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A systems approach for eutrophication
management across spatial scales:
The Odra river system
Science and Policy Integration for Coastal Systems Assessment (SPICOSA)LITTORAL Workshop on 22. September 2010 in London
1Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde²Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie Berlin
3Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (IÖW), Berlin4TU Berlin, FG Landschaftsökonomie
5Universität Greifswald
G. Schernewski1, N. Stybel1
T. Neumann1, M. Venohr 2, Jesko Hirschfeld3, Jürgen
Meyerhoff 4
, Ralf Scheibe5
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The Oder/Odra estuary case study
A coastal region characterized by a complex pattern of land, lagoons and sea divided between Germany and Poland and dominated by the Oder/Odra river basin
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River Basin Management
To what extent can the nutrient load in the Oder River be reduced? Can we reach a good water quality status according to the Water
Framework Directive via a river basin management? If not, what arerealistic objectives?
Should a nutrient load reduction and management efforts focus onnitrogen or on phosphorus?
Questions
Scenario 1: Maximum nutrient load reduction
The emissions from point sources in the entire river basin meet therequirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC).The following thresholds shall not be exceeded: BOD = 25 mg O2/l, COD =125 mg O2/l, SS = 35 mg/l, P = 2 mg/l, N = 15 mg/l for municipalities with apopulation ranging between 10,000 and 100,000; 1 mg P/l and 10 mg N/l for
municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Phosphor us free detergents are standard in Poland and Czech Republic.
Best management practices on arable land are implemented to reducethe load from diffuse sources.
Soil erosion is strongly reduced. Conservation tillage is applied on allarable land in the Oder basin.
The nitrogen surplus (difference between nitrogen fertilization and uptakeby plants) is decreased by 20-30 %.
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River Basin Management: Model MONERIS
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A Ägood water quality³ in the river is a realistic objective, but this willnot cause a Ägood status³ (WFD) of coastal waters
Additional internal nutrient retention measures in the lagoon arerequired.
River Basin Management: Water quality objectives
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Lagoon Management
To what extent can internal management measures in thelagoon increase nutrient retention and improve water quality (transparency)?
How efficient are mussel farming and mussel beds(compared to other measures)?
Questions
Scenarios (set) 2
a) Maximum coverage with mussel(Dreissena) farms
b) Maximum coverage with mussel
bedsc) Coverage to reduce the N-river
loads by 10 %
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Pictures: Lorna Perry
Methods of farming
Smartfarm
Long lines
Costs: 30,000-38,000 Euro per ha
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Governance
How can we fund internal management measures in the lagoonin a sustainable manner?
What will be the social and economic benefits of improved water quality?
How can an optimized integrated river basin - coastal water management system look like?
Questions
Scenarios (set) 3
a) Funding (of mussel farms) by tourists (tourism model)
b) Funding (of mussel farms) by sale (CO2-certificates, fertilizer,human consumption, animal feed) (marketing model)
c) Scenarios to reduce bulding and maintenance costs (costmodel)
d) Funding by money re-allocation (tax on fertilizer, re-direction of agricultural subsidies, emission certificates) (conceptual model)
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Discussion
Consequences for implementation of EU-policy (WFD, water quality objectives, agriculture policy)
Obstacles for an integrated river basin ± coast management(Cross-border aspects, river basin ± coast imbalance, differinggovernance structures)
Involvement and interaction with local and regional authorities
(and its evaluation) Implementation of measures (experimental mussel farm)
Future perspectives: local farming to protect beaches andsupport submersed makrophytes
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What we will do not is to«
present the models and the model validation in detail (exception:economic models)
show the long-term simulations (1960-2002) and temporalproblems (hysteresis, slow effects of measures)
go into detail about ecological consequences of load reductions(shifts in N/P ratios, cyanobacteria blooms«..) mussel farmingand alternative internal measures
take into account the consequences for the Baltic Sea take into account Climate Change and effects of economic
transformation processes
Schernewski, G., Behrendt, H., Neumann, T. (2008): An integrated river basin-coast-sea modelling scenario for
nitrogen management in coastal waters. J Coast Conserv, DOI: 10.1007/s11852-008-0035-6, 12: 53-66.
Schernewski G., T. Neumann, S. Maack & M. Venohr (in press): Gewässereutrophierung. Fränzle, Müller & Schröder
(Hrsg.) Handbuch der Umweltwissenschaften,Wiley ±VCH Verlag.
Schernewski G., T. Neumann & H. Behrendt (in press): Sources, dynamics and management of phosphorus in a
southern Baltic estuary. In: J. Harff, S. Björck & P. Hoth : The Baltic Sea Basin as a natural Laboratory. Springer
Schernewski, G., T. Neumann, Dieter Opitz & Markus Venohr (submitted): Long-term eutrophication history and
functional changes in a large Baltic river basin - estuarine system. Estuaries and Coasts
Stybel, N., Fenske, C., Schernewski, G.. Mussel cultivation to improve water quality in the Szczecin Lagoon. Journal
of Coastal Research, SI 56
Voss, M., Dippner, Korth, Neumann, Opitz, Schernewski, Venohr (submitted): History and future development of
Baltic Sea eutrophication. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
«.because this has (partly) been or will be done
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Voss, Dippner, Korth, Neumann, Opitz, Schernewski (in prep.) Venohr: History and future development of Baltic Sea eutrophication. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
River basin management: Possibilites & limits
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Biomass: 68,000 t
Coverage in the
German part: 2.4 %
Average abundance on beds:
4000 mussels per m² Filtration rate: 1083 l m-2 d-1
After 2 years
- size: 12-14 mm (max. 30)
- weight: 500-1000 mg
(max. 2500 mg)
(Data after Fenske, unpubl.; Woniczka & Wolnomiejski unpubl.)
