maTganisTvis gadaWarbebuli upiratesobis
miniWebam SeiZleba demokratias safrTxe Seuqmnas. demokratia liberalizmisa da
respublikanizmis gareSe SeiZleba umravlesobis tiraniad gardaiqmnas, liberalizmi
demokratiisa da respublikanizmis gareSe - plutokratiad, xolo respublikanizmi
liberalizmisa da demokratiis gareSe gadagvardeba TviTdajerebuli elitis
paternalistur mmarTvelobad.
qveynis konstitucia da kanonmdebloba, romelic teritoriulad gansazRvruli
saxelmwifos arsebobas ukavSirdeba, yvela am tradiciis najeria. saxelmwifo aris
demokratiis meoTxe komponenti, romelic misi xasiaTis mniSvnelovan elementebs
gansazRvravs.
bevri qveyana, romlisTvisac, inglisisgan Tu safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT,
demokratia `saxlSi nazardi produqti~ araa, xSirad cdilobs daamkvidros is kanonebi
da konstitucia, romelic ganviTarebuli demokratiebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur mowyobas Seefereba. am dros iwyeba usasrulo
kamaTi imaze, Tu ra aris ukeTesi - cxovreba aigos am kanonebisa da institutebis
Sesabamisad, Tu kanonebi SemuSavdes realuri cxovrebis mixedviT. cxadia, orive mxare
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. magram ufro arsebiTia is, rom Tavad universalisturi
kanonebis SemoReba Tanamedroveobis niSania, Tanamedrove epoqis movlena. maT ukan
dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri tradiciebi dgas, romelic Znelad Tu
gascda dasavleTis sazRvrebs, miuxedavad sxva samyaros mravali qveynis pretenziisa,
demokratiis saxeli darqmeoda. dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri
principebis gabatoneba ki am mxriv ukavSirdeba erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas da kapitalizmis damkvidrebas.
erovnuli saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze samarTlianobis dacvis funqcias mas
mere, rac xorcieldeba samarTlis kodireba kanonebis saxiT da samarTlebrivi kanonis
dacva xdeba samarTlebirivi saxelmwifos funqcia. amdenad samarTali realizdeba
kanonis meSveobiT, da ara piriqiT - samarTlianobis damkvidreba kanonidan
gamomdinareobs. samarTlianobis damkvidrebas universaluri kanonis gziT
safuZvelSi unda edos samarTlianobis universalisturi principebi, iseTi, rogorsac
dasavleTSi demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi warmoadgenen. SesaZlebelia
ki, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arseboba sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobaze raime saxis
universalisturi Sexedulebebis arsebobis gareSe?
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kavSiri
45
liberalizmTan da respublikanizmTan aseve SeiZleba ganvixiloT kerZo da
sazogadoebrivi sferos daSoriSorebis sibrtyeSi. swored kerZos da sazogadoebrivis
daSoriSoreba xdis SesaZlebels iseT sazogadoebriv mowyobas, rodesac ekonomikuri
da politikuri Zalaufleba aRaraa moqceuli erTian piramidaSi. kapitalisti
SeiZleba iyos bevrad ufro mdidari xelisuflebis nebismier warmomadgenelze ise,
rom misi Tavisufleba ar iyos Selaxuli (Tavisuflebis dacvis liberaluri principi),
xolo respublikanizmis Sedegia is, rom xelisufali, romelic sazogadoebas uangarod
emsaxureba, sanacvlod sayovelTao aRiarebas moixveWs, rac mis uangarobas aniWebs ara
altruizmis, aramed racionalurobis elfers.
amdenad, Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi dasavleTis qveynebSi sazogadoebrivis da
kerZos, saxelmwifos da ekonomikis calke sferoebad Camoyalibeba (rac aseve
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba) SeiZleba demokratiuli,
liberaluri da respublikuri principebis WrilSi ganvixiloT. am sferoebis es
araTanxvedra mniSvnelovania ara mxolod kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebisTvis,
aramed warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.
warmomadgenlobiToba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi
rodesac demokratia pirdapiri demokratiaa, anu sajaro adgilas Sekrebil
moqalaqeTa mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebis nairsaxeobaa, maSin ar arsebobs arCeviTi,
warmomadgenlobiTi xelisufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ar Cndeba.
magram Tanamedrove demokratia ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiT xasiaTs atarebs,
romelic dafuZnebulia mmarTvelebis arCevis principze.
xelisuflebis arCeviT demokratia aTavsebs kerZo interesebis mqone pirovnebas
sazogadoebriv sferoSi, aniWebs mas sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs, magram bevrs
arafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda iqnes mis mier gagebuli misi movaleobebi, ras
unda efuZnebodes misi gadawyvetilebebi. ra principebidan gamomdinare unda
gadawyvitos man konfliqti, romelic SeiZleba gaCndes mis kerZo interesebsa da mis
mier dasacav sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris? an konfliqti sxvadasxva
sazogadoebriv jgufTa interesebs Soris?
warmovidginoT parlamentis deputati, romelic aris feministuri moZraobis
aqtivisti da parlamentSi mosulia qalTa uflebebis dacvis lozungiT. an regionis
warmomadgeneli, an erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli, romelic am umciresobis
uflebebs icavs. ra principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelon am adamianebma ama Tu im
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas? ra aris maTi warmomadgelobiTi funqciis arsi? aq
SesaZloa deputatis mandatis sxvadasxva interpretacia: deputatma unda gamoxatos
Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebi (imaTi, vinc mas xma misca); deputati gamoxatavs
mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs; deputati misdevs Tavisi partiis politikas; deputati
Tavisufalia moiqces ise, rogorc mas misi sindisi karnaxobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi is
aucileblad aRmoCndeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac im jgufis interesi, romelsac igi
warmoadgens, garkveulwilad ar emTxveva mTeli sazogadoebis interess - magaliTad,
maswavlebelTa xelfasebis gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios biujetis deficitis zrda da,
amis Sedegad, inflacia, rac mTel sazogadoebas Seexeba.
aq naCvenebia `warmomadgenlobiTobis paradoqsi~, romelic ukavSirdeba
amomrCevelTa kerZo interesebis maT jamur (an saerTo) interesad gadaqcevis process.
interesTa konfliqti, romelic am procesSi iqmneba, mdgomareobs ara mxolod kerZosa
da sazogadoebrivis urTierTmimarTebaSi, aramed urTierTmimarTebaSi sxvadasxva
46
mimarTaven Sida urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad.
olsonis dakvirveba naTlad warmoaCens modernizaciis gidensiseuli xedvis
zedapirulobas. gidensis Teoriis mixedviT, modernizacia warmoadgens
sazogadoebrivi institutebis disembeding-isa da re-embeding-is process, sadac
instituti, Tavdapirvelad warmoqnili dasavleTis socialur konteqstSi, iolad
ikidebs fexs sxva socialur konteqstSi ndobis meqanizmebis meSveobiT (iddens,
nthony. 1990. The Consequences of odernity. Cornwall). saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis aracalsaxa praqtika am midgomis problemurobis erT-erTi
ilustraciaa.
(ganmarteba: TviT es termini — `ndoba” — romelic kiTxvas ar iwvevs maSin, rodesac
Cveulebriv saubarSi gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba asaxavdes struqturulad metad
gansxvavebul movlenebsa da filosofiebs, da Sesabamisad movlenebis ganviTarebis
gansxvavebul perspeqtivebs. ase, politikuri partiis ndoba bunebrivad SezRudulia
im adamianTa wriT, vinc mis ideologias an interesebs iziarebs, xolo meterologiuri
biuros ndoba SezRudulia mxolod misi unariT sworad iwinaswarmetyvelos amindi.
ndobis es ori "idealuri tipi" Seesabameba Cvens mier dafiqsirebul sxvadasxva
diskursul eTikebs. biuro sakuTari Tavisadmi ndobas iZens `damtkicebiT”, xolo
politikuri partia — `darwmunebiT”. socialur elitad aseve SeuZlia moipovos ndoba
qcevis maRali standartebis demonstrirebiT (respublikuri elita) rac ndobis kidev
erT, mesame tips warmoadgens. ndobis saxeobaTa specifikas aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi
seligmani).
postsabWour sivrceze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis proeqti dasawyisSi
yvelaze ukeT iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis iniciativebiTa da grantebis
struqturiT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sorosiseuli proeqti iyo wminda
institucionaluri, anu mimarTuli garkveuli institutebis mxardaWeraze da
waxalisebaze. es institutebi Tavidan iyo masobrivi nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi,
romelTa meSeveobiT maTi wevrebi, garda ZiriTadi ekonomikuri saqmianobisa,
(romelsac isini sadRac sxvagan gaswevdnen), miiRebdnen monawileobas sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. anu, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (institutebi), analogiurad
politikuri sistemis struqturisa (institutebisa), unda yofiliyo Seqmnili
dasavluri praqtikis "copy-pasting"-is gziT, an, sxva sityvebiT, disembeding-
reembeding-is meSveobiT. am struqturaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda axladqmnadi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis masobriobas, Riaobas ("Ria sazogadoebis” mSenebloba),
arapolitizebulobas da moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT monawileobas. mSenebare
organizaciebi, iseve rogorc Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi damoukidebeli media,
unda gamxdariyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ConCxi.
dRes sakmarisi droa gasuli rom vimsjeloT am gegmis warmateba-warumateblobaze
da mis Sedegad gaCenili institutebis Sesabamisobaze Tavdapirvel gegmasTan.
dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom saxezea mTeli rigi formaluri maxasiaTebeli, romlebic
axali institutebis Taviseburebaze metyveleben. esenia:
a. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arian metad viwro jgufebi; maTi wevrebis
raodenoba xSir SemTxvevaSi ramdenime adamians ar aRemateba; arasamTavrobo
organizaciebSi mosaxleobis 3-4 procenti Tu aris gawevrianebuli (es xdeba ara marTo
saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel postsabWour sivrceze) TiToeuli organizacia, rogorc
wesi, warmoadgens funqcionerTa mcirericxovan jgufs, romlis TiToeuli wevri
mimarTulia sakuTari muSaobisTvis anazRaurebis miRebaze (xelfasi an honorari).
isini praqtikulad ver izidaven sawevroebs, Semowirulobebs da nebayoflobiT
daxmarebas mosaxleobisgan. Tu erT mSvenier dRes Sewyda dafinanseba saerTaSoriso
67
leqciebi 9 -10
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi
wina leqciebze Cven ganvasxvaveT sami diskursuli eTika da, agreTve, vilaparakeT
imaze, rom arsebobs ori sapirispiro midgoma samoqalqo sazogadoebis cnebis
gaazrebisadmi — tradiciuli da kritikuli. am ori Tvalsawieridan Cven ganvixilavT
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvebze — Tu
ramdenad arsebobs saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da Tu arsebobs, rogori.
1. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi: samoqalaqo Tu ara
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi daviwyebT
arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvas — ras warmoadgenen
isini saqarTveloSi da miekuTvnebian Tu ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebas?
pirvel rigSi unda xazi gavusvaT imas, rom saqarTveloSi (da mTlianad,
postsabWoTa sivrceSi) Camoyalibebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aqvT erTi
maxasiaTebeli — isini ar arian masiurebi. es maTi Tviseba Tvisebrivia, da ara ubralod
raodenobrivi. masiuri da viwro jgufebis erTmaneTisgan gansasxvaveblad
gamoviyenebT mankur olsonis mier SemoTavazebul cnebebs. SegaxsenebT, rom mankur
olsonis midgoma wminda ekonomikuria (Tavisi meTodologiiT) da iyenebs racionaluri
arCevanis Teorias.
mankur olsonis klasikur naSromSi "koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika" (M. Olson. 1971, The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard Economic Studies, v. CXXIV, Harvard University Press) gamoyenebulia jgufebis Semdegi taqsonomia.
erTi da imave ekonomikuri subieqtebisgan Semdgari organizebuli jgufi SesaZloa
warmoadgendes inkluziur an eqskluziur jgufs imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis
koleqtiuri sargeblis miRwevas isaxavs igi miznad. ase magaliTad, jgufi, romelic
miznad isaxavs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis lobirebas (magaliTad, gadasaxadebis
Semcirebas) aris inkluziuri - is dainteresebulia rac SeiZleba meti monawilis
CarTviT, magram amave dros ar aris damokidebuli dainteresebul pirTa asprocentian
monawileobaze da monawileTa Soris strategiuli interaqciis warmarTvaze. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, ekonomikur aqtorTa jgufi, romelic iswrafvis bazarze maRali fasis
dawesebas, miaRwevs mizans mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki masSi CarTuli iqneba bazarze
momuSave yvela monawile; SeTanxmebaSi erTi monawilis aryofnac ki gamoricxavs
SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas; jgufis yvela wevri dainteresebulia bazridan rac
SeiZleba meti moTamaSis gandevniT, jgufi cdilobs iyos rac SeiZleba viwro da mis
wevrebs Soris mudmivad mimdinareobs rTuli strategiuli garigebebi, vaWroba da
erTmaneTisadmi undoblobiT ganpirobebuli strategiuli TamaSebi. koleqtiuri
sargebeli, romelsac aRwevs jgufi, eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa.
amgvarad, formalurad erTnairad organizebuli jgufebi (SesaZloa, erTi da imave
organizaciis wevrebi) sinamdvileSi gansxvavebulad funqcionireben, da es gansxvaveba
aris konteqstualuri, gamomdinare im mniSvnelobidan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi
aqsoven jgufis saqmianobaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Ria, masobriv, inkluziur
monawileobasTan da ndobis maRal maCveneblebTan, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, eqskluziur,
daxurul warmonaqmnebTan, romlebic did energias xarjaven da specialur zomebs
66
sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris, rogoricaa sxvadasxva jgufuri interesebi,
saxelmwifos interesi da sxva.
liberalizmic da respublikanizmic iZlevian warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi am
konfliqtis samarTliani gadaWris scenars, magram sxvadasxva logikidan gamomdinare.
liberalizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess rogorc kerZo interesTa jams,
romelTagan yvela Tanasworuflebiania, ambobs, rom umravlesobis Tavisufleba ar
unda miiRweodes umciresobis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis xarjze. demokratia, xalxis
mmarTveloba, ar unda gadaiqces umravlesobis tiraniad, amdenad gadawyvetileba unda
miiRebodes molaparakebiTa da SeTanxmebiT, yvelas interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
swored amitom, politikosi valdebulia mxari dauWiros kompromisul, yvelas TvalSi
samarTlian winadadebas. respublikanizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess
rogorc yvelas interesze maRla mdgoms, rogorc ara jamurs, aramed saerTos,
politikosisgan moiTxovs sazogadoebis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.
mokled, erTic da meorec amtkicebs imas, rom sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze
arCeuli adamiani emsaxureba ama Tu im saxiT gagebul sazogadoebriv interesebs. isini
qmnian miukerZoeblobis eTikur vels, romlis realizeba, garda samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebisa, gulisxmobs am eTikuri normebis gaziarebasa da aRiarebas
xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis mier.
horizontaluri angariSvaldebuleba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi
arCevnebi, romelic tardeba periodulad, warmoadgens amomrCevelTa mier xeli-
suflebis kontrolis vertikalur instruments. samwuxarod, es instrumenti, misi
perioduli xasiaTisa da sxva naklovanebebis gamo srulad ver uzrunvelyofs
xelisuflebaze im kontrols, romelic aiZulebs mas dauqvemdebaros Tavisi kerZo
interesebi sazogadoebriv interesebs. amitom iyo, rom demokratiis institu-
cionalur mowyobaSi Tavis droze gaTvaliswinebul iqna horizontaluri kontrolis
arseboba - xelisuflebis sxvadasxva organoebisa da Stoebis mier Zalauflebis
ganawilebisa da urTierTkontrolis meqanizmebi.
horizontaluri kontroli isaa, rom xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebi
uflebamosilni arian - da realurad asruleben kidec - erTmaneTis zedamxedvelobasa
da kontrols kanonebis dacvis TavalsazrisiT, konstituciurobisa da Zalauflebis
gadametebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. am kontrolis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeiZleba
dazaraldes demokratiis samive komponenti - demokratiuli, liberaluri da respub-
likuri. demokratia zaraldeba, Tu arCevnebi tardeba darRvevebiT, liberalizmi
zaraldeba, Tu irRveva adamianTa uflebebi, xolo respublikanizmi zaraleba, Tu
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi arRveven kanons da moqmedeben voluntaristulad.
Tu pirveli da meore yovelTvis iwveven protests, ukanaskneli yvelaze iSviaTad
aRiqmeba rogorc boroteba, da zogjer arc Seicavs borot ganzraxvas. marTlac,
prezidenti, romelic konstituciis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod Slis arapopularul
parlaments, SeiZleba patriotuli mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobdes da xalxis mowo-
nebasac imsaxurebdes. magram is imavdroulad Slis saxelmwifo mowyobis safuZvlebs,
efeqtur da avtonomiur institutebs, romlebmac erToblivad, kompleqsSi unda
ganaxorcielon Zalaufleba da gainawilon pasuxismgebloba.
axal demokratiebSi Zalauflebis amgvari gadameteba, xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis
dasusteba, rogorc wesi, prezidentebisgan momdinareobs. marTaven ra xalxis saxeliT,
isini xSirad ar Tvlian saWirod daeqvemdebaron kanonis moTxovnebs. amgvari
47
erTpirovnuli mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba ar aris usazRvro, maTac uwevT kompro-
misebze wasvla rogorc mokavSire, ise opoziciuri politikuri Zalebis interesebidan
gamomdinare. magram amgvari kompromisebi sul sxva, arakonstituciur wesebsa da
normebs eyrdnoba, amwuTieri, koniunqturuli da intriganuli xasiaTis TamaSis
elfers atarebs.
horizontaluri angariSvaldeblebis darRveva asustebs demokratias,
gansakuTrebiT ki mis respublikur da liberalur komponentebs. is qmnis safuZvlebs
imisaTvis, rom politikosebma gamoiyenon Tavisi Tanamdebobebi borotad, rac
dauSvebelia respublikuri normebidan gamomdinare. amave dros igi qmnis safuZvels
imisaTvisac, rom calkeulma saxelmwifo struqturebma gadametebuli Zalaufleba
moipovon, rac dauSvebelia liberaluri normebidan gamomdinare.
demokratia SeiZleba arsebobdes, da arsebobs kidevac, liberaluri da
respublikuri komponentebis sisustis fonzec. magram amgvar demokratias axasiaTebs
xolme maRali korufcia (respublikanizmis nakleboba) da SedarebiT naklebad -
Zalauflebis gadameteba (liberalizmis nakleboba). naklebad imitom, rom rogorc ki
Zalauflebis gadameteba garkveul zRvars cdeba, reJimi demokratiulobis saxels
kargavs. erTi ki faqtia - demokratia TavisTavad, liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis
gareSe, korufciisa da Zalauflebis gadametebis problemebis mogvarebas ver
axerxebs.
literatura:
g.JorJoliani, T.berekaSvili, m. musxeliSvili. demokratia gardamaval
sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002 G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996 G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998
48
demokratiebs, sadac xdeba mosaxleobiT faqtobrivi manipulireba.
amgvari viTareba metad mZafrad dadga bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi, rodesac
masmediis diskursi pirvel rigSi mayurebels amomrCevlis rolSi ixilavs. mTavari
dixotomiebi, dayofebi da brZolebi sazogadoebaSi iazreba ara kerZo adamianTa an
moqalaqeTa dapirispirebis terminebiT, aramed amomrCevelTa dapirispirebis
terminebiT. klasebi erTamneTs ar upirispirdebian - ar xdeba mdidarTa da RaribTa
interesebs Soris dapirispirebis win wamoweva; msoflmxedvelobebi erTmaneTs ar
upirispirdeba - ar xdeba erTmaneTSi magaliTad, tradicionalistebisa da
modernizatorebis brZolis warmarTva. anu, es dixotomiebi sazogadoebaSi
latenturad arsebobs, da igrZnoba, magram artikulireba xdeba mxolod politikuri
brZolis, imisa, Tu vin unda iyos xelisuflebaSi. mTavari mesiji, romelic masmediis
mier miewodeba mayurebels (mkiTxvels) aris is, rom politikosi petre aris kargi,
xolo politikosi pavle aris cudi. Tuki petre (pavle) mova xelisuflebaSi, yvelafer
kargad (an cudad) iqneba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aSeneba saqarTveloSi (da ekonomikis aSenebac) niSnavs
pirvel rigSi am mojadoebuli wris garRvevas da sazogadoebis mier ufro
siRrmiseuli sajaro diskursebis damkvidrebas, sadac kerZo adamianebi da moqalaqeebi
gaomCndebian Tavisi namdvili saxiT, da ara amomrCevelTa rolis damaxinjebul
fokusSi. am mxriv habermasis naSromi Cveni realobisTvis uaRresad aqtualuri
meCveneba, Tumca ki yvela mis midgomebs problemis gadaWrisadmi SeiZleba ar
viziarebdeT.
literatura:
Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. N.Y.
