Post on 03-Jan-2016
transcript
Scientific StoryScientific Story
Evolution—process by which one Evolution—process by which one form form
replaces anotherreplaces another
Differentiation of forms by NaturalDifferentiation of forms by Natural
selection—selection—
ScienceScience
ReliableReliable——others can see the same things you do—others can see the same things you do—repeatablerepeatable
ValidValid——you are measuring what you think you are you are measuring what you think you are measuring—measuring—pedometer measuring distance vs. steps.pedometer measuring distance vs. steps.
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
If you have some feature that lets If you have some feature that lets more of your offspring survive and more of your offspring survive and grow up to reproduce than those grow up to reproduce than those without it, then more and more without it, then more and more individuals in later generations individuals in later generations will come to share that featurewill come to share that feature. .
That feature is adaptive.That feature is adaptive.Selective advantage.Selective advantage.
SYSTEMSYSTEM
COLLECTION OF ELEMENTS COLLECTION OF ELEMENTS
CONNECTED TOGETHERCONNECTED TOGETHER
SUCH THATSUCH THAT
IF YOU CHANGE ONE OF THEMIF YOU CHANGE ONE OF THEM
YOU CHANGE THE OTHERSYOU CHANGE THE OTHERS
WalkingWalking Free Hands Free Hands
Use ToolsUse Tools
Rotate PelvisRotate Pelvis Larger Larger
BrainsBrainsNarrow Birth CanalNarrow Birth Canal
Premature InfantsPremature Infants
AFFECT HUNGERAFFECT HUNGER HUNGER=A BUILT-IN URGE FOR AN HUNGER=A BUILT-IN URGE FOR AN
INDIVIDUAL TO MEET AN ESSENTIAL INDIVIDUAL TO MEET AN ESSENTIAL PHYSICAL NEEDPHYSICAL NEED
AFFECT=AFFECTION—HUNGER FOR AFFECT=AFFECTION—HUNGER FOR AFFECTIONAFFECTION
URGE TO GET EXPRESSIONS OF URGE TO GET EXPRESSIONS OF APPROVAL FROM OTHERSAPPROVAL FROM OTHERS
BASED ON NEED FOR TACTILE BASED ON NEED FOR TACTILE (TOUCH) STIMULATION TO DEVELOP (TOUCH) STIMULATION TO DEVELOP NEWBORN’S NERVOUS SYSTEMNEWBORN’S NERVOUS SYSTEM
AFFECT HUNGERAFFECT HUNGER
A REWARD SYSTEM TO INSURE A REWARD SYSTEM TO INSURE THAT CHILDREN WANT TO DO THAT CHILDREN WANT TO DO WHAT THEIR CARETAKERS WANT WHAT THEIR CARETAKERS WANT THEM TO DOTHEM TO DO
TO GET THEIR APPROVALTO GET THEIR APPROVAL SO THEY CAN AND DO LEARN TO SO THEY CAN AND DO LEARN TO
BEHAVE IN WAYS THEIR BEHAVE IN WAYS THEIR COMMUNITY WANTS THEM TOCOMMUNITY WANTS THEM TO
SELECTIVE ADVANTAGESELECTIVE ADVANTAGE
Child Care
Premature Infants Long Dependency Period
Cooperative Food Getting
Food Sharing
Lower Aggression
Affect Hunger
Ability to LearnUse Tools
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
If you have some feature that lets more of If you have some feature that lets more of your offspring survive and grow up to your offspring survive and grow up to reproduce than those without it, then reproduce than those without it, then
more more and more individuals in later generations and more individuals in later generations
willwill come to share that featurecome to share that feature. .
That feature is adaptiveThat feature is adaptiveSelective advantageSelective advantage
Adaptive FeaturesAdaptive Features
1.1. WalkingWalking
2.2. Tool use/makingTool use/making
3.3. Ability to LearnAbility to Learn
Selection forSelection for
Larger brainsLarger brains Bipedal locomotionBipedal locomotion Solution-premature birthSolution-premature birth Result is long period of dependencyResult is long period of dependency Result of these processes is Result of these processes is
language and culturelanguage and culture
Those who could walk and use tools had Those who could walk and use tools had more offspring than those who could notmore offspring than those who could not
Those who could walk and make tools had Those who could walk and make tools had more offspring than those who did notmore offspring than those who did not
Those who could deal with premature Those who could deal with premature infants did better than those who could infants did better than those who could notnot
sunshisunshinene
Vitamin Vitamin DD
Skin Skin cancercancer
rickettrickettss
melaninmelanin++
++
--
--
--
Darkness of Darkness of skinskin
++
folatefolateBirth Birth defectsdefects
++--
--
Human VariationHuman Variation
1.1. Features don’t group togetherFeatures don’t group together
