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Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
1
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
2011
A collaborative initiative by:African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW)Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)UNICEFWaterAidCREPA
© AMCOW, WSP, UNICEF, WaterAid and CREPA – July 2011
Boxes, Maps, Tables and Figures as specified
All rights reserved. The publishing partners welcome requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication, as long as the authors and publishing partners are duly credited.
The contents of this publication may be quoted with due credit to the authors and publishing partners, but may not be reproduced, all or in part, without express permission from one of the copyright holders.
AMCOW, WSP, UNICEF, WaterAid and CREPA do not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.
The designation of geographical entities, use of any name in this publication, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishing partners (AMCOW, WSP, UNICEF, WaterAid and CREPA) concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or area of its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Note: Some of the maps that were prepared before July 2011 do not reflect the new state of South Sudan.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
2011
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Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................4
The AfricaSan movement .........................................................................................................5
Africa sub-Regions ..................................................................................................................6
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target ............................................................................7
Priority Actions for Africa .........................................................................................................8
How to use this document .......................................................................................................11
WESTERN AFRICASanitation coverage trends ......................................................................................................14
Sanitation coverage, Western Africa countries, 2008 ................................................................14
Western Africa eThekwini monitoring ........................................................................................15
Priority Actions for Western Africa ...........................................................................................16
Western Africa CSO2 Summary ...............................................................................................18
EASTERN AFRICASanitation coverage trends ......................................................................................................20
Sanitation coverage, Eastern Africa countries, 2008 .................................................................20
Eastern Africa eThekwini monitoring .........................................................................................21
Priority Actions for Eastern Africa ............................................................................................22
Eastern Africa CSO2 Summary ................................................................................................24
SOUTHERN AFRICASanitation coverage trends ......................................................................................................26
Sanitation coverage, Southern Africa countries, 2008 ...............................................................26
Southern Africa eThekwini monitoring ......................................................................................27
Priority Actions for Southern Africa ..........................................................................................28
Southern Africa CSO2 Summary ..............................................................................................30
CENTRAL AFRICASanitation coverage trends ......................................................................................................32
Sanitation coverage, Central Africa countries, 2008 ..................................................................32
Central Africa eThekwini monitoring .........................................................................................33
Priority Actions for Central Africa .............................................................................................34
Central Africa CSO2 Summary .................................................................................................36
EXISTING CAPACITY AND STRENGTHS ..................................................................... 37
ANNEXESAnnex 1 - JMP data tables for Africa ........................................................................................41
Annex 1 – eThekwini indicators, definitions and scoring criteria .................................................42
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This synthesis report was commissioned by the African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) Task Force on Sanitation, and developed through
a collaborative initiative by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), UNICEF, the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), WaterAid and CREPA.
The in-country process was conceptualized by the eThekwini Monitoring Sub-group, which also reviewed the synthesis report. The eThekwini Monitoring Sub-group comprises a team from WSP: Yolande Coombes and Sophie Hickling; UNICEF: Therese Dooley, Ann Thomas and Jane Bevan; WaterAid: Yunia Musaazi, Yael Velleman and Ian Ross; CREPA: Idrissa Doucoure and Cyrille Amegnran; and, WSSCC - Archana Patkar and Saskia Castelein.
In-country meetings of sector actors were convened by WSP, UNICEF, WaterAid and CREPA, with roles assigned according to the individual country. eThekwini monitoring data and country priority actions were generated during these meetings and validated by each individual country. The contributions of the many individuals who actively participated in the country meetings are acknowledged.
Data presentations from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation report (2010) were specifically developed for this synthesis report by Rolf Luyendijk (UNICEF).
Overall compilation of this synthesis report was undertaken by Sophie Hickling (consultant) and task managed by Yolande Coombes (WSP).
The French translations were managed by Sylvia Amisi (consultant), and editorial coordination was overseen by Toni Sittoni (WSP) and Sylvia Maina (consultant). The report was designed by Eric Lugaka.
African Ministerial Council on Water (AMCOW)
Launched in Abuja, Nigeria, on April 30, 2002, by African Ministers responsible for water, the African Ministerial Council on Water (AMCOW) has the overall objective of encouraging new approaches to Africa’s development challenges, and the regional, intergovernmental responses essential for translating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on water and sanitation into reality in Africa. AMCOW provides leadership, policy direction and advocacy for the sustainable social and economic development of water resources.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
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THE AFRICASAN MOVEMENT
The first African conference on sanitation and hygiene (AfricaSan) took place1 in 2002 with the overall goal to accelerate sanitation and hygiene
work in Africa in fulfilment of the MDGs. Attended by over 150 decision-makers, including 12 ministers, from over 20 African countries, the conference focused on technical exchanges, made recommendations on good practices and issued a political statement. AfricaSan influenced the adoption of a specific sanitation MDG target by the international community at the World Summit on Sustainable Development later that year.
AfricaSan+52, attended by ministers from 32 African countries and over 600 participants from 42 African countries, provided an important platform in 2008, the International Year of Sanitation, to stimulate action to improve sanitation access in Africa. The conference produced a Ministerial statement, called the eThekwini Declaration which makes important commitments by African governments to improve sanitation by 2010 and to get African countries on track to meet the sanitation MDG. Seventeen countries became signatories of these commitments, and others have signed them retrospectively. The eThekwini declaration was subsequently endorsed by Heads of State at the AU Summit, 2008 in the Sharm el Sheikh Declaration and has been reaffirmed through various regional and sub-regional declarations such as the Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa. AMCOW has the mandate to report back on progress against these commitments (see eThekwini Monitoring in this document).
Globally, three significant initiatives are affecting the drive towards improving sanitation: the International Year of Sanitation 2008 provided an opportunity for increased advocacy for sanitation; Sanitation and Water for All (SWA), launched in 2010, to bring sanitation and water issues to world leaders and Ministers of Finance; and the General Assembly resolution (65/153) which established the Sustainable Sanitation: 5-year drive to 2015, launched in June 2011.
SANITATION STATUS IN AFRICADespite recent progress in sanitation, with increased investment and engagement, all but four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa remain off-track to meet the sanitation MDG. In 2008, 584million people in Africa did not have an improved sanitation facility, and of those 231million practised open defecation. Analysis
of access by socio-economic status shows significant disparities with the richest 20 per cent of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa being five times more likely to use an improved sanitation facility than the poorest 20 per cent. The poorest are 18 times more likely to practise open defecation3.
COUNTRY PREPARATION MEETINGSThe overall objective of AfricaSan3 is to get Africa on track to meet the sanitation MDG. The event will focus on country action and sustaining momentum after the conference through improved action plans, renewed commitments, country-to-country peer support and technical assistance. To ensure that the conference and follow-up actions are needs-based and action-oriented Country Preparation Meetings were held to bring government and stakeholders together in a dialogue to identify needs. The meeting process was structured so that participants reviewed existing evidence regarding sanitation in their countries, including the JMP data (WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water and Sanitation), CSO2 reports (Second AMCOW Country Status Overview), existing sanitation action plans and other sector documents. Using this evidence, countries analysed where they stand in relation to previous action plans and commitments and, cognisant that not all needs can be addressed in parallel, used a consensus building exercise to identify three priority areas that need to be addressed by June 2013 to get their country on track to meet the sanitation MDG. At the same time participants at the meeting identified three strengths that they could offer as peer support to build capacity in other countries.
Multi-stakeholder country preparation meetings took place in 38 countries; 33 complete and endorsed country reports were submitted for inclusion in the regional synthesis report4.
1Hosted in Johannesburg by WSP, The South African then Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and WSSCC. 2Hosted in Durban by AMCOW, supported by AfDB, DWAF, UNICEF, UNSGAB, the World Bank, WSP and WSSCC3All data from A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa – 2010 Update, AMCOW 2010 in collaboration with WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation4Validation of meeting outputs by senior representatives of line ministries was a prerequisite for inclusion in the synthesis. Five additional countries submitted endorsed reports after the closing date; these countries appear in the all-Africa eThekwini monitoring report but not in the main body of the document.
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Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Côte d’Ivoire
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea Bissau
Guinea
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Mauritania**
Morocco
Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic
Tunisia
Northern Western
Liberia
Mali
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Rwanda
Somalia***
Sudan
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Eastern
Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Southern
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Dem. Rep. of
Congo, Rep. of
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
São Tomé and Principe
Central
AFRICA SUB - REGIONS
**In North Africa, Mauritania was the only country to have convened an AfricaSan3 Country Preparation Meeting. Owing to this and with the permission of the national team, for the purposes of this document Mauritania data has been included in the West Africa Region.
***Somalia: It was not possible to hold national consultation meetings in Somalia due to the ongoing conflict in the country.