(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994 Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society,
Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112
65
sivrceSi monawileobiT, iZens refleqsurobas, unars, daayenos sakuTari Tavi sxva
adamianis adgilas, da amiT misi gancdebi gaiziaros. am gziT yalibdeba is, rac
liberalur eTikas Seefereba, izonomiuri Tamasworoba nawilebs Soris (bobios
terminologia gavixsenoT). partikularistuli egocentrizmis adgils liberaluri
universalisturoba ikavebs, romelic depersonificirebulia da sayovelTao.
politikur sajaro sivrceSi monawileobiT is yalibdeba rogorc moqalaqe, aviTarebs
`gonis sajaro gamoyenebis~ praqtikas da sakuTar politikur Sexedulebebs, romlebic
mas moqalaqed aqceven.
sayovelTao xmis ufleba da masobrivi demokratiis warmoqmna niSnavs adamianisTvis
mesame socialuri rolis gaCenas: es aris amomrCevlis roli. rogorc amomrCeveli,
habermasis mixedviT, is xdeba arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris subieqti, romelic
gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs xmis micemiT farul kenWisyraSi.
pirovneba rogorc erTdroulad kerZo adamiani, moqalaqe da amomrCeveli unda
axerxebdes am sami socialuri rolis SeTavsebas da maT Soris diferencirebas. Tuki
amomrCevlis rolia wamyvani, is SeiZleba angrevdes pirvel ors, vinaidan maT aTqvefas
niSnavs, da amomrCevlis rolisadmi daqvemdebarebas. es qmnis, habremasis mixedviT,
masobriv, da ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. saSveli, habermasis mixedviT, aris
moqalaqis rolis gaZlierebaSi sajaro diskursSi yvelas monawileobis gziT.
aq Cven vawydebiT im problemas, romelic xSirad habermasis kritikis safuZvles
iZleva. es aris dasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturuli diferenciaciis arasak-
marisi xazgasma mis naSromebSi. struqturuli diferenciaciis qveS aq vgulisxmobT
Semdegs. amgvar sazogadoebebSi (dasavluri tipis Tanamedrove sazogadoeba) socila-
uri rolebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod damoukideblad xorcieldeba. anu ojaxSi,
samsaxurSi, sazogadoebrivi interaqciis sxvadasxva viTarebebSi, politikaSi da sxva
erTi da imave pirovneba SeiZleba moqmedebdes imisgan ganurCevlad, Tu ras
moimoqmedebs is sxva tipis viTarebebSi CarTvisas. anu, ojaxis wevrebi SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva partiebs aZlevdnen xmas, Jurnalisti SeiZleba muSaobdes liberalur
gazeTSi magram ganwyobiT iyos konservatori, monadireTa klubis wevrebi SeiZleba
sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fenebs ekuTvnodnen da a.S. Tuki SevadarebT
erTmaneTs kerZo piris, moqalaqisa da amomrCevlis rolebs, davinaxavT, rom,
magaliTad, romelime konkretuli politikosis mxardaWera aranair kavSirSi ar unda
iyos samsaxureobrivi warmatebis miRwevasTan (romelsac pirvel rigSi pirovnebis
unar-Cvevebi da profesiuli da pirovnuli Tvisebebi unda ganapirobebdnen),
moqalaqeobrivi grZnobebi mis politikuri preferenciebs samarTliani da eTikuri
politikuri brZolis CarCoebSi unda aTavsebdnen, da a.S. naklebad diferencirebul
sazogadoebebSi amgvari rolebi erTmaneTSi aTqvefilia da erTganzomilebian viTa-
rebas qmnian. gavixsenoT samxreT italiis naklebad samoqalaqo konteqsti, rodesac
partiebisaTvis xmis micema didadaa ganpirobebuli Tanamdebobis an sxva preferenciis
miRebis surviliT, ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebi gadaxlarTulia
patron-klientur da koruqciul qselebSi, sazogadoebrivi saqme ki, daqvemdeba-
rebulia kerZo interesebs.
vinaidan kerZo, samoqalaqo da politikuri eTika sxvadasxva principebs emyareba,
rac Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, es aRreva niSnavs eTikuri sazomis ararsebobas, da,
sabolood, adamianTa Soris ndobis dakninebas. saarCevno demokratiis damkvidreba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sisustis fonze (maT Soris sabazro ekonomikis sisustis
fonze) niSnavs, rom pirovneba aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs pirvel rigSi ara rogorc kerZo
adamiani da moqalaqe, aramed rogorc amomrCeveli. farid zaqarias terminologiiT, es
badebs ara liberalur sakonstitucio demokratiebs, aramed araliberalur
64
leqcia 7
demokratiis diskursuli Teoria da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
hana arendtis mixedviT (Vita activa), politikuri Zalaufleba aravis ar ekuTvnis,
politikuri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, igi arsebobs adamianTa Soris sivrceSi da iqmneba
(mJRavndeba) maT urTierTqmedebaSi _ action-Si, romelic mdgomareobs nabijis
gadadgmaSi, aramaterialur qmnadobaSi, komunikaciis fenomenis SeqmnaSi.
hana arendti am politikuri sferos izonomiaze saubrobs _ sivrciTi Tanas-
worobis formaze, rac jer kidev aristoteledan momdinareobs (ix. agreTve, kola,
politikuri sociologia). magram politikuri sfero ar aris aucileblobiT izono-
miuri. politikuri Zalauflebis faruli struqturebi xSirad araTanasworufle-
biania, asimetriuli da, fukos Tu davujerebT, mxolod asimetriulad unda moiaz-
rebodes.
ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, Tu ra igulisxmeba politikuri Zalauflebis farul
struqturaSi (pattern), moviyvan erT magaliTs. amas winaT, saqarTvelos erT-erT
regionSi tardeboda RonisZieba _ saiubileo saRamo. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da
adgilobrivi xelisufleba, Sekrebilebi gamoCenili qarTvelis saxl-muzeumis ezoSi,
moTminebiT elodebodnen sapatio maRalCinosnis stumrobas Tbilisidan. gamzadebul
tribunaze idga mikrofonebi, dinamikebidan radios musika ismoda, xalxi ijda maT win
wriulad an seirnobda axlo-maxlo. ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac am lodinSi gavida,
aravin ecada mikrofonTan misuliyo da komunikaciis damyarebis iniciativa Tavis
xelSi aeRo. sajaro sivrce carieli darCa manam, sanam daiwyeboda oficialuri
RonisZieba winaswar dagegmili gamosvlebiT da Semajamebeli koncertiT.
yvelas kargad moexseneba, rom saqarTvelos ar aklia adamianebi, visac SeuZlia
sufris warmarTva da visac Tamadobis niWi da midrekileba gaaCnia. kerZo situaciebSi
da saubrebSi adamianebs gambedaoba da mWevrmetyveleba ar akliaT, magram mikrofoni
da oficialuri RonisZiebis mdgomareoba, es sul sxva sajaro sivrcea da am sivrceSi,
rogorc Cans, mkacri tabu adevs TviTiniciativas - simboluri Zalaufleba, romelsac
carieli mikrofoni ganasaxierebda, ekuTvnoda iq armyof did ufrosobas da misi
Selaxva veravin gabeda. komunikacia ver Sedga, mosaxleoba pasiuri obieqtis rolSi
darCa bolomde.
postsabWoTa adamianebis uunaroba daamyaron komunikacia sajaro sivrceSi — es,
hana arendtis mixedviT, aris maTi politikuri daTrgunulobis Sedegi, vinaidan
urTierToba adamianebs Soris yovelTvis aris politikuri aqti, oRon gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobiT. adamianTa saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos sami tipis — jafa, muSaoba da
moqmedeba. am sami tipidan moqmedeba aris umaRlesi forma, da is politikur xasiaTs
atarebs. wina leqciis terminologiiT, is interaqciulia, da masSi adamianis umaRlesi
moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba gamoixateba.
magram adamianTa urTierToba ara mxolod am (respublikuri) gagebiT aris
politikuri. is politikurobis sam gansxvavebul eTikas moicavs, romlebsac Cven
dabla ganvixilavT.
49
demokratia
liberalizmi respublikanizmi
legitimacia umravlesoba erTi yvela
aqtorebi politikosebi eqspertebi elitebi
sagani subieqturoba,
interesi
obieqturi codna morali
wyaro xalxi sinamdvile,
faqtobrioba
religia, kultura,
erovnuloba
droiTi
orientacia
mokle saSualo usasrulo
konfliqti umravlesoba/
umciresoba
pirovneba/pirovneba pirovneba/sazogadoeba
agenti darwmuneba damtkiceba aRzrda/transformacia
Rirebulebebi arCevnebi/
uzurpacia
kanoni/qaosi warmomadgenlobiToba
/korufcia mikerZoeba
media televizia Jurnali wigni
qmnis reJims institutebs struqturebs
veberi qarizma samarTlebriv-
racionaluri
tradicia
safrangeTis
revolucia
Egalite Liberte Fraternite
habermasi dramaturgiuli instrumentuli komunikaciuri
warmoidgineT, rom mravalricxovani kampania iRebs gadawyvetilebas imaze, Tu sad
gaataros dasvenebis dRe — tyeSi, mdinaresTan Tu mTaSi. savaraudod, gadawyvetileba
miRebuli iqneba xmaTa umravlesobiT — wavlen iq, sadac yvelaze met adamians unda
wasvla.
es aris gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli gza — xmaTa umravlesobiT. am wess
mimarTaven, rodesac saqme exeba garkveul subieqturobas — magaliTad, rodesac
sxvadasxva adamianebs aqvT gansxvavebuli survilebi da interesebi, an, magaliTad,
50
`masmediis mies warmoCenili samyaro mxolod moCvenebiTad aris sajaro sivrce~ -
da es debuleba habermasidan moyolebuli dRemde specialistebis msjelobis erT-
erTi centraluri problemaa, romelsac Cven kidev davubrundebiT.
politikuri sajaro sivrce, masmediis gavleniT iqneba es Tu yvela faqtoris
erTobilobiT, icvlis Tavis bunebas erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtTan mimarTebaSi.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan masobriv samomxmareblo kulturaze gadasvla
ukavSirdeba ideebisa da ideologiebis rolis transformacias. `yalbi cnobiereba~
romelic Cndeba sazogadoebaSi, aRar aris, mecxramete saukunisgan gansxvavebiT,
ideebis Sekruli kompleqsi, romelic qmnis samyaros logikur suraTs. axla is ufro
waagavs qcevis normebis kompleqss, mibaZvis paterns. Sesabamisad, partiuli
agitatorebisa da propagandistebis adgils ikaveben specialistebi, romlebic
`yidian~ politikas da politikosebs Sinaarsisgan ganurCevlad. iwyeba sazogadoebiT
manipulirebis teqnologiebis ganviTareba. manipulirebuli sajaro sivrce
mimarTulia pirvel rigSi arasajaro Sexedulebebis formirebaze; misTvis sajarooba
ar aris prioriteti, aramed saarCevno qceva. Tuki sajarooba, sityvis Tavisufleba da
sazogadoebrivi sajaro azris formireba Tavis (Sinagan) miznad iazrebdnen simarTlis
warmoCenas, da realobis swor asaxvas (amitomac iyo saWiro racionaluri msjeloba da
yvelasaTvis sityvis micema), manipulirebuli azris mizania xmebi - amomrCevelTa xmebi,
romlebic faruli kenWisyris Sedegad grovdeba.
amdenad, masobrivi demokratiebis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
sazogadoeba, romelic iRebs monawileobas kenWisyraSi, sul sxvanair urTierTobebSia
xelisuflebasTan, vidre mecxramete saukunis sazogadoebrioba, romelic metwilad
sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi monawileobda. am axali sazogadoebriobisgan
xelisuflebas pirvel rigSi sWirdeba is qceva, romelic arCevnebze vlindeba, da
swored am qcevis uzrunvelsayofad mimarTulia mTeli Zalisxmeva, anu imaze, rasac
habermasi arasajaro sazogadoebriv azrs uwodebs.