2.2. Don’t form geographical patternsDon’t form geographical patterns
3.3. Can’t distinguish populationsCan’t distinguish populations
4.4. ThereforeTherefore
5.5. Race is not biologicalRace is not biological
RaceRace
Is a cultural and political categoryIs a cultural and political category In the U.S. used to justify slavery In the U.S. used to justify slavery
and discriminationand discrimination
CULTURECULTURE
THE SHARED PERCEPTION OF THE THE SHARED PERCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE AND ITS CONTENTS, SEEN UNIVERSE AND ITS CONTENTS, SEEN AS A SYSTEMIC WHOLE, INCLUDING AS A SYSTEMIC WHOLE, INCLUDING THE PERCEPTIONS OF SELF AND THE THE PERCEPTIONS OF SELF AND THE DELINEATION OF BEHAVIORAL DELINEATION OF BEHAVIORAL PROPRIETYPROPRIETY
GOLDSCHMIDT 2006GOLDSCHMIDT 2006
EVOLUTION OVER SEVERAL EVOLUTION OVER SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS PRODUCES MILLIONS OF YEARS PRODUCES BIPEDAL CREATURE THAT MAKES BIPEDAL CREATURE THAT MAKES TOOLSTOOLS
THAT’S ONE THRESHOLD BECAUSE THAT’S ONE THRESHOLD BECAUSE IT’S THE BEGINNING OF CULTURE IT’S THE BEGINNING OF CULTURE AND LANGUAGEAND LANGUAGE
TOOLMAKING AND LANGUAGE TOOLMAKING AND LANGUAGE CO-EVOLVEDCO-EVOLVED
AND PROVIDED SELECTIVE AND PROVIDED SELECTIVE ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
SO POPULATION INCREASEDSO POPULATION INCREASED AND CREATED PROBLEMSAND CREATED PROBLEMS PEOPLE COULD NOT INVENT AND PEOPLE COULD NOT INVENT AND
AGREE ON SOLUTIONS BECAUSE AGREE ON SOLUTIONS BECAUSE MANY SOLUTIONS AREN’T MANY SOLUTIONS AREN’T DEMONSTRABLY RIGHT OR DEMONSTRABLY RIGHT OR WRONGWRONG
FOR INSTANCEFOR INSTANCE
IF YOU THINK PUTTING FEATHERS IF YOU THINK PUTTING FEATHERS ON THE END OF AN ARROW WILL ON THE END OF AN ARROW WILL MAKE IT FLY STRAIGHTER, YOU MAKE IT FLY STRAIGHTER, YOU CAN TRY IT OUT AND SEE—IF CAN TRY IT OUT AND SEE—IF YOU’RE RIGHT, OTHERS WILL YOU’RE RIGHT, OTHERS WILL AGREEAGREE
BUTBUT
IT’S NOT OBVIOUS THAT IT’S NOT OBVIOUS THAT ORGANIZING INTO CLANS OR ORGANIZING INTO CLANS OR HAVING CLAN TOTEMS IS HAVING CLAN TOTEMS IS USEFUL.USEFUL.
PEOPLE CAN ARGUE ABOUT SUCH PEOPLE CAN ARGUE ABOUT SUCH THINGS AND WAS NO EMPIRICAL THINGS AND WAS NO EMPIRICAL WAY TO RESOLVE THEMWAY TO RESOLVE THEM
PROBLEMPROBLEM
HOW TO REDUCE TENSIONS AND HOW TO REDUCE TENSIONS AND
MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TOMAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TO
COOPERATECOOPERATE
SOLUTIONSOLUTION
SOME GROUP PERFORMANCE THAT SOME GROUP PERFORMANCE THAT GETS PEOPLE TO ACT TOGETHER GETS PEOPLE TO ACT TOGETHER AND LETS EVERYONE AND LETS EVERYONE UNDERSTAND ACCEPT EVERYONE UNDERSTAND ACCEPT EVERYONE ELSE’S ROLEELSE’S ROLE
““MULTIMEDIA EVENTS THAT MAKE MULTIMEDIA EVENTS THAT MAKE EVERYBODY FEEL THE SAME WAY EVERYBODY FEEL THE SAME WAY ABOUT WHATEVER THE GROUP ABOUT WHATEVER THE GROUP NEEDS TO FEEL ABOUT”NEEDS TO FEEL ABOUT”
THAT IS THE DEFINITION OF:THAT IS THE DEFINITION OF:
RITUAL RITUAL
CULTURAL EVOLUTIONCULTURAL EVOLUTION
150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED TOOLSTOOLS
40,000-70,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF 40,000-70,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF RITUALRITUAL
150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED TOOLSTOOLS
20,00020,000 CAVE ART OF EUROPECAVE ART OF EUROPE 40,00040,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF FIRST EVIDENCE OF
RITUALRITUAL 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED
TOOLSTOOLS
10,00010,000 FIRST AGRICULTUREFIRST AGRICULTURE 20,00020,000 CAVE ART OF EUROPECAVE ART OF EUROPE 40,00040,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF FIRST EVIDENCE OF
RITUALRITUAL 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED
TOOLSTOOLS
5,0005,000 FIRST STATESFIRST STATES 10,00010,000 FIRST AGRICULTUREFIRST AGRICULTURE 20,00020,000 CAVE ART OF EUROPECAVE ART OF EUROPE 40,00040,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF FIRST EVIDENCE OF
RITUALRITUAL 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED
TOOLSTOOLS
2,500 2,500 CLASSICAL GREECE CLASSICAL GREECE 5,0005,000 FIRST STATESFIRST STATES 10,00010,000 FIRST AGRICULTUREFIRST AGRICULTURE 20,00020,000 CAVE ART OF EUROPECAVE ART OF EUROPE 40,00040,000 FIRST EVIDENCE OF FIRST EVIDENCE OF
RITUALRITUAL 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED 150,000 MAKING SOPHISTICATED
TOOLSTOOLS