One semi-autonomous state in the NE of the country (Puntland) was able to hold consultations and due to the relative peace in that state, it is willing and able to implement activities to scale up sanitation in the state. Results from the Puntland state consultation are included in all Africa eThekwini Monitoring to give an indication of the status of Sanitation in Somalia although they may not be completely representative of the whole country.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
7
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target
Nine countries in Africa are on track for meeting the MDG sanitation target
On track: Coverage rate in 2008 >95%, or was within 5 per cent of the 2008 rate required to meet the MDG target
Progress but insufficient: Coverage rate in 2008 was between 5 per cent and 10 per cent below the 2008 rate required to meet the MDG target
Not on track:Coverage rate in 2008 was the same or lower than the rate in 1990 or more than 10 per cent below the 2008 rate required to meet the MDG target,No or insufficient data: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends
80
100
Only Northern Africa already surpassed its MDG sanitation target – all other regions are set to miss it.
Northern Africa86
89
MDG targets
40
60
Cov
erag
e (%
)
Africa
Southern Africa 5961
6872
64
41
50
MDG targets
0
20
201520081990
Central Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
27
Current trendTrend needed to meet the MDG target
PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MDG SANITATION TARGET
Only Northern Africa already surpassed its MDG sanitation target – all other regions are set to miss it.
60
80
100
over
age
(%)
Northern Africa86
6872
64
89
MDG targets
20
40
60
Co
Central Africa
Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
5961
27
41
50
0201520081990
Current trendTrend needed to meet the MDG target
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The word cloud above generated from combined priority actions clearly shows several themes that are common across many countries:
capacity building, financial resource mobilisation, strategy implementation, scale-up and monitoring and evaluation.
Capacity building as a theme is broad and fairly equally spread between capacity building centrally, of new or existing sanitation departments, and decentralised capacity building of district and commune teams, local leader and actors. There is limited country experience of effective capacity building with few counties noting it as a strength. Those that do note capacity building as a strength specifically mention embedding capacity building into sector strategies and action plans.
Financial resource mobilisation as a priority is a theme that aligns with review of the eThekwini monitoring where advances in budget allocations for sanitation have not reached the 0.5% GDP target. Financial mobilisation and increased allocations to sanitation budgets is also prioritised in several countries by the CSO2 (mainly in West Africa). It should be noted that improved management of existing financial resources through for example, planning, targeting, tracking are of equal importance. Countries that noted financial issues as a strength, mentioned management through SWAp, development of information and budget tracking systems and financing mechanisms through credit schemes or cross subsidy.
PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR AFRICA
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Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
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Prioritisation of strategy implementation also resonates across several countries. In the CSO2 also, developing new or implementing existing strategies and actions plans were common recommendations. Review of the eThekwini monitoring reveals that, in most regions the majority of countries already have an endorsed policy and a comprehensive action plan. The short-term focus should therefore be on ensuring that existing policies, strategies and action plans are operationalized at all levels. There is considerable experience available in this area with several countries noting policy, strategy and action plans as a strength.
An emerging theme from country priority actions is to move from identification and piloting of new approaches to applying those approaches at the scale required
to make progress against MDG targets. West Africa country preparation meetings and CSO2 priorities specifically mention scale up of the CLTS approach for several countries. A number of countries note that they have experience in CLTS and CLTS scale-up.
Establishment of effective monitoring and evaluation systems at all levels, and development of tracking tools is another clear priority action area from both country preparations and eThekwini monitoring. Countries that noted monitoring and evaluation amongst their strengths to share mentioned making M+E an important part of strategic planning, reconciliation of national and global data and community involvement in M+E.
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Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
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HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
WORD CLOUDSA word cloud is a visual representation of text data that can be used to quickly perceive the most prominent terms by enlarging the terms according to the frequency with which they appear in the text. The larger the text, the more frequent the term.
Taken from the results of the country preparation meetings in each region (or all countries on pages 8-9), the word cloud shows the commonly occurring themes that need to be addressed by June 2013 to get countries on track to meet the sanitation MDG.
The word cloud is followed by a short description of the types of issue countries mentioned under the 3-4 emerging key themes and a table summarising all priorities from individual countries in the region.
ETHEKWINI MONITORINGThe eThekwini Declaration, produced at AfricaSan+5, makes important commitments by African governments to improve sanitation by 2010. The commitments were quite broad and based on a range of priority actions identified to help countries get back on track to meet the sanitation MDG. After AfricaSan+5 efforts were made to develop commitment indicators and criteria with which to measure them. These indicators and criteria were the basis of in-country review and validation of progress against eThekwini commitments during preparation meetings. Results are presented in this document and constitute the first official all-Africa review. The full list of indicators and criteria can be found in Annex 2.
The “traffic light” analysis allows for rapid identification of areas of good progress (green), some progress
(yellow) and no progress (red). The horizontal scores shown allow for comparison between commitments and identification of trends in progress.
Note: The all–Africa eThekwini monitoring includes several countries that are not included in regional analyses due to delays in submission of signed reports.
CSO2For each country and subsector, the second AMCOW Country Status Overview (CSO2) explores the links between inputs (finance) and outcomes (coverage) through the lens of a ‘service delivery pathway’, to identify the major barriers that still constrain performance in each subsector.
The CSO2 Scorecard is an assessment framework allowing identification of drivers and barriers in the ‘service delivery pathway’ of each sub-sector. The scorecards assess three pillars of the service delivery pathway: enabling, developing, sustaining.
Each building block of service delivery is assessed in turn, against specific indicators and scored. Scores are generated with reference to a range of specific questions and a simple colour code allows problem building blocks (barriers) to be easily identified. CSO2 scorecard colour code building blocks that are largely in place, acting as
a driver on service delivery building blocks that are a drag on service delivery
and require attention building blocks that are inadequate, constituting a
barrier to service delivery and a priority for reform
National policy
Sector policy
Lead agency for sanitation
Aid coordination
Investment plan
Annual review
Adequacy
Structure
Comprehensive
Policy
Planning
Budget
Enabling
Pillar Building block Evidence
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Donor funds utilised
Domestic funds utilised
Reported
Local participation
Budget allocation criteria
Analysis of equity
Subsidy
Promotion
Reporting
Supply-chain
Private sector capacity
Private sector development
Quantity
Quality
Hand-washing
Sub-sector progress
Consistent definitions
Quality of facilities
Expenditure
Equity
Output
Markets
Uptake
Use
Developing
Sustaining
Priority actions: The report builds on the insights from the CSO2 Scorecard to provide managers in the sector and their development partners with guidance on prioritizing reform and investment options that match stages of subsector evolution in each country.
The scorecard concentrates on a linear progression and therefore in general, priorities have to be more in the enabling and developing pillars as the foundations for long term sustainability.
At country level, review of the CSO2 document can give more detail and analysis of the specific issues affecting countries.
JMPThe WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) provides estimates of access to sanitation using the MDG indicator (proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility, urban and rural).
Improved sanitation
Use of the following facilities:
Flush or pour flush to:
• Piped sewer system
• Septic tank
• Pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Unimproved sanitation
Use of the following facilities:
Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere (that is, not to a piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine)
Pit latrine without slab / open pit
Bucket
Hanging toilet or hanging latrine
Shared facilities of any type
No facilities, bush or field
Because definition of improved sanitation facilities can vary within and among countries and regions, and because JMP is mandated to report at global level and across time, JMP has defined a set of categories for “improved” and “unimproved” sanitation facilities that are used to analyse the national data on which the MDG trends and estimates are based.
An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.
These categories and the population estimates (including the proportion of the population living in urban and rural areas) used in the report are those estimates by the United Nations Population Division, 2008 revision. The estimates used by JMP may differ to those used by national governments. Estimates in the report may therefore differ from national estimates.Importantly, the JMP measure use rather than coverage.