habermasi am naSromSi ukve safuZvels uyris Tavis Semdgom Teorias komunikaciuri
qcevis Sesaxeb, rodesac is asxvavebs sajaroobis or funqcias - kritikul msjelobas da
manipulaciur qcevas, da ukavSirebs maT sajaro da arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebas. SemdgomSi habermasi asxvavebs sami idealuri tipis racionalur qcevas:
dramaturgiuli, instrumentuli da komunikaciuri. manipulaciuri politika,
romelic mimarTulia saarCevno xmebis mopovebaze, am sqemis mixedviT aSkarad
dramatrugiuli xasiaTisa unda iyos, xolo yvelaze did yuradRebas habermasi
komunikaciur racionalobas aqcevs, romelic rogorc Cven es adre davafiqsireT,
Cveni klasifikaciiT respublikuri diskursuli eTikis vels iqneba mikuTvnebuli.
rasac habermasi ar akeTebs, magram rasac Cven aq xazi unda gavusvaT, es aris imave
dakvirvebis cota sxva kuTxiT danaxva-—im kuTxiT, romliTac o’doneli aRwers
TiTqmis imave dilemas - demokratiis, respublikanizmisa da liberalizmis politikuri
tradiciebis urTierTqmedebas. marTalia, o’doneli mxolod axal demokratiebze
laparakobs, magram arsebiTad imave problemas aRwers, rasac habermasi (gavixsenoT,
rom germaniac, sxva dasavluri qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT axlad
demokratizebul qveyanad unda CaiTvalos). orive es avtori negatiurad uyurebs
demokratiuli legitimaciis gaZlierebas liberaluri da respublikuri
komponentebis sisustis (an dasustebis) fonze.
burJuaziul samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, habermasis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqvs
ormagi socialuri funqcia-—is aris CarTuli literaturul sajaro sivrceSi da
politikur sajaro sivrceSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mas erTdroulad ori socialuri
roli aqvs - kerZo pirisa da moqalaqisa. rogorc kerZo piri, is, literaturul sajaro
63
ebrivi azri ratios, ratom ar unda ganvixiloT Sebrunebulad demokratiis Tvalsa-
wieridan? `arasajaro azri~, romelsac iwunebs Semdgom habermasi, xom SeiZleba xalxis
`voluntad~ iyos ganxiluli, romelsac unda zRudavdes mmarTvelebis ratio? sxva saqmea,
rom Tuki xalxi ara marto gamoxatavs nebas, aramed marTavs kidec, maSin mas unda
hqondes meqanizmebi, raTa sazogadoebrivi azri iyos erTdroulad volunta-c da ratio-c.)
swored liberaluri midgoma kritikulad udgeba sazogadoebrivi azris
dominirebas, rogorc (gavixsenoT tokvili) individis SesaZlo SezRudvasa da
`moraluri Zaladobis iaraRis formas~ (mili), anu sazogadoeba ar aris gonierebis
wyaro, aramed aris pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi. am peridSi midis brZola xmis
uflebis gavrcobisaTvis (mecxramete saukune), vinaidan Tuki sazogadoebrivi azri
yvelas azri ar aris, aramed viRaceebis nebis gamomxatveli, sxvebis neba araTanabar
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. sazogadoebrivi azris mmarTveloba, milis Tanaxmad, aris
umravlesobis tirania da mediokratia. `And what is a still greater novelty, the masses do not now take their opinions from dignitaries in Church or state, from ostensible leaders, or from books. Their thinking is done for them by men much like themselves, addressing them or speaking in their name, on the spur of the moment, through the newspapers~.
2 (mili, cit. hab. gv.133)
amdenad, sazogadoebrivi azris liberaluri xedva sruliad gamoricxavs misTvis
sruli mmarTvelobiTi legitimaciis miniWebas, aramed mxolod reprezentaciisa,
romelsac Zalauflebis SemzRudavi funqcia eqneba, da ara mmarTvelobiTi funqcia.
Semdgom periods, garkveulwilad, habermasi postliberaluri ganviTarebis
periodad ixilavs, rodesac axali tendenciebi Cndeba, romlebic ukargaven sajaro
sivrces mis politikur funqcias. sabazro ekonomikis masobriv zrdas, habermasis
mixedviT, mohyva `socialuris~ sferos aRzeveba, kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis
aRreva, da saxelmwifos garkveuli `refeodalizacia~ (im mdgomareobasTan dabruneba,
rodesac kerZosa da sazogaddoebrivs Soris zRvari ar arsebobs). aman gavlena
moaxdina sajaro sivrcis arszec: `sazogadoebis racionalur-kritikuli gansja aseve
am `refeodalizaciasac~ Seewira. diskusiebma, rogorc socializaciis formam, adgili
dauTmo komunaluri erTobis, rogorc aseTis, fetiSizms~ (gv.158). imavdroulad
transforamcias ganicdis literaturuli sajaro sivrce, romelic gardaiqmneba
kulturaze mosaubre sazogadoebidan kulturis momxmarebelTa sazogadoebad.
amasTan, sajaro sivrceSi monawileoba aRar efuZneba (kerZo sakuTrebis mqone) kerZo
mesakuTreTa avtonomias, da amdenad damokidebulobis axali urTierTobebiT
ganimsWvala. ormagi roli `moqalaqisa~ da `kerZo pirisa (mesakuTresi)~ romelic
manamde sazRvravda burJuaziuli sajaro sivrcis racionalur xasiaTs, sustdeba.
`mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyebs dasustebas is institutebi, romlebic
manamde uzrunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis, rogorc kritikulad moazrovne erTobis,
Sekrulobas~. (gv. 162). socializacia sul ufro da ufro emyareba iseT `jgufur
moqmedebebs~, rodesac yvela Tavs ikavebs politikuri da literaturuli kamaTisgan.
politikuri kamaTebi, Tumca ki narCundeba, magram isev da isev `samomxmareblo~,
formalizebul formats iZens da iwarmoeba xelfasiani specialistebis mier
`gasayidad~ da `mosaxmarad~.
`mkiTxvelTa sazogadoebis kritikuli diskusiebis adgils ikavebs `gemovnebaTa da
preferenciebis urTierTgaziareba~ momxmarebelTa Soris. . . `gemovnebaTa gamovlena~
xdeba moxmarebis nawili~ (gv.171).
2 “da, rac kidev ufro axleburia, masebi sakuTar Sexedulebebs ar sesxuloben eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos
warCinebuli pirebisgan, aRiarebuli liderebisgan an wignebidan. maT azrebs gamoTqvamen adamianebi,
romlebic maTi msgavsia. es adamianebi mimarTaven masebs an laparakoben masebis saxeliT amwuTieri
viTarebis gavleniT, gazeTebis meSveobiT.”
62
rodesac laparakia ganusazRvrel momavalze da samomavlo SesaZlo ganviTarebaze. aq
aravis SeuZlia winaswar danamdvilebiT sinamdvilis ganWvreta iseT sakiTxze,
magaliTad, Tu `vin iqneba saqarTvelosTvis ukeTesi prezidenti — petre Tu pavle?”
subieqturad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, magram danamdvilebiT Tqmis SeuZleblobis gamo
isev kenWisyras mivmarTavT.
Tumca, gadawyvetileba ar miiReba yvela SemTxvevaSi xmaTa umravlesobiT. zogjer
aucilebelia yvelas xmebi, da ara umravlesobis survili. ase magaliTad, zemoaRweril
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom yvelas unda wasvla tyeSi, magram jgufis erTi
wevri acxadebs, rom mas aqvs alergia, da rom tyeSi wasvla misTvis lamis sasikvdilo
safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli. amgvar viTarebaSi am adamianis interesebis
ignorireba da umravlesobis survilis dakmayofileba uzneoba iqneboda. savaraudod,
jgufi airCevs sxva marSruts, romelic yvelasTvis usafrTxo iqneba.
amgvarad, Tuki umciresobis sicocxles an sxva ZiriTad uflebebs umravlesobis
nebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad safrTxe emuqreba, gadawyvetilebas xmaTa
umravlesobiT ar Rebuloben. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa konsesusi — yvelas Tanxmoba,
yovelgvari gamoklebis gareSe. yvelas SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Rebuloben
gadawyvetilebebs maSin, rodesac saqme exeba moralisa da eTikis sakiTxebs, rodesac
saWiroa usamarTlobis Cadenis Tavidan acileba. ase xdeba, magaliTad, rodesac jgufi
awesebs morigeobas imaze, Tu vin moamzadebs saWmels. yvela unda iyos Tanaxma, rom es
usiamovno valdebuleba moixados, da Tavisi wili Tavisufali dro sxvebTan erTad
saerTo saqmis keTebaze daxarjos; samarTliania, rom yvelam Tanabrad gainawilos
mosabezrebeli saqmeebis keTeba, da usamarTloba iqneba, Tuki isini mxolod nawils
daekisreba.
amasTan, arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic arc xmaTa umravlesobiT, da arc
yvelas xmebiT ar miiReba. Tuki zemoxsenebulma jgufma ar icis, Tu ra mimarTulebiT
unda iaros — CrdiloeTiT Tu samxreTiT — dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, erTaderTi,
rac mas uSvelis- es aris mcodne adamiani, romelic an adgilobriv geografiaSi erkveva
kargad, an ruqa da kompasi aqvs. mokled, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac dasadgenia
konkretuli faqtobrivi, Tu obieqturi codna.
gasagebia, rom orjer oro ras udris, an sworia Tu ara ainStainis Teoria, es aris is
sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta xmaTa umravlesobiT uazrobaa, iseve rogorc yvelas
xmebiT. Tuki erTma adamianma icis, Tu ras udris orjer ori, mas ar sWirdeba sxvebis
gamokiTxva, rom swori pasuxi gansazRvros. aseve, Tu erTma adamianma icis, Tu ra gziT
aris saWiro siaruli miznis misaRwevad, gadawyvetilebis miReba swored mas unda
miendos.
amdenad, Cven gvaqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis sami wyaro, sami eTika, romlebic
aweseben legitimur gadawyvetilebebs, anu sazRvraven am gadawyvetilebaTa
legitimurobis dadgenis xasiaTs. esenia gadawyvetilebaTa miReba umravlesobis
xmebiT, yvelas xmebiT da erTis xmiT.
am sam eTikas, sam wess, Cven Sesabamisad vuwodebT demokratiul, respublikur da
liberalur legitimacias.
miaqcieT yuradReba formulirebas `vuwodebT”. TviT cnebebi `demokratia,
respublikanizmi da liberalizmi” gamoiyeneba zogadad garkveuli, Tumca ki farTod
ganfenili mniSvnelobebiT. Cven rom gveTqva ara `vuwodebT”, aramed `esenia”, Cven
mogviwevda axlave imis dasabuTeba, rom es marTlac asea. anu maSin unda agveRo rogorc
minimum klasikuri naSromebi, romlebic demokratiis, liberalizmisa da
respublikanizmis politikuri azrovnebis qvakuTxedebs warmoadgenen, da dagvewyo
imis garCeva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni gageba am naSromebis ideebs.
