Sampling and Data Collection

Population, Census and Sample“The aggregate of all the elements sharing some common sets of characters” is Population in percentage“ Complete enumerations of the elements of a population” is census“ Subgroup of the element's of a population selected for the study is sample.

Area (Population) like All Working Class employees, Classification of area (Census) Middle /Top Management, Public/ Private, Classification selected from area (Sample) in banks

Target Population, Element, Unit & Sample FrameTarget Population- whose inference has to be made.

Element- which possesses the information sought by researcher.

Sample Unit- units containing the elements to be sampled.

It is a kind of list or set of directions for identifying the target population.

Classification of Sampling

Non- Probability Probability1. Quota Simple Random2. Judgment Stratified Random3. Snow Ball Cluster4. Convenience Systematic

Random5. Area 6.

Graphical representation of NP Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling

Group C assembles at most convenient time hence considered by researcher.

A B C D E1 7 13 20 26

2 8 14 21 27

3 9 15 22 28

4 10 16 23 29

5 11 17 24 30

6 12 18 25 31

2. Judgmental

Researcher considered group A, C, D and E, eliminating group B based on some typicality's and Convenient few characters were selected.

A B C D E

1 5 9 13 17

2 6 10 14 18

3 7 11 15 19

4 8 12 16 20

Quota Sampling

A quota of one element is imposed on each group with similar characters.

A B C D E1 6 11 16 212 7 12 17 22

3 8 13 18 23

4 9 14 19 24

5 10 15 20 25

Snow-Ball

TO STUDY SPECIAL CHARACTERS OF RESPONDENTS. GENERALLY USED TO STUDIE SPECIAL BEHAVIORAL CASUSES.

A B C D E1 6 11 16 21

2 7 12 17 22

3 8 13 18 23

4 9 14 19 24

5 10 15 20 25

12 &13

Probability Sampling-Simple Random Sampling Simple Random

A B C D1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

Stratified Sampling

How to Determine Sample Size

Initially it is required to know about certain symbols and characters to determine sample size like:1. Parameter- description of fixed Characters like consumers2. Statistics- description of fixed characteristics or measures

like consumers, consuming touch screen mobile phones3. Precision level- maximum permissible level of difference

between sample statistics and Population parameter4. Confidence interval- range in which true population

parameter will fall5. Confidence level- probability that interval will include the

population parameter

Source of Data Collection Secondary Data

Internal External

Primary Data

Primary Data Observation Method

Natural Vs Contrived Open Vs Disguised Structured Vs Unstructured . Direct Vs Indirect Mechanical Vs Human Non- Behavioral Vs Behavioral

Questionnaires steps1. Information2. Type of questionnaire3. Method of administration4. Form of response5. Phrasing of questions6. Sequence of questions

Interviews

Depth individual depth focused group

Essentials of Questionnaires

“ Basic thing which questionnaire must contain is clearly spelt out research objectives”

“These Objectives are to be able to get converted into Questions”.

Formalized Non-Formalized

Unconcealed

Concealed

Types of QuestionnaireFormalized and Unconcealed It is widely used by Marketing Researchers. They are Structured so as easy to administer, Self-explanatory in nature.Second advantage of such type of questionnaire is that they can be easily administer to a large number of population at the same time.They cover the points in step wise step process.

Formalized and Concealed It tries to explain latent Cause of Behavior, which on other-hand can not be derived by direct Questions. It actually Maps the basic values, opinion and beliefs of one.The intention behind developing such questionnaire is not to threaten any respondent providing general directions for answering the questions.They are structured hence helps in quantifying the statically data, also increases the subjectivity of data and improve the validity of scale as well.

Non-Formalized and Unconcealed It allows respondent to answer his/her attitude in very liberated way and uninhabited manner. They are more useful to researchers if arranged in unstructured way.The biggest advantage is that it allows respondent to answer in way he/she feel is important hence provides multiple options and comprehensive perspectives for solution one is looking forward from such research.

Non-Formalized and Concealed

PROCESS OF DESIGNING

Convert Objectives

into Information

How to administer

questionnaire

Content of questionnaire

Motivating respondent to answer

Determine types of

questionnaire

Administering questionnaire

Pilot testing

Presentation of

questionnaire

Determine questionnaire

structure

Criterion of questions design

DETERMINING TYPE OF QUESTIONANNIRE

QuestionContent

Open-Ended

Closed Ended

Dichotomous MultipleResponse Scales

Criteria for Designing Clearly specify the issue Use simple terminology Avoid ambiguity Avoid loaded questions avoid double barreled questions