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1 Benin
2 Burkina Faso
3 Cape Verde
4 Côte d’Ivoire
5 Gambia, The
6 Ghana
7 Guinea- Bissau
8 Guinea
9 Liberia
10 Mauritania**
11 Mali
12 Niger
13 Nigeria
14 Senegal
15 Sierra Leone
16 Togo
WESTERN AFRICA
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WESTERN AFRICA
Nigeria, 33.0Niger, 11.7Burkina Faso, 9.7Cote d'Ivoire, 5.6Benin, 5.1Ghana, 4.8Togo, 3.5Senegal, 2.3Guinea, 2.2Mali, 2.0Liberia, 1.8Mauritania, 1.7Sierra Leone, 1.3Guinea-Bissau, 0.5Cape Verde, 0.3Gambia, 0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cov
erag
e (%
)
2015 2008 1990
Western Africa Sanitation coverage trends, Western Africa,1990 – 2008
Improved facilities
Shared facilities
Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
27
29
17
35
20
27
21 24
36
35
19
10
38
16
11
43 47
20 23
35
13 14
24 16
Urban Rural Total
Niger 11.7 million
Nigeria 33.0 million
86 million people in Western Africa practised open defecation in 2008
(millions)
Sanitation coverage, Western African countries ,2008
Western Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
The population without sanitation increased by 80 million since 1990
Population without improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008
Cov
erag
e (%
)
64
27 27
40
94 82
132
0
50
100
150
Urban Rural
(mill
ions
)
19902008
67
36
51
13
19
32
13
23
27
21
54
17
26
12
12
11
9
4
16
19
20
22
22
24
27
29
31
42
49
53
55
60
64
79
0 20 40 60 80 100
Gambia
Mali
Senegal
Ghana
Guinea
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
Cote d'Ivoire
REGIONAL AVERAGE
Guinea-Bissau
Cape Verde
Liberia
Mauritania
Togo
Benin
Burkina Faso
Niger
Coverage (%)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
Burkina Faso 9.7 million
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Overall the monitoring process in West Africa presents a very positive picture of progress against the eThekwini Commitments on Sanitation. Notable achievements in ensuring the following commitments are met include:
• To establish, review, update and adopt national sanitation and hygiene policies
• To establish one national plan for accelerating progress to meet national sanitation goals and the MDGs by 2015.
• To increase the profile of sanitation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other relevant strategy related processes.
• To ensure that one, principal, accountable institution takes clear leadership of the national sanitation portfolio.
Other areas of sound progress include the following commitments:
• To establish one coordinating body with specific responsibility for sanitation and hygiene, involving all stakeholders.
• To establish specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene programmes.
• To recognize the gender and youth aspects of sanitation and hygiene.
However, areas that warrant greater focus are apparent. Across the region there has been less progress in ensuring the following eThekwini commitments are met:
• Budget allocations should be a minimum of 0.5% GDP
• To develop and implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools to track progress at local and national levels
Is there a national sanitation policy?
Is there one national sanitation plan to meet the MDG target?
What profile is given to sanitation within the PRSP?
Is there a principal accountable institution to take leadership?
Is there one coordinating body involving all stakeholders?
Is there a specific public sector budget line for sanitation?
Is 0.5% of GDP allocated to sanitation?
Is there a sanitation monitoring and evaluation (M+E) system?
Do Institutional sanitation programs include gender aspects?
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Tota
l /30
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 25
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 26
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 26
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 25
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 23
1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 22
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4
1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 13
0 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 23
WESTERN AFRICA ETHEKWINI MONITORING
16
PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WESTERN AFRICA
FINANCING: More than half of countries that undertook country preparation meetings mentioned financing as a priority, in most cases financial resource mobilisation both internally and through external development partners. Other aspects of financing that were prioritised included investment planning in The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Togo and improving budget utilisation rates in The Gambia.
CAPACITY BUILDING: Half of all the countries noted capacity building as a priority. Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger specifically mention prioritising strengthening of decentralised capacity for planning, implementation and follow-up, including communes, local leaders, private sector and NGOs.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION: Monitoring and evaluation was another commonly occurring priority. Sierra Leone prioritised developing an effective and efficient monitoring and evaluation system, linked to the budget process at all levels. Mali have defined several key steps to putting in place their monitoring and evaluation system, including defining indicators, developing tools and carrying out trainings. In Guinea the priority is to put in place a community based information system.
CLTS SCALE-UP: Nigeria, Mali, Liberia and Guinea all mentioned scale-up of the CLTS approach as a priority action to get countries on track to meet the sanitation MDG.
Capacity building (DHAB, coordination at all levels, advisory role)
Strategy (implement, national scale, decentralised management)
Programme (develop, commune financing, sector regulation)
Financial (mobilise resources, social engineering)
Capacity building (local, implementation, follow-up, communes contracting, NGO/private sector supervision)
Capacity building (empowerment, transfer human + financial resources to communes)
Policy (development, consultative process, rural focus, on-site technology)
Scale (rural, disadvantaged areas, demand-led, CLTS)
Financial (mobilisation, internal, external)
Policy / Strategy (adoption, approval)
Finance (investment planning, local participation in investment planning, financial resource mobilisation, improve budget utilisation rates)
Finance (sustainable financing)
Capacity building
M+E
IEC
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d’Ivoire
Gambia, The
Ghana
COUNTRY PRIORITY ACTIONS (summarised)
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
17
Guinea
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Financial (advocacy)
Scale (advocacy)
Capacity building (national institutions)
Policy (update, adopt)
Strategy (define implementation strategy)
M+E (community based information sytem)
CLTS (scale-up)
Strategy / action plan (national sanitation roadmap, develop, implement)
Strategy (finalise, align with PRS2)
Intersectoral coordination (operationalize)
CLTS (scale-up)
M+E (system, indicators, logframe, targets, guidance, tools, training)
CLTS (scale-up)
Capacity building (skills transfer to communes, contrcats guidance, strategic planning methodology, support guide, training)
Hygiene and sanitation promotion (communication plan, tools, update capacity building plan)
Urban sanitation (construction of systems, Nouakchott and secondary towns)
Rural sanitation (construction, on-site, behaviour change)
Policy / strategy / action plan (implement)
Financial (mobilisation)
Financial (mobilisation, internal, external)
Capacity building (technical departments, local leaders, contracting, advocacy)
Strategy (popularisation, implementation)
Policy (harmonisation)
Leadership (identify)
Capacity building (implementers)
CLTS (scale-up)
Behaviour change (national campaign, school curricula, gender, capacity building, training, advocacy strategies for policymakers and households, sanitation week)
Financial (mobilisation, state budget, household contribution, advocacy strategy)
M+E (surveys, household expenditure surveys, socio-economic and health impacts)
Stategy
Finance (Investment planning, increase budget allocation)
M+E (effectiveness, link to budget, all levels)
Demand-led programs (CATS)
Private sector involvement (enabling environment)
Financial (strategic, investment plan, mobilisation)
Policy (adoption, implementation)
Decentralisation (implement process)
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Guinea-Bissau
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Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
Urban Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
WESTERN AFRICA CSO2 SUMMARY5
The CSO2 scorecard for West Africa shows a series of bottlenecks, most significantly in budget, equity and up-take building blocks for rural sanitation and hygiene, and equity and up-take in urban sanitation and hygiene.
Across the West African region a number of themes emerge from the CSO2 country specific priority actions - most commonly financing, approaches, technology and strategy.
Financing: All countries in the region have priority actions that relate to financing. Mobilisation of funds or increasing budget allocations is a priority in 10 out of 13 countries in the region. Half of the countries in the region have priorities which include establishing sustainable financing mechanisms for example through water supply charges in Benin, or microfinance in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Other countries also include investment planning or budget targeting as a priority.
Approaches: Many of the countries in the region have priorities pertaining to approach. Benin and Sierra Leone both prioritise the establishment of pro-poor approaches to sanitation and hygiene. Four countries (The Gambia, Liberia, Niger and Nigeria) specifically prioritise scaling up of CLTS or similar approaches.
Urban sanitation technology: Appropriate sanitation technologies for urban areas is a priority in 7 countries, mostly concerning installing or improving sewerage or emptying and treatment systems as in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mauritania and Niger. Liberia prioritises developing appropriate technologies for urban informal settlements.
Strategy: Priorities relating to strategies fall into three categories; either the need to develop a strategy as is the case in Sierra Leone, to implement or operationalize existing strategies as is the case in Benin, Mauritania and Niger, or to clarify certain aspects of the strategy as in Liberia.
5CSO2 West Africa Countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
19
COUNTRIES
© W
ater
Aid
EASTERN AFRICA 1 Burundi
2 Comoros
3 Djibouti
4 Eritrea
5 Ethiopia
6 Kenya
7 Rwanda
8 Somalia
9 South Sudan
10 Sudan
11 Tanzania
12 Uganda
20
EASTERN AFRICA
Ethiopia, 48.7Sudan, 17.1Tanzania, 5.7Kenya, 5.6Somalia, 4.8Eritrea, 4.2Uganda, 3.1Rwanda, 0.3Burundi, 0.1Djibouti, 0.1Comoros, 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cov
erag
e (%
)
2015 2008 1990
Eastern Africa Sanitation coverage trends, Eastern Africa,1990 – 2008
Improved facilities
Shared facilities
Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
22
33
22
43
23
27
13
17
32
37
15
16
37
14
9
41 48
23 19
40
12 10
24
23
Urban Rural Total
Sudan 17.1 million
Ethiopia 48.7 million
90 million people in Eastern Africa practised open defecation in 2008
(millions)
Sanitation coverage, Eastern African countries ,2008
Eastern Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
The population without sanitation increased by 65 million since 1990
Population without improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008
Cov
erag
e (%
)
61
27 29
18
112
38
157
0
60
120
180
Urban Rural
(mill
ions
)
19902008
36
46
54
56
48
24
31
27
34
23
12
14
0
1
3
8
10
13
15
33
41
54
60
85
0 20 40 60 80 100
Comoros
Burundi
Rwanda
Djibouti
Uganda
Tanzania
Kenya
REGIONAL AVERAGE
Sudan
Somalia
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Coverage (%)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
21
EASTERN AFRICA ETHEKWINI MONITORING
Overall the monitoring process in East Africa presents a positive picture of progress against the eThekwini Commitments on Sanitation. Notable achievements in ensuring the following commitments are met include:
• To establish one national plan for accelerating progress to meet national sanitation goals and the MDGs by 2015.