51
Cven aq sxva gziT mivdivarT. Cven jer ganvixilavT legitimaciis am sam gansxvavebul
wess, SeviswavliT maT siRrmiseulad, xolo Semdeg davubrundebiT klasikosebs da
Tanamedrove avtorebsac da maT nawerebTan paralelebs gavavlebT.
maS ase, Cven gvaqvs sami eTikuri wesi, romlebsac Cven davarqviT demokratiuli,
respublikuri da liberaluri wesebi. TiToeuli wesi sazRvravs specifikur diskurss,
romelTa Tvisebebsac Cven axla SeviswavliT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romlis gamoc Cven ase
mkafiod vasxvavebT am sam diskurss erTmaneTisgan. saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva eTikis
mimdevari diskursebi ver gaerTiandebian erT diskursSi! anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, me
Tu var politikosi, da televizorSi gamovdivar da mayurebelTa umravlesobas minda
Tavi movawono, xolo Cems oponents aqvs mtkicebulebebi, rom is, rasac me vlaparakob,
arasworia, Cemi racionaluri qceva Cemi Tavis demagogiuri gamarTlebaa (da saerTod,
moveridebi iseTi faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis gakeTebas, romlebic Semowmebadia
sxvebis mier), da ara Secdomis aRiareba. anu demokratiuli diskursis CarCoebSi yofna
(umravlesobas unda movawono Tavi) gamoricxavs liberaluri diskursis wesebis win
wamowevas, da piriqiT: Tu CemTvis simarTlis dadgenaa mTavari, SeiZleba teledebateb-
Si saerTod ver miviRo monawileoba, vinaidan isini ar iZlevian WeSmaritebis dadgenis
SesaZleblobas. anu diskursis eTika erT SemTxvevaSi erTia, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi — sxva.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs rom diskursebs Soris informaciis gacvla ar SeiZleba, an ar
warmoebs, es ubralod niSnavs, rom interdiskursul sivrceSi axali informacia ar
iwarmoeba. am sakiTxebs Cven kidev davubrundebiT, axla ki vecadoT ukeT gavigoT Cveni
sami diskursis buneba.
rogorc vaxseneT, demokratiuli eTika yvelaze ukeT gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac saqme exeba subieqturobas, liberaluri — rodesac is exeba codnas, xolo
respublikuri — morals. samive, amasTan, ukavSirdeba politikur urTierTobebs
adamianTa raRac jgufSi. Cvens magaliTSi erTs unda gadaewyvita mizani (strategia),
meores — saerTo saqmisTvis gasawevi SromiTi danaxarjebis samarTliani gadanawileba,
xolo mesames — swori mimarTuleba (taqtika). samive es komponenti politikis sferos
miekuTvneba, oRond gadawyvetilebis miReba gansxvavebuli wesebiT iwarmoeba. miznis
SesarCevad jgufis wevrebi ecdebodnen erTmaneTi moexiblaT sakuTari arCevanis
upiratesobebiT — daerwmunebiaT oponentebi im silamaziT, romlebsac isini, vTqvaT,
mTaSi naxavdnen, an daeSinebiaT isini, piriqiT, mTaSi asvlis siZneleebiT. mokled, maTi
racionaluri qceva iqneboda erTmaneTis darwmuneba, Tavis mxares umravlesobis
gadmosabireblad, sakuTari poziciis propaganda.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, is, vinc taqtikas gansazRvravs, anu irCevs gzas, romelic jgufs
ukve gansazRvrul mizanTan miiyvans, unda moqmedebdes ara darwmunebiT, aramed damtki-
cebis gziT. man unda daasabuTos Tavisi azri an ruqis moSveliebiT, an adgilobriv macxov-
rebelTagan miRebuli informaciiT, an sakuTari gamocdilebiT. man unda Tqvas `me vici”,
da ara `me minda”. sapirispirod, Tuki vinme uaryofs strategias, is ambobs `me ar momwons”,
an `me ar veTanxmebi”, xolo vinc taqtikas uaryofs, is ambobs `arasworia”, `mcdaria”.
da bolos, samarTliani Senatani saerTo saqmeSi miiRweva jgufSi solidaruli,
Tanaswori da urTierTpativiscemis damokidebulebebis damkvidrebiT. am
damokidebulebebis xarjze, Tuki Tavidan samarTlianobis principi dairRva, da
viRacam igrZno Tavi daCagrulad, SemdgomSi unda moxdes transformacia, jgufis
zarmaci an Tavxedi wevris Tavis adgilas dayeneba, da misi darwmuneba imaSi, rom misi
qceva arasworia da gasakicxia. transformacia da aRzrda aris is wesebi, romlebic am
SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs, `yoCaR” da `grcxvenodes” aris is Sefasebebi, romlebic am
diskuris relevanturia.
52
naSromebSi unda akavSirebdes politikas da morals, politikas zneobriobis
ganzomilebas aniWebds.
Tavis droze, ambobs habermasi, hobsma mmarTvelTa absoluturi Zalauflebis
legitimaciiT formuliT `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem~ ecada mSvidobis damkvidrebas,
religiuri samoqalaqo omis SeCerebas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc konfliqtis
wyaros, neitralizebas. kanti, ori saukuniT gvian, axdens moraluri azrovnebis
reabilitacias, praqtikuli gonis damkvidrebas kanonis formiT, is kanonebs
uqvemdebarebs maTi warmoqmnis princips - sajaro sferos. amave sferoSi axdenen
adamianebi inteleqtualur emansipacias.
SemdgomSi, hegelis naSromebSi, sazogadoebrivi azris bunebis gageba transfor-
macias ganicdis. hegelTan mas ukve aRar aqvs WeSmaritebis bazisis formirebis
funqcia, is umravlesobis subieqtur Sexedulebaze daiyvaneba. hegelisTvis
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris dayofili, masSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian kerZo interesebi da
korporaciebi. sazogadoebrivi azri aq saRi azris mniSvnelobas iZens. sazogadoebrivi
sivrce aRar emsaxureba WeSmaritebis gamovlenas da aRar aris gonis samflobelo,
aramed masSi xdeba subieqturi kerZo Sexedulebebis SeTavseba (integrireba) im
obieqtebTan, romelsac saxelmwifo ganasaxierebs. hegeli uaryofs TviT ideas
politikuri moralis sazomiT gazomvisa, amdenad, mmarTvelobis racionalizacia
sajaro sivrcis meSveobiT mis koncefciaSi adgils ar ikavebs.
marqsma sazogadoebrivi azri `yalb cnobierebad~ gamoacxda. is ubralod faravs
burJuaziis klasobriv interess. misi daniSnulebaa kapitalisturi eqspluataciis
warmoCena `bunebriv wesrigad~. yvela idea, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas edo
safuZvlad, aris, marqsis mixedviT, fiqcia: ar arsebobs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba;
misi fuZemdebluri `Riaobis~ principi (yvelasaTvis Ria sivrce) irRveva, mas ara aqvs
ufleba gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi naciasTan da sazogadoebasTan. adamianis uflebebisa
da mesakuTreTa uflebebis gaigiveba badebs ideologias. gansxvavebiT hegelisgan,
saxelmwifo marqsisTvis ganasaxierebs ara WeSmaritebas, aramed ideologias, da
klasobriv dominacias.
politikuri filosofiis es evolucia asaxavs im transformacias, romelsac
ganicdis sajaro sivrce warmoqnidan da Semdgom. Tuki meTvramete saukunis versia iyo
mimarTuli imaze, rom politikuri mmarTvelobis racionalizacias sWirdeboda im
`bunebrivi wesrigis~ warmoCena, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebaSi, es ki xdeba
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis gziT, SemdgomSi es idea eWvis qveS dgeba.
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da gonis konvergencias SeuZlebels xdis, Semdgomi kritikuli
gaazrebis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli interesTa konfliqtebi (klasTa brZola)
da saxelmwifo biurokratiis interferencia. amdenad, win wamoiwia sazogadoebrivi
azris axali — liberaluri — versia, romlis Tanaxmadac is aRar gamoxatavs
obieqturad bunebriv wesrigs, aramed iZens realisturi da racionaluri pragmatuli
arenis funqcias, sadac mopaeqre interesebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs imis gareSe, rom es
brZola gadaizardos Zalismier konfliqtSi.
(komentri: habermasi warmoaCens am liberalur versias rogorc ufro adrindeli
respublikuris transformcias axal fazaSi. sinamdvileSi isini paralelurad
Tanaarseboben, da erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvebian, aramed rogorc idealuri tipebi
`met-nakleboben~. kontinenturi evropisTvis da inglisisTvis dResac damaxasiaTebe-
lia sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba `WeSmaritebis~ mimarT. is tendencia, rom
sazogadoebrivi azri unda gamoxatavdes `ratios~ da adgendes WeSmaritebas (iseve,
rogorc kanoni) misaRebia kontinentze da sruliad ucnobia inglisSi. aseve, habermasis
debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ganasaxierebs voluntas, xolo sazogado-
61
magram davubrundeT politikur sajaro sivrces. ra tipis debatebi Cndeba masSi? es
debatebi imTaviTve mimarTulia ara mmarTvelobaze (Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis
sajaro debatebisgan gansxvavebiT), aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebis regulirebaze.
xelisuflebis mimarT maTi monawileebi gamodian rogorc kerZo pirebi da moqmedeben
polemikurad. kritikuli sajaro debatebi xels uwyobs kanonis uzenaesobis principis
damkvidrebas, mmarTvelTa ganukiTxavi nebis sapirispirod. sajarooba aq did rols
TamaSobda. `zustad iseve, rogorc saidumloeba warmodgenili iyo voluntas-ze (xeli-
suflebis neba) dafuZnebuli suverenobis SenarCunebis instrumentad, ise sajarooba
moiazreboda iseTi kanonmdeblobis mxardamWerad, romelic ratio-ze (gonebaze)
iqneboda dafuZnebuli~ (gv. 53). sazogadoebrivi azri pretenzias acxadebs samarTleb-
rivi normebis gansjaze da maTi safuZvlebis gamijvnaze (is gamoavlens bunebriv
wesrigs, romelic unda gadatanil iqnes samarTlebriv wesrigSi). universalisturi
kanonebi saxelmwifoSi da msjelobis universalisturi wesebi sazogadoebriv sajaro
sivrceSi orive am periodSi gamodis wina planze rogorc adamianis universaluri
gonis nayofi, neitraluri da obieqturi gansjis legitimuri Sedegi.
habermasi aRwers sajaro sivrcis ganviTarebas qronologiurad sami qveynis
magaliTze: inglisi, germania da safrangeTi. es midgoma garkveulwilad sakamaToa.
ganviTarebis etapebi, romlebic droSi erTmaneTs misdevs da sxvadasxva qveynebis
magaliTze sxvadasxva doziT vlindeba, SeiZleba ar warmoadgendnen ganviTarebis
erTiani xazis elementebs. piriqiT, rogorc Cven Semdgom vnaxavT, masmedia, da sajaro
sivrcis xasiaTic, am qveynebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulad Camoyalibda.