Zebra mussels in the Szczecin Lagoon
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Enhancement of filtration capacity
by cultivating on long lines or nets
(increase of mussels from 4000 -
6400 per m² )
Improved water transparency by
higher filtration capacity Harvesting of 6.4 kg mussels per
m² every 2 years
Removing of 1% N
per mussel (64 g N per m²)
Mussels / mussel s
hellscould be used for :
human food, animal feed and
fertilizer
Water quality improvement by mussel cultivation
Lindahl et al. (2005)
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Costs and benefits of mussel cultivation
30 % of the whole lagoon are necessary
to remove 10 % of the annual river load (=>6,500 t N)
Costs
Investment costs range from 600 to 700 million Euro
Benefits
A sale of 650,000 t mussels per year could result in an
income of 4.2 million Euro
when 0.1 % for human consumption (1.43 Euro per kg),
remainder for other products (5 Euro per t)
Total financing only when 100 % are produced for
human food (unrealistic assumption!)
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SWOT-Analysis: mussel cultivation in the Szczecin Lagoon
Strenghts Weaknesses Opportunities ThreatsEnvironmentally
friendly,native species
Removal of
nutrients
by periodic harvest Improvement of
ecosystem quality
by increasedbiodiversity
Low limitation by
spatfall
in comparison withbottom cultures
In line with
environmental law
and water law
analysis
(German site)
Uncertain
commercial use
because of smallharvest size
Increased
concentration of heavy metals
affects mussel usefor animal husbandry
Reduction of
mussel biomass
by predators
(waterfowl, fish,crustaceans)
Region without
experiences in
mussel cultivation
Resettlement of
macrophytes
by improved water transparency
Altered food web
interactions, morebenthic feeding fish
and expanded fishery
Higher number of
tourists and
overnight stays in
summer season
by improved water transparency
New regional jobs
in harvesting andprocessing of mussels
Best practice
project
Local anoxic
surface sediment
by deposited organicmaterial
Bothered tourists
by mussel shellswashed ashore
Economic damage
(waterworks) bysettlement
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Janßen, H., Schernewski, G (2008): ICZM and Climate
Change - The Oder/Odra Estuary region. Research
Publishing, Singapore and Chennai
Kessler, V. (2008): Touristeninformation über die Ostsee inMecklenburg-Vorpommern - Touristenbefragung und
Medienanalysen, IKZM-Oder Berichte 40
Neumann, T. & G. Schernewski (2008): Eutrophication in the
Baltic Sea and shifts in nitrogen fixation analyzed with a
3D ecosystem model. Journal of Marine Systems 74, 592±
602
Radziejewska, T. & G. Schernewski (2008): The Szczecin
(Oder-) Lagoon. In: Schiewer, U. (Ed.): Ecology of Baltic
Coastal Waters Series. Ecological Studies , Vol. 197,
Springer, Berlin, 115-129.Schernewski, G. (2008): First steps towards an implementation
of coastal management: From theory to regional practise.
Rostock. Meeresbiol. Beitr., 19: 131-148
Schernewski, G. (2008): Inter-linking Coastal and River
Management in the Oder Delta, Germany. Coastline ³
European Coastal & Marine Policies´ Vol. 17, No. 2-3, 7.
Schernewski, G., Behrendt, H., Neumann, T. (2008): An
integrated river basin-coast-sea modelling scenario for
nitrogen management in coastal waters. J Coast Conserv,
DOI: 10.1007/s11852-008-0035-6, 12: 53-66.
Hirschfeld, J., Behrendt, H., Edler, J., Janßen, H., Knippschild, R. & Czarnecka-
Zawada, S. (2009): Transformationsprozesse im Einzugsgebiet der Oder -
Szenarien 2020. IKZM-Oder_Berichte 56
Preißler, S. (2009): Evaluation of the quality of European coastal waters byGerman tourists. Coastline Reports 12
Schernewski, G., Janßen, H. & Schumacher, S. (eds.). Coastal Change in the
southern Baltic Sea Region, Coastline Reports 12
Schernewski, G., Neumann, T., Stybel, N., Behrendt, H., Fenske, C.. Coastal
eutrophication management: Lessons learnt from long-term data and model
simulations. Coastline Reports 12
Schernewski G., T. Neumann, S. Maack & M. Venohr (submitted):
Gewässereutrophierung. Fränzle, Müller & Schröder (Hrsg.) Handbuch der
Umweltwissenschaften,Wiley ±VCH Verlag.
Schernewski G., T. Neumann & H. Behrendt (submitted): Sources, dynamicsand management of phosphorus in a southern Baltic estuary. In: J. Harff, S.
Björck & P. Hoth : The Baltic Sea Basin as a natural Laboratory. Springer
Schernewski, G., T. Neumann, Dieter Opitz & Markus Venohr (submitted):
Long-term eutrophication history and functional changes in a large Baltic
river basin - estuarine system. Estuaries and Coasts
Stybel, N., Fenske, C., Schernewski, G.. Mussel cultivation to improve water
quality in the Szczecin Lagoon. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 56
Voss, M., Dippner, Korth, Neumann, Opitz, Schernewski, Venohr (in prep.):
History and future development of Baltic Sea eutrophication. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science
Thank you for your attention !!
2008 2009
Recent publications of SSA Oder/Odra estuary
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Conceptual map SSA03