• To recognize the gender and youth aspects of sanitation and hygiene.
Other areas of sound progress include the following commitments:
• To establish, review, update and adopt national sanitation and hygiene policies
• To increase the profile of sanitation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other relevant strategy related processes.
• To establish one coordinating body with specific responsibility for sanitation and hygiene, involving all stakeholders.
• To establish specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene programmes.
However, areas that warrant greater focus are apparent. Across the region there has been less progress in ensuring the following eThekwini commitments are met:
• Budget allocations should be a minimum of 0.5% GDP
• To develop and implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools to track progress at local and national levels
Is there a national sanitation policy?
Is there one national sanitation plan to meet the MDG target?
What profile is given to sanitation within the PRSP?
Is there a principal accountable institution to take leadership?
Is there one coordinating body involving all stakeholders?
Is there a specific public sector budget line for sanitation?
Is 0.5% of GDP allocated to sanitation?
Is there a sanitation monitoring and evaluation (M+E) system?
Do Institutional sanitation programs include gender aspects?
Bu
run
di
Co
mo
ros
Djib
ou
ti
Eri
trea
Eth
iop
ia
Ken
ya
Rw
and
a
So
mal
ia
So
uth
Su
dan
Su
dan
Tan
zan
ia
Ug
and
a
Tota
l /18
0 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 14
0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 15
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 14
0 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 11
0 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 14
0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 13
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 5
0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 10
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
22
PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR EASTERN AFRICA
FINANCING: All countries except Comoros noted sector financing as a priority, within this theme countries prioritised different aspects e.g. resource mobilisation to increase budget allocations for sanitation, or better targeting and tracking of investments. Ethiopia prioritised establishing a sanitation and hygiene budget line, whilst for Uganda the priority is to better allocate resources to an already existing budget line. The priority for Tanzania is to clarify the financial requirements to meet the MDG.
CAPACITY BUILDING: Capacity building was listed as a priority in different countries. In Djibouti partner capacity building is a priority. Sudan prioritised building decentralised capacity through additional and seconded staff.
STRATEGY: National sanitation and hygiene strategy featured as a priority. In most cases the focus was on implementation of already existing strategies and their dissemination to all levels of Government. For policy, Comoros needs to develop a sanitation and hygiene policy, whereas in Tanzania the existing policy needs to be finalised, approved and disseminated down to local government at district level.
SCALE-UP: Various approaches to sanitation were mentioned across the region including CLTS, sanitation marketing and hygiene clubs – common to all was the priority to scale-up implementation.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
23
Rwanda
South Sudan
Coordination (institutionalise ICC)
Finance (basket fund, sustainable financing, targeting)
Demand for sanitation / sanitation marketing to scale up coverage
Financial (increase)
CLTS (government led)
Solid waste management
Hygiene and sanitation promotion (hygiene clubs, Community Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme)
CLTS (streamline, scale-up)
Action plan / investment plan (develop)
Strategy (implement)
Finance (increase budget allocations)
Capacity building (locality level, human resources)
Advocate locality commissioners (commitment and budgetary support)
Identify partners, CATS facilitation, geographic action plan
Policy (finalise, approve, disseminate)
Capacity building (all levels)
M+E (strengthen systems)
Financial (clarify requirements)
National Campaign / Global Sanitation Fund (implement)
Financial (resource allocation to budget line, MoU)
Scale-up (supply and demand)
Policy / Strategy (dissemination at all levels)
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Intersectoral coordination
Leadership (designate lead institution)
Policy (develop)
Financial (resource mobilisation, national and donor)
Capacity building (partners)
Strategy / action plan (master plan, validate and implement)
Strategy / action plan (cascade implementation)
Leadership (strengthen institutional arrangements)
Financial (budget line, tracking, mobilisation, investment targeting)
Strategy / action plan (endorse, disseminate)
M+E (develop system)
Comoros
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
COUNTRY PRIORITY ACTIONS (summarised)
24
Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
Urban Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
EASTERN AFRICA CSO2 SUMMARY
The CSO2 scorecard for East Africa6 shows a series of barriers, most significantly in the up-take building block for rural sanitation and hygiene, and budget, equity, up-take and use in urban sanitation and hygiene. Overall the urban service delivery pathway is more significantly hampered by bottlenecks than for rural.
Across the East African region a number of themes emerge from the CSO2 country specific priority actions – most commonly technology, financing, monitoring and evaluation and strategy.
Technology: Seven out of eight countries have some aspect of technology as a priority. For rural areas low cost improvements to existing traditional latrines is a priority in Burundi and Rwanda. In urban areas also improvement of existing systems is a priority in Burundi and Uganda, as well as investment in low cost sewerage options such as in Kenya and identification of sewerage alternatives in Tanzania. The engagement of the private sector in sanitation is a priority in Rwanda, Sudan and South Sudan.
Financing: Five out of eight countries in the region have priority actions that relate to financing. In some countries the priority relates to defining a financing strategy, for example in Ethiopia and South Sudan. In others the priority relates to cost recovery, for example in Sudan. Increased budget allocation to sanitation is a priority in Burundi. Sudan, South Sudan and Kenya all need to clarify their position on subsidy.
Monitoring and evaluation: Half of countries in the region have priority actions concerning monitoring and evaluation. For example the establishment of a baseline in Ethiopia, access and equity monitoring in Rwanda and the monitoring of uptake and outcomes in Kenya and Uganda.
Strategy and Action Plan: Another priority theme common to half the countries in the region is around sanitation strategies and action plans. Priorities fall into two categories; either the need to develop strategies or action plans as in South Sudan, Ethiopia and Rwanda or to complete and operationalize, as is the case with the Kenya sanitation strategy.
6CSO2 East Africa countries: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
25
© J
oe N
arke
vic
1 Angola
2 Botswana
3 Lesotho
4 Madagascar
5 Malawi
6 Mauritius
7 Mozambique
8 Namibia
9 South Africa
10 Swaziland
11 Zambia
12 Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA
26
SOUTHERN AFRICA
Mozambique, 9.5Madagascar, 6.1Angola, 4.2South Africa, 3.9Zimbabwe, 3.1Zambia, 2.2Malawi, 1.4Namibia, 1.1Lesotho, 0.8Botswana, 0.3Swaziland, 0.2Mauritius, 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cov
erag
e (%
)
2015 2008 1990
Southern Africa Sanitation coverage trends, Southern Africa,1990 – 2008
Improved facilities
Shared facilities
Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
43
21
10
36
15
50
11
14
65
16
9
10
68
11
5
34
51
35 30
16
12 9
19
10
Urban Rural Total
Madagascar 6.1 million
Mozambique 9.5 million
33 million people in Southern Africa practised open defecation in 2008
(millions)
Sanitation coverage, Southern African countries ,2008
Southern Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
The population without sanitation increased by 19 million since 1990
Population without improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008
Cov
erag
e (%
)
72
50 53
14
47
22
58
0
20
40
60
Urban Rural
(mill
ions
)
19902008
91
77
56
60
55
49
50
57
44
11
29
17
33
0
8
9
16
16
18
21
23
25
32
40
42
53
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mauritius
South Africa
Malawi
Botswana
Swaziland
Zambia
REGIONAL AVERAGE
Angola
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
Coverage (%)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
Angola 4.2 million
27
SOUTHERN AFRICA ETHEKWINI MONITORING
Overall the monitoring process in participating countries in Southern Africa presents a positive picture of progress against the eThekwini Commitments on Sanitation. Notable achievements in ensuring the following commitments are met include:
• To establish one national plan for accelerating progress to meet national sanitation goals and the MDGs by 2015.
• To recognize the gender and youth aspects of sanitation and hygiene.