inglisSi sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro adre mkvidrdeba, vidre prusiaSi, da
cenzurac maleve qreba. aq presa axorcielebs mudmiv komentarsa da kritikas xeli-
suflebisa da parlamentis mimarT da qmnis namdvil meoTxe xelisuflebas (meTvramete
saukune). TandaTan, sazogadoebrivi azris gavleniT, saparlamento debatebi orienti-
rebuli xdeba (mimarTuli) sazogadoebis darwmunebaze, xolo xmis uflebis mqone
adamianTa raodenoba (mecxramete saukune) matulobs. mecxramete saukuneSi, am deba-
tebis gavleniT, partiebi iwyeben sakuTari platformebis winasaarCevno gamoqveynebas.
safrangeTSi cenzura grZeldeba gacilebiT didxans, vidre inglisSi, xolo
socialuri mdgomareoba aris sxvagvari. amdenad, meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi
politikuri kriticizmi metwilad filosofosebis saqmea. germaniaSi sityvis
Tavisufleba kidev ufro gvian viTardeba. habermasis interpretaciaSi es sxvaoba
ubralod qronologiuria, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am sxvaobas aqvs kavSiri
mediis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dominanturi modelis saxeobasTan dRes.
sazogadoebrivi azris formireba aris is funqcia, romelsac asrulebs,
TviTinterpretaciiT, sajaro sivrce. sazogadoebrivi azri aq aris reputaciis,
pativiscemis sinonimi.
hobsma ganacalkeva mmarTvelobisgan Sexeduleba, kerZo sindisi da cnobiereba, rac
im periodSi sekularizacias da saxelmwifosa da WeSmaritebaze pretenziis
gancalkevebas niSnavda. amis mere (male) loki wers `Sexedulebis kanons~, romelic,
faqtobrivad, amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi, romelic qmnis
individualuri (religiuri da moraluri sawyisebis mqone) Sexedulebebi, ufro
Zlieria, vidre saxelmwifosa Tu eklesiis SesaZlo sanqciebi.
SemdgomSi, habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi azri sul ufro iZens
legitimacias, rogorc hobsiseuli `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem`-is sapirispiro
movlena, rogorc ratio-s wyari voluntas-is sapirispirod. habermasi aRwers rogorc
cnebis farTo gamoyenebis aRmocenebis istorias, aseve im datvirTvas, romelsac iZens
es cneba jer kantis, Semdeg hegelisa da bolos marqsis naSromebSi. Ratio am avtorebis
60
inglisuri terminologia rom aviTvisoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, am diskursebs
axasiaTebT sami gansxvavebuli agency — moqmedebis unari. demokratiuli diskusis agency
aris darwmuneba, liberaluris — damtkiceba, xolo respublikuris aRzrda.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, da yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, rasac vecdebi xSirad gaxsenebdeT
xolme, rom aq aRiwereba normatiulad `swori” suraTi. anu laparakia imaze, Tu rogor
unda iyos, da ara imaze, Tu ra xdeba xolme realobaSi. anu ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
jgufi waeCxubos erTmaneTs da daiSalos, rom saWmlis mzadebis valdebuleba
mamakacebma qalebs gadaulocon, rom urCi wevri jgufisa misgan gairicxos, rom
zedmetad Tavdajerebulma da liderobis mowyurebulma jgufis wevrma gamoacxados,
rom man icis swori gza da jgufs WaobSi amoayofinos Tavi, da a.S. da a.S. TiToeuli es
gadaxra idealuri suraTisgan arsebiTad diskursuli eTikis darRvevis xarjzea
SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, cxadia, jgufs SeiZleba Tavze daatydes sxva ubedurebebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, moulodnelad amovardnili qariSxali, rasac jgufis
eTikasTan kavSiri ara aqvs, da rac TavisTavad gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba
aRmoCndes. mokled, is, rasac Cven aq vixilavT, swori, anu sasurveli mowyobis
idealuri saxea, romelic CvenTvis Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiebis
idealTanaa asocirebuli, romelic mogexsenebaT, jer erTi, SeiZleba ar iyos
erTaderTi SesaZlo ideali, xolo meore mxriv, is arasdros srulad ar xorcieldeba.
davubrundeT diskursebis bunebis garCevas. moqmedebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs am
diskursebs, ar xdeba TavisTavad. maT viRaca awarmoebs. is, vinc monawileobs ama Tu im
diskursSi, am diskursis CarCoebSi garkveul rols TamaSobs. diskursis CarCoebs miRma is
SeiZleba sxva rolSi gamovides, magaliTad, manqanis mZRolis rolSi an ojaxis wevris
rolSi, iyos zogadad pirovneba da a.S. magram am wuTs Cven gvainteresebs Semdegi kiTxva _
ra merqmeva me, Tuki am sami diskursidan erT-erTSi movindomeb monawileobis miRebas?
demokratiul diskursSi monawileobis miReba niSnavs mcdelobas, moipovo rac
SeiZleba meti momxre (moipovo umravlesoba) da daarwmuno adamianebi sakuTari
poziciis mimzidvelobaSi. gasagebia, rom amas akeTeben pirvel rigSi politikosebi da
am gziT isini politikur Zalauflebas moipoveben _ rogorc minimum im politikur
reJimebSi, sadac tardeba perioduli samarTliani arCevnebi saxelmwifo postebis
dasaufleblad. amdenad, demokratiuli diskursis ZiriTadi aqtori (moqmedi piri,
actor) aris politikosi. gamocdilebidan Cven viciT, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevri
arasdros gamodis am rolSi, aramed am socialur rols, rogorc wesi, adamianTa
mxolod garkveuli jgufebi asruleben. Tumca ki, Teoriulad, ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom ramdeni wevricaa jgufSi, imdeni gansxvavebuli azri dafiqsirdes, magram, rogorc
wesi, arCevani da alternativebi arc Tu imdenad bevria da male irkveva, rom sakmarisia
ramdenime alternativis dafiqsireba da maTi propagandireba.
liberaluri diskursis monawile aRWurvilia codniT da damtkicebis unariT. is
aris Tavisi saqmis eqsperti. is SeiZleba aseve iyos mosamarTle (garkveuli gagebiT,
kanonebis eqsperti). eqspertis mizania codna da mxolod codna. es codna kargadaa
asaxuli inglisur enaSi sityvaSi `policy”, _ termini, romelic politikisgan, `politics” —s
nacvlad aRniSnavs ara brZolas ZalauflebisTvis, aramed garkveuli strategiuli
kursis SemuSavebas da ganxorcielebas. policy moicavs saeqsperto kvlevas, gaanga-
riSebas, teqnikur codnas, finansur gaTvlasa da a.S.
eqspertebi SeiZleba muSaobdnen mTavrobaSi an warmoadgendnen samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebas. calke aRsaniSnavia mosamarTle, romelic ama Tu im qcevas afasebs misi Sesaba-
misobidan kanonTan _ rac pirvel rigSi codnis da ara moralis sakiTxia da arc umrav-
lesobis azris problema. ase, umravlesobas SeiZleba egonos, rom me var mkvleli da
rom danaSauli maqvs Cadenili, magram me vflobde codnas imis Taobaze, rom var udana-
53
Saulo da amis mtkicebuleba gamaCndes. maSin miukerZoebelma mosamarTlem unda gama-
marTlos, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki sazogadoeba mzad aris linCis wesiT gamiswordes.
maSin, roca liberaluri diskursis sagania codna, xolo aqtori _ eqsperti,
respublikuri diskursis aqtori vlindeba mis mimarTebaSi moralTan da
aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis warmarTvasTan. aseTi aqtori miekuTveba sazogadoebis
normatiul elitas _ im adamianTa umciresobas, romlebic sazogadoebis TvalSi
gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian.
respublikuri diskursi yvelaze Zneli gasagebia, vinaidan naTeli ar aris, Tu
ranairad unda iyos yvela CarTuli moraluri sakiTxebis legitimaciaSi, miT umetes,
rom Cven vsaubrobT Tanamedrove liberalur demokratiebze, sadac morali da eTika
TavisTavad pluralizmis normebs eqvemdebareba.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom respublikuri diskursisaTvis gadawyvetilebis
moraluroba _ es aris forma, da ara Sinaarsi. es diskursi ubralod moiTxovs, rom
yvela emxrobodes moralurobis princips, magram ar sazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyos am
Tanxmobis Sinaarsi. anu misTvis mniSvnelovania TviT laparaki moralze, da ara raime
konkretuli daskvna, romelic am laparakidan SeiZleba warmoiSvas.
respublikur diskurss awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi elitebi da awarmoeben
sazogadoebis iseT struqturebSi, rogorebicaa eklesia, universiteti, Teatri,
literatura da a.S. es diskursi Tavisi struqturiT sazRvravs sazogadoebis
msoflmxedvelobas, mis warmodgenebs samarTlianobaze, mis bazisur filosofiur
sawyisebs. Tavisi bunebiT is, rasakvirvelia, ufro prepolitikuria, vidre uSualod
politikuri, magram politikis sawyisebi swored masSi moipoveba.
respublikuri diskursis elitebi ver gadaudgebian sindisis karnaxs popu-
larobisa da umravlesobis TvalSi mowonebis gamo. amiT isini demokratiuli
elitebisagan gansxvavdebian. amave dros, isini ar arian ideologebi _ abstraqtuli
codnis mimdevrebi, visTvisac codna da kanoni ufro maRla dgas, vidre konkretuli
adamianebis warmodgenebi am codnasa da kanonze.
idealuria, rodesac samive am diskursis elitebi, codna da moqmedeba harmoniaSia
erTmaneTTan. anu politikosi imavdroulad Tavisi saqmis eqsperticaa da
imavdroulad zneobrivad amaRlebuli sazogadoebrivi moRvawe. yvela sazogadoebas
uxaria amgvari mowyoba, sadac xalxs arwmuneben codnaze apelirebiT sindisieri
adamianebi, romlebic samarTlianebic arian. magram, realurad es aris utopia,
romelic iseTive Zneli misaRwevia, rogorc komunizmi. amitom, kargad unda gvesmodes,
rom am sami diskursis sivrciT _ struqturuli diferenciacia aris maTi gamarTuli
funqcionirebis garantia. anu politikosma unda ixelmZRvanelos erTi eTikiT,
eqspertma _ meore eTikiT, xolo sazogadoebrivma moRvawem _ mesameTi. da aseve isini
fasdebian sxvadasxva kriteriumebiT da sxvadasxva parametrebs unda pasuxobdnen.
sivrciT struqturul diferenciacias Tan axlavs diskursebis diferenciacia
droSi. sivrcisa da drois mimarTebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT.