Other areas of sound progress include the following commitments:
• To establish, review, update and adopt national sanitation and hygiene policies
• To ensure that one, principal, accountable institution takes clear leadership of the national sanitation portfolio.
• To establish one coordinating body with specific responsibility for sanitation and hygiene, involving all stakeholders.
However, areas that warrant greater focus are apparent. Across the region there has been less progress in ensuring the following eThekwini commitments are met:
• To establish specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene programmes.
• Budget allocations should be a minimum of 0.5% GDP
• To develop and implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools to track progress at local and national levels
Is there a national sanitation policy?
Is there one national sanitation plan to meet the MDG target?
What profile is given to sanitation within the PRSP?
Is there a principal accountable institution to take leadership?
Is there one coordinating body involving all stakeholders?
Is there a specific public sector budget line for sanitation?
Is 0.5% of GDP allocated to sanitation?
Is there a sanitation monitoring and evaluation (M+E) system?
Do Institutional sanitation programs include gender aspects?
An
go
la
Bo
tsw
ana
Les
oth
o
Mad
agas
car
Mal
awi
Mo
zam
biq
ue
Nam
ibia
So
uth
Afr
ica
Sw
azila
nd
Zam
bia
Zim
bab
we
Tota
l /14
1 2 2 2 1 1 1 10
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 12
2 1 2 1 1 2 0 9
1 1 2 1 2 2 2 11
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 11
0 1 1 1 2 2 0 7
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
0 2 2 2 2 2 2 12
28
PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA
ACTION PLANS: The two most commonly noted priorities concerned the national sanitation and hygiene action plans. For some such as Mozambique the priority is to develop an implementation plan along with the national strategy, for other such as Malawi it is a question of operationalizing an already existing action plan. Madagascar’s priority is to both develop and implement a sanitation action plan according to the national policy and strategy.
FINANCING: Five out of the six countries mentioned different aspects of financing. Mozambique and Zambia noted
mobilisation of financial resources as a priority, with an emphasis on decentralisation in Mozambique. Madagascar financing priorities include a financial needs assessment, budget system, policy on subsidy and micro-financing. Swaziland prioritised continuation of partner collaboration in ensuring that available resources are used effectively.
COORDINATION: Intersectoral, interministerial coordination is a priority in Madagascar and Mozambique, with Mozambique proposing a Memorandum of Understanding approved by cabinet.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
29
Leadership / Intersectoral coordination
Action plan, budget, M + E system
Sanitation and hygiene promotion (schools)
Financial (needs assessment, budget system, subsidy policy)
Action plan (develop and implement)
Intersectoral coordination
Capacity building (district assemblies)
Action plan (review and operationalization)
Establishment and staffing of sanitation and hygiene department
Financial (mobilise funds, peri-urban areas, decentralise funds)
M+E (indicators, monitoring mechanisms, community leader involvement)
Strategy / Action plan (develop, include human resources)
Leadership / Intersectoral coordination (MoU)
Financial (coordination to maximise available resources)
CLTS (reinforce, remove dependency on subsidy)
Peri-urban / Informal (integrated approach, inclusion of environmental sanitation)
Financial (mobilisation, allocation)
Strategy / Action plan (integrated, accelerate harmonised workplan)
Urban and rural systems rehabilitation, promote ODF
Financial (mobilise essential resources, finalise budget)
Policy / Strategy / Action plan (finalise)
Angola
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
COUNTRY PRIORITY ACTIONS (summarised)
Swaziland
Zambia
Zimbabwe
30
Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
Urban Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
SOUTHERN AFRICA CSO2 SUMMARY
The CSO2 scorecard for Southern Africa7 shows a fairly unimpeded service delivery pathway for both rural and urban sanitation and hygiene. However there are a number of building blocks that are a drag on service delivery and still require attention.
Across the Southern African region a number of themes emerge from the CSO2 priority actions - most commonly strategy, approach, policy and private sector involvement.
Strategy / action plan: Priorities relating to strategies or strategic action planning, which occur in five of seven countries fall into two categories; either the need to develop and implement a strategy or action plan as is the case in Angola, Malawi, urban South Africa and Zambia; or operationalize an existing strategy as is the case in Madagascar.
Approaches: Four countries in the region have priority actions that fall into the broad category of approaches. In some cases, the priority is to build a national strategy around an approach such as sanitation marketing in Malawi, or to take an approach to scale, such as TSSM in Mozambique. In other cases the priority is to pilot new approaches such as demand-led approaches in South Africa.
Policy: Three countries in the region have priorities that relate to policy. In Angola the priority is to resume work on developing and implementing the national sanitation policy, and Zambia needs to ensure that sanitation is well articulated in the Water Policy that is under development. Madagascar needs to accelerate implementation of the existing policy.
Private sector involvement: Madagascar, Mozambique and Zimbabwe all prioritise greater involvement of the local private sector in sanitation through collaboration and capacity building.
7CSO2 Southern Africa countries: Angola, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
31
© x
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
x
1 Cameroon
2 Central African Republic
3 Chad
4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of
5 Congo, Rep. of
6 Equatorial Guinea
7 Gabon
8 São Tomé and Principe
CENTRAL AFRICA
32
CENTRAL AFRICA
Chad, 7.1Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6.4Cameroon, 0.9Central African Republic, 0.9Congo, 0.3Sao Tome and Principe, 0.1Gabon, 0.0
Central Africa Sanitation coverage trends, Central Africa,1990 – 2008
Improved facilities
Shared facilities
Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
17
15
47
24
37
27
12
21
27
35
32
6
27
37
3
23 32
23 9
33
18
4
36
55
Urban Rural Total
DR Congo 6.4 million
Chad 7.1 million
16 million people in Central Africa practised open defecation in 2008
(millions)
Sanitation coverage, Central African countries ,2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cov
erag
e (%
)
2015 2008 1990
Central Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
The population without sanitation increased by 25 million since 1990
13
38
27
49
0
20
40
60
Urban Rural
(mill
ions
)
19902008
Population without improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008
Cov
erag
e (%
)
59
27 31 33
47
30
23
27
34
26
9
1
5
8
10
15
20
55
65
0 20 40 60 80 100
Gabon
Cameroon
Congo
DR Congo
REGIONAL AVERAGE
Central African Republic
Sao Tome and Principe
Chad
Coverage (%)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
33
CENTRAL AFRICA ETHEKWINI MONITORING
Overall the monitoring process in Central Africa shows that although there have been some clear areas of success; there is still work to be done.
Notable achievements in ensuring the following commitment was met include:
• To recognize the gender and youth aspects of sanitation and hygiene.
There has also been some progress in the following commitments:
• To increase the profile of sanitation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other relevant strategy related processes.
• To establish specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene programmes.
However, areas that warrant greater focus are apparent. Across the region there has been less progress in ensuring the following eThekwini commitments are met:
• To establish one national plan for accelerating progress to meet national sanitation goals and the MDGs by 2015.
• Budget allocations should be a minimum of 0.5% GDP
• To develop and implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools to track progress at local and national levels
Cam
ero
on
Cen
tral
A
fric
an
Rep
ub
lic
Ch
ad
Co
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o,
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. R
ep.
of
Co
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al
Gu
inea
Gab
on
São
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an
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TO
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/10
Is there a national sanitation policy?
Is there one national sanitation plan to meet the MDG target?
What profile is given to sanitation within the PRSP?
Is there a principal accountable institution to take leadership?
Is there one coordinating body involving all stakeholders?
Is there a specific public sector budget line for sanitation?
Is 0.5% of GDP allocated to sanitation?
Is there a sanitation monitoring and evaluation (M+E) system?
Do Institutional sanitation programs include gender aspects?
1 1 1 2 1 6
0 1 1 2 1 5
1 1 2 2 1 7
1 0 2 2 1 6
2 1 1 0 2 6
0 1 2 2 2 7
0 0 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 0 4
2 2 1 2 2 9
34
PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR CENTRAL AFRICA
POLICY: Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo both prioritised the development of a national sanitation policy. Democratic Republic of Congo specifies that the policy should be within the framework of decentralisation and recommends use of low-cost appropriate technologies, on-site sanitation in rural areas and collective systems in urban areas.
ACTION PLAN: Equatorial Guinea and Central African Republic both prioritised the preparation of national sanitation action plans.
Other priorities for Democratic Republic of Congo include advocating for both increased budget allocation and improved funds disbursement especially to rural
and peri-urban areas. Democratic Republic of Congo also prioritised institutional capacity building in the areas of planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation, ensuring adequate numbers of skilled staff, training opportunities, equipment and infrastructure.
Equatorial Guinea also prioritised creation of a lead institution for sanitation as well as a multi-sector task force to drive the sector.
Central African Republic prioritised taking the CLTS approach to scale and carrying out IEC campaigns.
Note:
• Due to only 4 countries participating in Central Africa, the results are somewhat limited and may not be representative of the whole region.
• The word cloud does not include data from Republic of Congo.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
35
Hygiene and sanitation promotion (IEC campaigns)
CLTS (scale-up)
Action plan (develop)
Finance (increase budget allocation, effective disbursement)
Capacity building (institutions, planning, implementation, M+E, staff numbers, training equipment, infrastructure)
Policy (develop, decentralisation, rural on-site tech, urban collective tech, low cost)
Action plan (develop)
Intersectoral coordination (create taskforce)
Leadership (lead institution)
Coordination framework (establish)
Low cost tech, hygiene and sanitation education (promote)
Capacity building (local)
Financing mechanisms
Peri-urban / rural sanitation (rehabilitation, construction, equity)
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Republic of Congo
COUNTRY PRIORITY ACTIONS (summarised)
36
Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
Urban Sanitation and Hygiene Scorecard
In both rural and urban sanitation and hygiene the CSO2 scorecard for Central Africa shows a series of significant barriers, in almost all building blocks.
Across the Central African8 region a number of themes emerge from the CSO2 country specific priority actions - most commonly financing, approaches, technology and strategy.
Financing: All five countries in the region have priority actions that relate to different aspects of financing. Mobilisation of additional funds for sanitation is a priority in Chad. In Central African Republic donor advocacy for longer funding cycles is a priority as current short term financing is not conducive to behaviour change programmes. Financial monitoring and tracking requires improvement in Democratic Republic of Congo. Both Cameroon and Chad have prioritised the need clarify subsidy strategy.
Approaches: All five countries in the region have priorities pertaining to approach. Democratic Republic of Congo has prioritised scaling up an already successful approach; Cameroon, Central African Republic and Chad prioritise defining and implementing an agreed approach.
Sanitation technology: Sanitation technology is a priority in three countries for example in Republic of Congo where the development and promotion of low cost appropriate technologies is prioritised.
Strategy: Both Cameroon and Chad’s priorities include putting in place a sanitation strategy that clearly defines hygiene promotion approaches, subsidy issues and technology choices.
CENTRAL AFRICA CSO2 SUMMARY
8CSO2 Central Africa countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
37
The following reference table collates feedback from country preparation meetings on existing areas of strength that countries can offer as peer support to build capacity in other countries to get them on track to meet the sanitation MDG.
Improvements in family hygiene and sanitation practice seen as a result of pilot projects that are now being scaled up nationally.
High coverage communication for behaviour change programme through multiple actors and mass media.
Dedicated Health Extension Programmes
Hygiene promotion at grass roots level, with the use of students, CBOs and health assistants
National sanitation policy with 5 distinct strategies including a capacity building strategy
Sector action plan and MDG framework takes into account capacity building needs; necessary personnel in place for capacity building in the private and public sector; short and long term programme for capacity building.
Capacity development through both technology development and formal education options (diploma)
Good coordination in CLTS implementation (Govt, Aid agencies, UN agencies, NGOs, donors)
CLTSH guidelines on implementation, training and veification
CLTS and sanitation marketing
CLTS
CLTS
CLTS trials
Involvement of municipalities and district councils and traditional leaders in follow-up and scale-up
CLTS implementation at national level
CLTS adapted to the local context and at scale
Large-scale implementation of CLTS and the multisectoral system of evaluation and recognition of open defecation free communities. Manuals and other materials prepared in Portuguese may be useful for the Lusophone countries.
Scaling up CLTS
Coordination and M+E mechanisms
Coordination of sanitation sub-sector actors
National and provincial level coordination mechanism for approach harmonisation, information sharing and to ensure efficient utilisation of resources
National Hygiene and Sanitation Taskforce led by the MoH, a tri-ministerial MOU and a WASH Implementation Framework
Institutional arrangements, and sector coordination
Benin
Congo, Dem Rep of
Ethiopia
Mozambique
Mali
Togo
Zimbabwe
Angola
Ethiopia
Malawi
Mauritania
Sierra Leone
Swaziland
Côte d’Ivoire
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Mozambique
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Central African Republic
Congo, Dem Rep of
Ethiopia
Ghana
Behaviour change approaches
Capacity building
CLTS
CLTS pilot
CLTS at scale
Coordination
EXISTING CAPACITY AND STRENGTHS
38
Decentralisation
Emergency response and recovery
Financing
Handwashing with soap
Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion
Integration
Institutional leadership arrangements
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Kenya
Nigeria
Senegal
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Benin
Niger
Uganda
Zambia
South Sudan
Sudan
Benin
Djibouti
Djibouti
Gambia, The
Guinea-Bissau
Madagascar
Mali
Sierra Leone
Kenya
Angola
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Zimbabwe
Congo, Dem Rep of
Niger
Central African Republic
Liberia
Mauritania
Rwanda
Multi-partner water and sanitation group meet monthly to harmonise activities
Sector coordination
Government-led multi-stakeholder consultation and participation
Coordination mechanism
Sector coordination
National WASH forum working towards coordination and harmonisation
Coordination of government agencies and development partners with sanitation responsibilities through an MOU and dialogue structure.
Coordination at the national and district levels
Effective coordination mechanisms at all levels
Implementation of urban and rural sanitation initiatives through a national programmatic approach
Decentralisationprocess and growingrole to communes in hygiene and sanitation promotion.
Decentralisation and the devolution of services and capacity to communes as well as local planning processes
Decentralisation of sanitation implementation
Decentralisation policy to ensure equitable and effective delivery of sanitation services.
Experience in coordination, emergency response and linking recovery, resettlement and development in countries emerging from conflict.
Experience in emergency response in Darfur
Central level planning and budgeting for the sector due to the programme approach.
Credit / saving scheme based on the results of a willingness to pay study.
Urban sanitation financing through cross subsidy (water tax)
National budget tracking for sanitation budget allocation
Strategic information system for resource mobilisation
Implementing Global Sanitation Fund actions
Sector wide approach to WASH which realises the medium term expenditure framework
Format for allocation of local government grants
Communication strategy and strong partnership with the media as part of strategy to promote handwashing with soap
Preparation of communications material and posters with involvement of national artists
Dedicated Health Extension Programme
National sanitation education campaign carried out by the WASH coalition
Software approaches such as PPHE, CBM and CHCs
Integration of sanitation and water programmes.
National water supply and sanitation programme
Putting in place a rural sanitation lead agency (ANEA)
Process of developing a sanitation compact
Creation of the MHA and technical structures
Strong political will for sanitation with effective enforcement mechanisms.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
39
M+E
Policy, strategy and action plan
Private sector involvement
Results based planning
Sanitation in institutions
Sanitation marketing
Sector learning
Technologies
Urban Sanitation
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Mali
Malawi
Mauritania
Sudan
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Sudan
Togo
Uganda
Kenya
Rwanda
Zambia
Rwanda
Côte d’Ivoire
Gambia, The
Guinea
Malawi
Ghana
Tanzania
Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire
Swaziland
Zambia
Mechanisms for coordination and for M+E (CNHP, CNP, CaPa, annual review)
Inclusion of M+E in National Sanitation and Hygiene Strategic Plan
Development of process of national and JMP data reconciliation
Sanitation mapping
Systems for monitoring sanitation over time at grassroots level, in partnership with community leaders and officials from various sectors
Sanitation and hygiene policies and strategies
Strategic sanitation planning
Sanitation and Hygiene Strategic Action Plan
Sanitation strategy development
Policy and other documents.
Development of sanitation and hygiene policy and strategy
Development of policies and strategies
National sanitation policy with 5 distinct strategies including a capacity building strategy
Policy development
National sanitation strategy
National Sanitation policy and strategic plan
Development of national policy and MDG action plan on sanitation
Well-articulated policy on water and sanitation and an implementation strategy
Lessons learned in development of the WASH policy and strategic framework
Action plan for the water and sanitation sector and MDG framework
Policy and strategy formulation
Through PPPs with the MoPHS private sector provides opportunities for financing and capacity building
Community-based organisation and private sector involvement in sanitation.
Commercialised urban sanitation and regulation
Performance and results based planning and implementation.
Introduction of hygiene, sanitation and water education into the national curriculum
School Sanitation Standards and design to ensure gender aspects are applied
Development and use of school WASH teaching package
CLTS and sanitation marketing
Platforms for sector dialogue and learning
Testing of innovative approaches.
Experience in development of alternative technologies
Leasing arrangements for collective sanitation and drainage in Abidjan.