zodadad, dResdReobiT, socialuri mecnierebebi da politikuri Teoria erTgvarad
preniutoniseul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. anu sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da
procesebis Seswavla ar eyrdnoba iseT cnebiT aparats, romelic mikro doneze kavSirs
daamyarebda socialuri struqturebis xasiaTsa da maTi gardaqmnisa da
funqcionirebis tempTan da droiT orientaciaTan. amgvari Teoriis yvelaze
TvalnaTlivi magaliTia parsonsis Teoria. parsonsiseuli funqcionaluri cvladebi
metad seriozuli Senatani iyo sivrcis, anu sazogadoebis siRrmiseuli kavSirebisa da
struqturebis saanalizod. magram es Teoria kritikis sagani gaxda swored imisTvis,
rom mxolod statikur suraTs iZleoda da ver ixilavda movlenebs maT dinamikaSi da am
54
sadac kerZo adamianebi erTiandebian sazogadoebaSi (sazogadoebriobaSi). male maT
moiTxoves iseTi sajaro sivrce, romelic iqneboda regulirebadi qvemodan xelisuf-
lebis sapirispirod, raTa ekamaTaT im zogad wesebze, romlebic aregulirebda
urTierTobebs metwilad privatizebul magram sajaro mniSvnelobis mqone sferoebSi,
rogorebicaa faseulobaTa mimocvla da sazogadoebrivi Sroma. am politikuri
konkurenciis mediumi iyo unikaluri da istoriulad uprecedento: xalxis mier
sajaro gansjis gza (people’s public use of their reason)” (gv. 27.)
am sivrceSi wodebebi ar ibrZvian saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli
gadanawilebisTvis; isini sxva tipis Zalauflebas eswrafvian, romelic ar gulisxmobs
mmarTvelobaSi monawileobas. Tavis ganviTarebaSi da kritikuli azrovnebis praqtikis
ganxorcielebaSi is TandaTan iSorebs xelisuflebis kontrols sakuTar funqcio-
nirebaze, da, imavdroulad Tavad iyofa da or qvesferos warmoSobs: politikur
sakiTxebze kritikuli msjelobis paralelurad viTardeba sajaro sivrcis
apolitikuri formac - literaturuli sajaro sivrce; am sivrceSi subieqturi kerZo
pirebi iazrebdnen sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi.
literaturuli sajaro sivrce Camoyalibda rogorc qalaqis sivrce, romlis
institutebi yavis saxlebi (kafeebi), salonebi da sxva sazogadoebebia. am sazogadoebam
xidi gado axal samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da uwindel, warmaval, aristokratiul
sazogadoebas (`sveti`) Soris.
amdenad, meTvramete saukuneSi yalibdeba Semdegi socialuri struqtura kerZo
sferosa da saxlemwifos Soris: politikuri sajaro sivrce da literaturuli sajaro
sivrce. erTic da meorec yalibdeba `qalaqSi~ rogorc saerTo ekonomikisa da
komunikaciis sivrceSi.
am sajaro sivrcis institutebi - kafeebi, salonebi, klubebi da a.S. yvela qmnian
mudmiv sadiskusio sivrces, romelic aris: 1. neitraluri statusuri sxvaobebis
mimarT (ar iRebs mxedvelobaSi wodebriv sxvaobebs); 2. ixilavs iseT sferoebsac,
romlebic manamde kritikuli ganxilvis sagani ar xdeboda; 3. sazogadoebas
inkluziurobis ganzomilebas aniWebs.
cxadia, es maxasiaTeblebi unda ufro ganvixiloT rogorc normatiuli siaxleebi
wina periodTan SedarebiT, vidre rogorc srulad realizebuli empirika. samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, romelic am sferos Seadgens metad viwroa mTlianad mosaxleobasTan
SedarebiT; is ufro maRali statusuri mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeba; is mokled, ar aris
mTeli sazogadoeba, aramed misi elita. rac icvleba, da rac aris xazgasasmeli aq, es
aris am elitis formirebis eTika da sawyisebi. es eTika axalia, is individualisturia,
da is inkluziuria. inkluziuria ara yvela parametriT (debili da qurdi ar aris
Tanabrad mowonebuli am sivrceSi), aramed pirovnul Tvisebebze orientaciiT,
pirovnul qarizmaze, wesierebaze da inteleqtze aqcentis gadataniT - gansxvavebiT
wodebisa, Zalauflebisa da simdidrisa, rac eqskluziur maxasiaTeblebs Seadgens.
habermasi, aRwers ra am sivrcis struqturas, interesebs da komunikaciis wesebs,
gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs iseTi publikaciebis warmoqmnas, rogorebicaa
yovelkvireuli moralisturi Jurnalebi, an is, rasac SeiZleba `perioduli
esseistika~ ewodos. es Jurnalebi mWidrod iyo gadabmuli kafeebis diskursebTan da
Tavad xdeboda kafeebSi ganxilvis sagani. `am gamocemebSi sazogadoeba sakuTar Tavs
sarkeSi uyurebda~ (gv.43). amgvari gamocemebi yuradRebas manerebsa da moralze
amaxvilebdnen. `[tatleri] mimarTuli iyo tolerantobis gavrcelebaze, samoqalaqo
moralis gaTavisuflebaze moraluri Teologiisgan, da akademiuri filosofiisgan
praqtikuri sibrZnis dacvaze. sazogadoeba, romelic kiTxulobda da kamaTobda amgvar
sakiTxebze, kiTxulobda da kamaTobda sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb~ (gv.43).
59
opoziciaSi `Private`-Tan, anu kerZosTan. sajarosa da sazogadoebrivis gaigiveba aris,
albaT, is mTavari, rac demokratiis habermasiseul normatiul gagebas yvelaze metad
axasiaTebs, da mas hana arendtiseul respublikur xasiaTs aniWebs. universaluroba,
romelic namdvilad sazogadoebrivs axasiaTebs, Cndeba mxolod Tanaswori
deliberaciis idealur diskursSi, sadac yvela Tanabrad uflebamosilia
samonawileod. Tanamedrove demokratiebis problemas, romelsac is mocemuli
naSromis boloSi ayalibebs, warmoadgens Semdegi kiTxva: uzrunvelyofs ki
Tanamedrove media amgvari monawileobisTvis Sesaferis sivrces. 1989 wels habermasi
ayalibebs am kiTxvas Semdegnairad: `ramdenad, da ra donemde, masmediis mier
dominirebuli sajaro sivrce uqmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebs realistur
SesaZleblobas, raTa maT, mediis ZaliT aRWurvil politikur da ekonomikur
interesebTan brZolaSi (konkurenciaSi), moaxerxon im Rirebulebebis, sakiTxebisa da
msjelobebis speqtris Secvla, romlebsac gare zegavlenis Sedegad Rebuloben,
miudgnen maT inovaciurad da ganixilon kritikulad~. (gv. 455, Habermas and Public Sphere).
magram davubrundeT istorias, da sajaro sivrcisa da TviT sajaroobis cnebis
warmoSobas, masTan ki sazogadoebrivi azris cnebis formirebas. gansxvavebiT
`samoqalaqo sazogadoebis~ cnebisgan, romelic Zveli droidan momdinareobs, es axali
movlena mxolod Tanamedroveobas ukavSirdeba da swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac xdeba
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis daSoriSoreba, anu Tanamedrove tipis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis formireba.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos formireba es aris is procesi, rodesac xdeba kerZos da
sazogadoebrivis erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba, rasac adgili ar hqonda feodalur
xanaSi, rodesac saxelmwifos mflobeloba imavdroulad mmarTvelis sakuTrebas
utoldeboda. sazogadoebrivi, public, xdeba imavdroulad saxelmwifos ekvivalenti,
xolo mis gareT yvelaferi, kerZo sferos ayalibebs. imavdroulad am kerZo sferodan
formirdeba `burJuaziuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~ - sajaro sivrce, formirebuli
kerZo adamianTa mier, romelic TandaTan ikavebs adgils im sajaro sivrcisa, romelsac
manamde aristokratia da samefo kari qmnidnen.
kapitalisturi ganviTarebisa da socialuri da ekonomikuri transformaciis am
adreul stadiebze, iwyebs ganviTarebas presa (meCvidmete saukune). informacia,
romelic qveyndeba am JurnalebSi, mimarTulia `publikaze~ da moicavs savaWro da
ekonomikur axal ambebs, sareklamo Setyobinebebs da xelisuflebis dadgenilebebs da
axal ambebs, romlebic mimarTulia savaWro kapitalizmis regulirebaze. TandaTan,
instrumentidan, romelic Svelis saxelmwifo administracias mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebaSi, is gadaiqceva sazogadoebis sakuTriv institutad, presad,
romelsac sazogadoeba sul ufro iyenebs `gonis sajaro gamoynebis~ mizniT da
kritikuli refleqsiisTvis. kritikuli ganazrebebis Semcveli presa iwyebs
ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi. es kritikuli ganxilvebi im periodSi
SezRudulia, da ufro ganmanaTleblur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. subieqturi
Sexedulebebi idevneba cenzuris mier da ar ganixileba gansajaroebis Rirsad
(prusiaSi). amave dros safrangeTSi da did britaneTSi ukve safangeTis revoluciamde
ramdenime wliT adre akrZaluli Sexedulebebi iwodeba `sazogadoebriv~ Sexedulebad
da sajaro sivrce ixileba rogorc `forumi, romelzedac kerZo adamianebi
erTiandebian sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad, da mzad arian aiZulon xelisufleba
moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis legitimacia sazogadoebis TvalSi~ (gv. 25-26).
meCvidmete saukunis bolos da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi sityva `public”
(publika, sazogadoeba), Semodis xmarebaSi da Cndeba `sazogadoebrivi azris” cneba.