Set up of two urban waste water treatment plants
Implementation of urban and rural sanitation initiatives through a national programmatic approach
40 © U
NIC
EF
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
41
ANNEX 1 – JMP DATA TABLES FOR AFRICA
Sanitation Coverage dataSanitation coverage data
Rest ofsub-Saharan Africa
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Sudan
* 1995-2008 estimates are given for Cape Verde, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and SwazilandData not available to the WHO/UNICEF JMP are marked with a “ – “
Country
Population2008 Sanitation Coverage (%)
Population gaining access
1990 - 2008 (x 1,000)
Urban Rural Total
Total(x 1,000)
Urban (%) Im
prov
ed
Shar
ed
Uni
mpr
oved
Ope
n de
feca
tion
Impr
oved
Shar
ed
Uni
mpr
oved
Ope
n de
feca
tion
Impr
oved
Shar
ed
Uni
mpr
oved
Ope
n de
feca
tion
Angola 18,021 57 86 - 13 1 18 - 29 53 57 - 20 23 7,606Algeria 34,373 65 98 - 1 1 88 - 2 10 95 - 1 4 10,127Benin 8,662 41 24 34 11 31 4 10 6 80 12 20 8 60 800Botswana 1,921 60 74 7 18 1 39 11 12 38 60 9 15 16 666Burkina Faso 15,234 20 33 20 39 8 6 7 10 77 11 10 15 64 1,147Burundi 8,074 10 49 22 27 2 46 4 49 1 46 6 47 1 1,214Cameroon 19,088 57 56 17 26 1 35 8 47 10 47 13 35 5 3,222Cape Verde 499 60 65 - 2 33 38 - 6 56 54 - 4 42 110*Central African Republic 4,339 39 43 24 30 3 28 14 27 31 34 18 28 20 1,153Chad 10,914 27 23 19 42 16 4 5 8 83 9 9 17 65 616Comoros 661 28 50 3 46 1 30 2 68 0 36 2 62 0 163Congo 3,615 61 31 31 36 2 29 16 37 18 30 25 37 8 -Côte d'Ivoire 20,591 49 36 24 35 5 11 12 29 48 23 18 32 27 2,214Democratic Republic of the Congo 64,257 34 23 33 42 2 23 22 41 14 23 26 41 10 11,448Djibouti 849 87 63 5 32 0 10 1 28 61 56 4 32 8 106Egypt 81,527 43 97 3 0 0 92 6 2 0 94 5 1 0 35,264Equatorial Guinea 659 39 - - - - - - - - - - - - -Eritrea 4,927 21 52 - 7 41 4 - 0 96 14 - 1 85 406Ethiopia 80,713 17 29 34 29 8 8 2 19 71 12 7 21 60 7,754Gabon 1,448 85 33 36 30 1 30 25 43 2 33 34 32 1 83*Gambia 1,660 57 68 27 4 1 65 14 14 7 67 21 8 4 454*Ghana 23,351 50 18 70 5 7 7 38 21 34 13 54 13 20 1,988Guinea 9,833 34 34 42 23 1 11 6 50 33 19 18 41 22 1,315Guinea-Bissau 1,575 30 49 8 41 2 9 0 48 43 21 2 46 31 138*Kenya 38,765 22 27 51 20 2 32 18 32 18 31 25 29 15 5,925Lesotho 2,049 25 40 35 17 8 25 3 21 51 29 11 20 40 82Liberia 3,793 60 25 25 20 30 4 12 7 77 17 20 14 49 407Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 6,294 78 97 - 3 0 96 - 4 - 97 - 3 0 1,868Madagascar 19,111 29 15 28 39 18 10 17 35 38 11 20 37 32 1,200Malawi 14,846 19 51 42 5 2 57 24 8 11 56 27 8 9 4,344Mali 12,706 32 45 25 26 4 32 14 33 21 36 18 30 16 2,324Mauritania 3,215 41 50 18 16 16 9 4 8 79 26 10 11 53 518Mauritius 1,280 42 93 7 0 0 90 7 3 0 91 7 2 0 203Morocco 31,606 56 83 14 3 0 52 6 4 38 69 10 4 17 8,741Mozambique 22,383 37 38 7 41 14 4 1 36 59 17 3 38 42 2,315Namibia 2,130 37 60 17 5 18 17 4 6 73 33 9 5 53 349Niger 14,704 16 34 25 21 20 4 2 3 91 9 6 6 79 928Nigeria 151,212 48 36 38 14 12 28 14 27 31 32 26 20 22 12,373Rwanda 9,721 18 50 18 31 1 55 6 36 3 54 8 35 3 3,605Sao Tome and Principe 160 61 30 4 17 49 19 5 12 64 26 4 15 55 15*Senegal 12,211 42 69 19 10 2 38 10 21 31 51 14 16 19 3,363Seychelles 84 56 97 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - -Sierra Leone 5,560 38 24 47 25 4 6 18 40 36 13 29 34 24 319*Somalia 8,926 37 52 30 15 3 6 6 5 83 23 15 8 54 636*South Africa 49,668 61 84 10 4 2 65 9 9 17 77 10 5 8 12,890Sudan 41,348 43 55 - 25 20 18 - 24 58 34 - 25 41 4,847Swaziland 1,168 25 61 32 5 2 53 20 6 21 55 23 6 16 172*Togo 6,459 42 24 44 9 23 3 6 13 78 12 22 11 55 265Tunisia 10,169 67 96 2 2 0 64 8 14 14 85 4 6 5 2,63`Uganda 31,657 13 38 56 4 2 49 22 18 11 48 26 16 10 8,280United Republic of Tanzania 42,484 25 32 30 36 2 21 21 41 17 24 23 40 13 4,087Zambia 12,620 35 59 22 17 2 43 9 22 26 49 14 19 18 2,545Zimbabwe 12,463 37 56 40 2 2 37 15 9 39 44 24 7 25 985
Sub-Saharan Africa 822,436 37 44 31 17 8 24 13 25 38 31 20 22 27 114,344Africa 987,902 39 55 27 12 6 32 12 21 35 41 18 18 23 171,716
20For more data and information on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation visit: www.wssinfo.org
42
AN
NE
X 2
– E
THE
KW
INI I
ND
ICAT
OR
S, D
EFI
NIT
ION
S A
ND
S
CO
RIN
G C
RIT
ER
IA
Sco
re
eThek
winiIndicatorsDefi
nitionsan
dSco
ringCriteria
TrafficLight
Ind
icat
or
Defi
nition
No
Dat
a
Cri
teri
a fo
r R
ed
No
Pro
gre
ss =
0In
pro
gre
ss =
1G
oo
d p
rog
ress
= 2
1) I
s th
ere
a n
atio
nal
sa
nit
atio
n*
po
licy?
A
nat
iona
l San
itatio
n P
olic
y is
a
form
al d
ocum
ent
pre
par
ed
by
gove
rnm
ent
and
end
orse
d b
y la
wm
aker
s (p
arlia
men
t) to
gui
de
and
pro
vid
e vi
sion
, st
rate
gic
dire
ctio
n, in
stitu
tiona
l ar
rang
emen
ts,
coor
din
atio
n,
imp
lem
enta
tion
fram
ewor
k,
finan
cing
mec
hani
sm a
nd
tech
nica
l gui
dan
ce o
n sa
nita
tion.
If th
ere
is n
o sa
nita
tion
pol
icy.
If th
e co
untr
y ha
s a
sani
tatio
n P
olic
y
that
is p
rep
ared
b
y go
vern
men
t b
ut n
ot y
et
end
orse
d b
y p
arlia
men
t.
If th
e co
untr
y ha
s a
sani
tatio
n P
olic
y th
at is
pre
par
ed b
y go
vern
men
t an
d e
ndor
sed
by
par
liam
ent.
Cri
teri
a fo
r ye
llow
Cri
teri
a fo
r G
reen
If th
e co
untr
y ha
s no
nat
iona
l sa
nita
tion
pla
n 2)
Is
ther
e o
ne
nat
ion
al
san
itat
ion
pla
n to
mee
t th
e M
DG
ta
rget
an
d d
oes
it
ad
dre
ss t
he
8 re
com
men
ded
d
imen
sio
ns
fro
m
the
Afr
icaS
an
Co
nfe
ren
ce?