`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce pirvel rigSi unda iyos gagebuli rogorc sfero,
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dinamikas TavisTavad ver ukavSirebs sivrciT maxasiaTeblebs.
demokratiuli, liberaluri da respublikuri diskursebis gansxvavebuli
sivrciTi eTika (gadawyvetilebis legitimacia umravlesobiT, yvelaTi, erTiT),
ukavSirdeba gansxvavebul droiT orientaciasac.
yvela, vinc monawileobs eTikuri da moraluri normebisa da warmodgenebis mudmiv
ganaxlebaSi, dacvaSi da uaryofaSi, verasdros ver midis erT garkveul saboloo
daskvnamde. es aris procesi, (forumi, rogorc mas jon elsteri uwodebs, hana arendtis
nawerebze, rogorc am forumis apologetikaze miTiTebiT). am process aqvs TavisTa-
vadi Rirebuleba, romelic gamoixateba monawileTa ideebis gacvlaSi, maT urTierT-
gavlenaSi, maTi komunikaciuri erTobis formirebaSi. yovel mocemul momentSi, Tuki
aviRebT sazogadoebis myisier Wrils (rogorc amas, magaliTad, arCevnebi akeTebs),
davinaxavT, rom sazogadoebaSi erTianoba da Tanxmoba ar aris. magram, ar aris gamoric-
xuli igive dayofebi veZioT am sazogadoebaSi garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg; TviT
dayofebi msjelobisa da urTierTobis procesSi Tavad ganicdian transformacias.
garda imisa, rom Tavisi struqturiT respublikuri diskursi ver aRwevs veranair
daskvnebs drois sasrul monakveTSi, is amgvar mizans arc isaxavs. misi miznebi,
miswrafebebi, ufro maradiulia, araamwuTieri, droSi ganfenili da sayovelTao. mas
ara aqvs orientacia droSi moZraobaze, mas miznas aqvs dasaxuli srulyofa.
ase, sul erTia, Tu sad wava zemoTxsenebuli jgufi da wava is sadme Tu ara, magram
Tuki es adamianebi erTad yofnas apireben, maT urTierTobas garkveuli normebisa da
eTikis, solidarobis gamomuSaveba da mudmivi ganaxleba sWirdeba.
liberaluri diskursi droSi SedarebiT miRwevad sazRvrebSi moqceul miznebzea
orientirebuli.
codnis dadgena sasruli aqtia. mecnierebaSi is mdgomareobs faqtebis moZiebaSi,
analizSi da logikur gansjebSi. samarTalaRsruleba mdgomareobs igiveSi _
danaSaulis dafiqsireba, moZieba, braldebulis dadgena da misi danaSaulis Sefardeba
werilobiT samarTalTan. politikaSi is mdgomareobs normis (kanonis, institutis)
damkvidrebaSi, rac gulisxmobs viTarebis Seswavlas, gaazrebas, miznebTan Sefardebas
da argumentirebas, Sedegebis garkveul gaangariSebas, institutis damkvidrebas
(reformis gatarebas) da sazogadoebrivi qcevis am institutTan SesabamisobaSi
moyvanas. yvelaferi es aris araerTjeradi procesi, magram arc Tu usasrulo.
pirvelisagan da meorisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratiuli diskursi yvelaze
moklevadian perspeqtivazea mimarTuli. misi mizania _ umravlesobis gamovlena. es
diskursi ar axdens monawileTa transformacias da arc qcevis normebs cvlis axali
institutebis damkvidrebiT (Tu Zvelebis uaryofiT). man SeiZleba ubralod Secvalos
warmodgenebi imaze, Tu ra aris yvelaze miRwevadi an sasurveli, SeakavSiros
maqsimaluri sargeblianoba minimalur drosTan. is mimarTulia Zalauflebis
miRwevaze maqsimalurad swrafad, raTa daiwyos moqmedeba, misi aqtorebi arian
politikosebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT Zalaufleba aq da axla, risTvisac isini
manipulireben sazogadoebrivi azriT momxreTa misaRebad.
da bolos, rogorc aRvniSneT, liberaluri diskursis aRwerisas, es diskursi
adgens sazogadoebriv ConCxs, mis institutebs _ im warmonaqmnebs, romlebic
garkveuli wesebisa da normebis mixedviT moqmedeben, rac gvaZlevs garkveul codnas
momavali movlenebis Sesaxeb. anu liberaluri diskursis Sedegad iqmneba institutebi,
demokratiuli diskursis Sedegad iqmneba reJimebi, xolo respublikuri diskursi
qmnis sazogadoebriv struqturas, romelic win uswrebs institutebsac da reJimebsac.
weRan Cven vaxseneT, rom es sami diskursi struqturulad unda iyos
diferencirebuli erTmaneTisagan, rom sxvanairad isini erTmaneTs xels SeuSlian.
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amave dros, Cven kargad gvesmis, rom Tuki politikosebi mxolod sazogadoebis
manipulirebiT iqnebian dakavebulni da maT ver movTxovT verc kompetenciasa da verc
patiosnebas, amgvari politika kargs verafers moitans. maS ra mimarTebaa am sam
diskurss Soris da rogori unda iyos is normatiulad?
arsebiTad, es bolo kiTxva Tanamedrove politikuri Teoriis sakvanZo sakiTxia.
sxvadasxva moazrovneebi masze gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian. ase ratom unda
miiRebodes Tanamedrove konstituciebi umravlesobis xmebiT _ anu im politikuri
meqanizmebiT, romlebic Tanamedrove demokratias axasiaTebs? uzrunvelyofs Tu ara
amgvari meqanizmi liberaluri da respublikuri ganzomilebebis ganxorcielebas?
habermasisTvis konstitucia unda iyos respublikuri diskursis sagani, rogorc amas
franguli revolucia gulisxmobda, yvelas erTobis sagani. habermasi `deliberaciuli
demokratiis” models yvelas msjelobaze afuZnebs da ara politikosebisa an eqspertebis
msjelobaze. amisagan gansxvavebulia jon roulzis `sajaro gonis” idea. roulzi Tavisi
politikuri liberalizmis ideas sruliad `arapolitikur” xasiaTs aniWebs (Tuki
`politikurs” mxolod demokratiul diskursTan gavaigivebT). imave kiTxvaze _ Tu ras
unda daeyrdnos konstituciis sabaziso debulebebi, Tu ara demokratiul umravlesobas,
_ is, habermasisgan gansxvavebiT, ara respublikur, aramed liberalur pasuxs iZleva.
`sajaro goni”, misi gagebiT, aris ara yvelas msjelobis sagani, aramed mosamarTlis mier
ganxorcielebuli gansja. amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda iyos is organo, is
instituti, romelsac idealur variantSi SeuZlia maqsimalurad zustad gansajos
samarTlis is normebi, romlebic amerikis konstitucias Seefereba, xolo samarTlianobis
principebi, zogadad, es aris liberaluri racionaluri diskursis sagani da ara
respublikuri deliberaciis Sedegi.
postmodernuli azrovneba, zogadad, uaryofs rogorc liberaluri, aseve respub-
likuri proeqtebis SesaZleblobas, maT unars raime erTi, garkveuli da saboloo WeS-
mariteba warmoqmnan. am mxriv, rogorc habermasi, misi `Tanamedroveobis dausrule-
beli proeqtiT”, aseve roulzi, anaqronizms warmoadgenen. miSel fukosTvis libera-
luri diskursi ubralod Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis formaa, da mis ukan mxolod
dominaciis disciplinaruli urTierTobebia damaluli. demokratiuli diskursi,
rogorc Cans, aris is, rac wina planze iwevs dasavleTSi postmodernul epoqaSi, rac
dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiebis problematikas aaxlovebs araliberaluri
aradasavluri demokratiebis problemasTan, razedac kidev gveqneba saubari.
postTanamedroveobas axasiaTebs legitimaciis sawyisebis transformacia, maTi
gadatana sul ufro demokratiuli diskursis velSi, anu, rogorc amas butros butros
gali ayalibebs, “For the past two centuries, it was law that provided the source of authority for democracy. Today, law seems to be replaced by opinion as the source of authority, and the media serve as the arbiters of public opinion”1 (Boutros Boutros Ghali, Opinion –the New Authority, in: Media & Democracy, ed. by E.E.Dennis, R.W.Snyder, Transaction Publishers). swored am
transformaciasa da mediis rols masSi ixilavs habermasi, romelsac Cven Semdeg
leqciaSi ganvixilavT.
literatura:
M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic Social Context, conference papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.
1 `demokratiuli mmarTvelobis wyaros bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda kanoni. dRes-
dReobiT misi adgili rogorc Cans daikava Sexedulebam, xolo media TamaSobs arbitris rols
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi”.
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leqcia 8
habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli transformacia
Tanamedroveobis yvelaze gavleniani filosofosis, iurgen habermasis adreuli
naSromi `sajaro sivrcis (sferos) struqturuli transformacia~ gamoqveynda 1962
wels germanul enaze, da miuxedavad misi gavlenianobisa germanul Teoriul
diskursSi, inglisurad iTargmena SedarebiT gvian, 1989 wels. es naSromi, romelic
sajaro diskursebs swavlobs (public discources) win uswrebs `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis”
cnebis aqtualizebas da reabilitacias XX saukunis bolo wlebSi da bevr disciplinasa
da codnis sferos aerTianebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seswavlis sfero
interdisciplinarulia, da masSi Rrmad garkveva moiTxovs safuZvlian codnas
rogorc minimum ramdenime gansxvavebul sferoSi, misi meTodi avtoris mier
ganisazRvreba rogorc istoriuli da sociologiuri. avtori iyenebs istoriul
meTods, romliTac is Seiswavlis socialuri struqturebis transformacias bolo
saukuneebis inglisSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. garda socialuri struqturebisa, is
aseve istoriul perspeqtivaSi ganixilavs Teoriul refleqsiebs am struqturebis
Sesaxeb - kantidan jon stiuart milamde.
habermasi, frankfurtis neomarqsisruli skolis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
warmomadgeneli, Tavis analizSi garkveulwilad aerTianebs empiriul kvlevas da
ideologiur kritikas, normatiul Sefasebebs da faqtobriv msjelobebs, is swavlobs
erTdroulad realur istoriasac da normatiul idealebs. mkiTxveli yuradRebiT
unda iyos im mxriv, rom, Tavad avtoris aRiarebiT, man xSirad ver ganasxvava idealuri
(idealizebuli) modeli burJuaziuli (liberaluri) sajaro sivrcisa da misi realuri
istoriuli sawyisebi (empiriuli formebi).
misi interesis sagani pirvel rigSi demokratia, demokratiis Teoriaa. `me kvlavac
vaRiareb im midgomas, romelic safuZvlad daedo am kvlevas`— ambobs habermasi 1989
wels — `masobrivi demokratiebi, romlebic Camoyalibda sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifoebis formiT, . . . mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba acxadebdes pretenzias
rom emyareba liberaluri konstituciuri saxelmwifos principebis aRiarebas, Tuki is
seriozulad cdilobs icxovros im standartebis mixedviT, romlebsac qmnis sajaro
sivrce, romelic asrulebs politikur funqciebs~ (gv. 441, Habermas and the Public Sphere, MIT Press, 1992). mas ainteresebda, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom `sazogadoebam. . .
Seqmnas sajaro komunikaciis kritikuli procesi im organizaciebis meSveobiT,
romlebic mis mediacias ewevian~ (ST, p.332 — iqve). kritika, romelic naSromma Riad
datova, da romelsac, SeiZleba iTqvas, mieZRvna habermasis mTeli momdevno saqmianoba,
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `konkretuli interesebis gadauWreli mravalferovneba . . .
badebs eWvs, rom SeuZlebeli iyos warmoiqmnas iseTi zogadi interesi, romelsac
sazogadoebrivma azrma SeiZleba mimarTos rogorc kriteriums (ST, 234).
`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce~, romelsac swavlobs naSromi, aris istoriuli,
socialuri, da amave dros, normatiuli warmonaqmni (kategoria). is ganixileba rogorc
mocemuli epoqisTvis da adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kategoria, evropuli Sua
saukuneebis istoriidan warmoqmnili unikaluri movlena. am mxriv igi istoriuli
kategoriaa.
termini, romelsac Cven aq viyenebT, `sajaro sivrce~ (sfero) moiTxovs garkveul
ganmartebas. `Public~ SeiZleba niSnavdes sajarosac da sazogadoebrivsac. am terminis
gamoyeneba am or cnebas Soris garkveuli tolobis niSans svams, gansakuTrebiT mis
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