This
ref
ers
to
an S
anita
tion
ro
adm
ap,
San
itatio
n s
trat
egy
and
a S
anita
tion
Act
ion
pla
n (In
clud
ing
clea
r ro
les
& r
esp
onsi
bili
ties,
, fin
anci
ng,
Tim
e fr
ames
, M
&E
sy
stem
s et
c.) t
hat
add
ress
es
the
8 re
com
men
ded
dim
ensi
on
(i.e.
inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
, co
-ord
inat
ion,
pol
icy/
stra
tegy
, d
eman
d le
d-s
upp
ly fe
d sa
nita
tion,
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g,
Dec
entr
alis
atio
n a
nd M
&E
)
If th
e co
untr
y ha
s a
natio
nal
sani
tatio
n p
lan
pre
par
ed w
ith
at le
ast
4 of
the
rec
omm
end
ed
dim
ensi
ons
ad
dre
ssed
OR
with
no
imp
lem
enta
tion
If th
e co
untr
y ha
s na
tiona
l sa
nita
tion
pla
n p
rep
ared
and
un
der
imp
lem
enta
tion-
with
the
8
reco
mm
end
ed d
imen
sion
s ar
e ad
dre
ssed
.
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance
A synthesis of country priority actions
43
3)W
hatprofileis
g
iven
to
san
itat
ion
wit
hin
th
e P
RS
P**
?
This
imp
lies
that
the
offi
cial
P
over
ty R
educ
tion
Str
ateg
y
(PR
SP
) inc
lud
es a
sec
tion
on
San
itatio
n
No
men
tion
of s
anita
tion
in t
he
PR
SP
If th
e P
RS
P in
clud
es a
sec
tion
on s
anita
tion
and
no
targ
ets
with
lim
ited
det
ails
and
no
allo
catio
n fo
r im
ple
men
tatio
n.
If th
e P
RS
P in
clud
es s
anita
tion
and
sp
ecifi
c ta
rget
s w
ith
det
aile
d b
reak
dow
n of
ur
ban
/rur
al,
hous
ehol
d a
nd
inst
itutio
nal,
excr
eta
& w
aste
-w
ater
with
ded
icat
ed b
udge
ts
and
res
pon
sib
le in
stitu
tions
for
imp
lem
enta
tion,
coo
rdin
atio
n,
mon
itorin
g an
d r
epor
ting.
4) I
s th
ere
a p
rin
cip
al
acco
un
tab
le
inst
itu
tio
n t
o t
ake
lead
ersh
ip?
Pri
ncip
al A
cco
unta
ble
Inst
itutio
n
a d
esig
nate
d in
stitu
tion
with
cle
ar
natio
nal m
and
ate
for
sani
tatio
n p
rogr
ams
, d
evel
opm
ent,
Im
ple
men
tatio
n, a
nd M
&E
No
sing
le in
stitu
tion
with
m
and
ate
for
sani
tatio
n
One
des
igna
ted
Inst
itutio
n w
ith
man
dat
e to
pro
vid
e le
ader
ship
fo
r sa
nita
tion
pro
gram
s,
dev
elop
men
t, im
ple
men
tatio
n,
M&
E b
ut h
as n
o ca
pac
ity a
nd/o
r re
sour
ces
to fu
lfill
the
man
dat
e.
One
des
igna
ted
Inst
itutio
n w
ith
man
dat
e to
pro
vid
e le
ader
ship
fo
r sa
nita
tion
pro
gram
s,
dev
elop
men
t, im
ple
men
tatio
n,
M&
E a
nd h
as c
apac
ity a
nd
reso
urce
s to
fulfi
ll th
e m
and
ate.
5) I
s th
ere
on
e co
ord
inat
ing
b
od
y in
volv
ing
all
stak
eho
lder
s?
One
co
ord
inat
ing
bo
dy
invo
lvin
g al
l sta
keho
lder
s re
fers
to
a na
tiona
l cro
ss s
ecto
ral g
roup
w
ith a
man
dat
e to
ens
ure
cons
olid
atio
n &
coh
eren
ce o
f al
l san
itatio
n p
rogr
ams
to a
void
d
uplic
atio
n an
d in
crea
se c
ost
effe
ctiv
enes
s.
No
sing
le e
ffect
ive
coor
din
atin
g b
ody
with
man
dat
e to
co
ord
inat
e sa
nita
tion
One
coo
rdin
atin
g b
ody
with
fu
ll m
and
ate
but
with
out
reso
urce
s an
d/o
r ca
pac
ity,
and
not
rec
ogni
zed
by
othe
r or
gani
satio
ns.
One
b
ody/
gro
up w
ith fu
ll m
and
ate
with
effe
ctiv
e ca
pac
ity
and
res
ourc
es a
nd r
ecog
nize
d b
y ot
her
orga
nisa
tions
as
the
coor
din
atin
g b
ody.
6)Isthereasp
ecific
pu
blic
sec
tor
bu
dg
et li
ne
for
san
itat
ion
?
Pub
lic s
ecto
r b
udge
t lin
e at
na
tiona
l or
loca
l lev
el,
earm
arke
d fo
r sa
nita
tion
inte
rven
tion
/ p
rogr
ams.
No
pub
lic b
udge
tary
allo
catio
n fo
r sa
nita
tion
Bud
get
allo
catio
ns b
ut n
ot u
sed
for
the
sect
orP
ublic
sec
tor
bud
get
allo
catio
ns a
nd u
sed
for
the
sect
or
44
8) I
s th
ere
a sa
nit
atio
n m
on
ito
rin
g a
nd
ev
alu
atio
n (
M+
E)
syst
em?
M&
E s
yste
ms
for
sani
tatio
n ar
e in
pla
ce w
ith le
ader
ship
and
en
dor
sed
by
gove
rnm
ent.
No
form
al e
stab
lishe
d M
&E
sy
stem
s M
&E
sys
tem
s ar
e in
pla
ce b
ut
not
oper
atio
nal (
no c
apac
ity a
nd
no r
esou
rces
)
M&
E s
yste
ms
are
in p
lace
and
ef
fect
ive
with
man
agem
ent
pro
cess
es,
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems,
st
and
ard
s, s
trat
egie
s, p
lans
, in
dic
ator
s, r
epor
ting
lines
&
acco
unta
bili
ty r
elat
ions
hip
s es
tab
lishe
d;
and
use
d b
y al
l st
akeh
old
ers,
with
cap
acity
&
reso
urce
s.
9) D
o I
nst
itu
tio
nal
sa
nit
atio
n p
rog
ram
s in
clu
de
gen
der
as
pec
ts?
Inst
itutio
nal s
anita
tion
pro
gram
s re
fer
to c
omm
unity
san
itatio
n (e
spec
ially
for
scho
ols)
; ge
nder
as
pec
t re
fer
mai
nly
to t
he
sep
arat
ion
of t
oile
t fa
cilit
ies
for
mal
e an
d fe
mal
e or
boy
s an
d g
irls
If In
stitu
tiona
l san
itatio
n p
rogr
ams
doe
s no
t in
clud
e ge
nder
asp
ects
If In
stitu
tiona
l san
itatio
n p
rogr
ams
incl
ude
gend
er
asp
ects
but
not
ap
plie
d
If In
stitu
tiona
l san
itatio
n p
rogr
ams
incl
ude
gend
er
asp
ects
and
are
ap
plie
d
Leg
end
No
Dat
aN
o P
rog
ress
= 0
In p
rog
ress
= 1
Go
od
pro
gre
ss =
2S
core
*San
itatio
n -
Defi
ned
by
the
Cou
ntry
Sta
tus
Rev
iew
(CS
R) r
epor
t to
the
Afr
icaS
an c
onfe
renc
e “A
rev
iew
of t
he S
anita
tion
and
Hyg
iene
sta
tus
in 3
2 co
untr
ies:
Can
Afr
ica
affo
rd t
o m
iss
the
sani
tatio
n M
DG
tar
get”
- a
s th
e sa
fe d
isp
osal
of e
xcre
ta a
nd d
omes
tic w
aste
wat
er m
anag
emen
t; fo
r so
me
case
s in
the
rep
ort,
hyg
iene
can
be
incl
uded
in t
he t
erm
‘sa
nita
tion’
.
** If
a c
ount
ry h
as n
o P
RS
P;
doe
s it
feat
ure
in t
he N
atio
nal D
evel
opm
ent
Pla
n
7) I
s 0.
5% o
f G
DP
al
loca
ted
to
sa
nit
atio
n?
0.5%
of
GD
P a
lloca
tion
to
sani
tatio
n is
the
tar
get
ple
dge
d b
y th
e co
untr
ies
in t
he e
Thek
win
i co
mm
itmen
ts.
The
Pub
lic s
ecto
r b
udge
tary
al
loca
tion
to s
anita
tion
is le
ss
than
0.1
% o
f the
GD
P.
The
pub
lic s
ecto
r b
udge
tary
al
loca
tion
to s
anita
tion
activ
ities
is
bet
wee
n 0.
1 %
- 0
.5%
of t
he
GD
P.
The
pub
lic s
ecto
r b
udge
tary
al
loca
tion
to s
anita
tion
activ
ities
is
at
leas
t 0.
5% o
r m
ore
of t
he
GD
P.
45
46