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Scripture: Its Formation and Interpretation
Dr. Ann T. Orlando2 May 2011
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Overview
Judaism and Christianity Christian Scripture: what is it How to interpret it (hermeneutics, exegesis)
How (if at all) to use philosophy
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Judaism(s) During Jesus’ LifetimeNear end of Second Temple Judaism Before and during Jesus’ life there were many types of Judaism in Palestine
(Josephus describes this): Pharisees: upholders of the Law (Torah) Sadducees: from aristocracy and high priests, did not believe in
resurrection of dead; closely associated with Temple Essenes: disgusted with impurities in Temple; left for desert ; Dead Sea
Scrolls usually associated with them Zealots: ‘terrorists’ against Roman occupation
Diaspora Jews not living in Palestine but scattered around Mediterranean; Then, as now, more Jews living outside of Palestine (Israel) than in it Greek Jews (Hellenists in Acts of Apostles); Septuagint (LXX) Greek
translation of Bible c. 200 BC in Alexandria Jews in Mesopotamia who did not return after the exile in 6th C BC, but
flourished under Persian rule; Scripture did not include any late Second Temple Greek works (e.g., Maccabees, Sirach, Wisdom)
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Map of First Century Jewish Communities in Roman Provinces: darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas/europe/static/map11.html
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Philo (20 BC – 50 AD) Contemporary of Jesus and Apostles Leader of Jewish community in Alexandria Wrote many, many philosophical treatises, apologies Tried to create a bridge between Judaism and Greek
philosophy Especially Stoicism
Key was using allegory to interpret Scripture (LXX) Huge influence on early Christians theologians in
Alexandria
Example from Philo: Hexeameron, Six Days of Creation Days of creation could not literally be 24 hours
Time, sun not created yet on first ‘day’ ‘Days’ instead are allegorical ways to speak of
order of creation May represent eons or seconds
Philo’s understanding is found in Origen St. Basil the Great St. Augustine St. Thomas Aquinas
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Development of Rabbinic Judaism During the First War with Rome 66-73 AD, the Sadducees,
Essenes and Zealots were destroyed The Pharisees were the group out of which rabbinic
Judaism grew in the 2nd and 3rd C AD. Reestablished contact with the Mesopotamian Jews and their theology; Rejected use of Greek philosophy and parts of the OT written in Greek, not
Hebrew Rejected developments of Alexandrian Jews like Philo
Hellenistic (Greek) Jewish theology was taken over, preserved and used by early Christian theologians, especially in Alexandria St. Clement of Alexandria Origen
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Early Christianity Acts of the Apostles tells the story of spread of
Christianity around Roman Empire Christianity is
Primarily urban Greek speaking From many socials classes, but associated with Jewish
communities But distinction between some forms of early
Christianity and Judaism were not clear Both Christianity and rabbinic Judaism are establishing
themselves and evangelizing at the same time as replacements to Second Temple Judaism(s)
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Issues Surrounding Christian Scripture The OT (Septuagint): in or out?
Relation of creator God to Father of Jesus Christ How can there be suffering if the creator God is a good God? (theodicy
problem) Is God anthropomorphic; as OT might indicate? Relation to Judaism
What is in NT? Paul primary or Gospels What literature about Jesus is sacred What writings of early believers is in/out (e.g., First Letter of Clement,
Epistle of Barnabas, Shepherd of Hermes) Answers to these questions determined which books considered
authoritative by various Christian groups In this era many Christian groups selected books to support their theology;
Canon is from Greek word for rule or measure Stoic philosophical term
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2nd C Gnosticism
Gnosticism is really a ‘catch all’ term for several groups of early Christians which shared some beliefs, usually with a Platonic philosophical background
Gnostic is from Greek, gnosis, knowledge Most Gnostic Christians believed:
Jesus was divine, not human (docetism); Jesus was the son of Sophia (Wisdom) and God the Father Physical, material world was, at best, irrelevant, at worst
evil Believers have special, secret, knowledge of divine things But only a few are believers; most humans do not have
souls
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2nd C Gnosticism: Scripture and Gnosticism Gnostics rejected the OT
God of OT was evil, creator God God of OT was anthropomorphic, not spiritual
Gnostics accepted many different types of literature about Jesus Gospel of Truth, Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Philip;
Recent discovery (1945) of many Gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi, Egypt
Key Gnostic: Valentinus, early 2nd C, Alexandria and Rome
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2nd C Marcion: OT Out; only Paul, Luke In NT Most important impetus for development of
Scriptural canon was Marcion (c. 110-160) Wealthy sea captain, who carefully studied Christian
literature Initially part of orthodox Roman church
Decided that only Paul and parts of Luke were canonical
Opposed to Judaism and so rejected OT Left Roman church to start his own church; spread
very rapidly around Mediterranean; Marcionites in West for next 200 years; in East much longer
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2nd C: MontanistsContinuing Prophecy In ‘NT’ Started by Montus, Prisca, Maximillia late 2cd
Century in Asia Minor Believed in continuing prophecy and
revelation led by Holy Spirit Believed apocalypse immanent Believed that once Baptized, sins could not
be forgiven (similar to Donatists); Church only for pure
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Defenders (Developers) of Orthodoxy 2nd Century defenders of orthodoxy
St. Ignatius of Antioch St. Justin Martyr St. Irenaeus Tertullian
Note how these people from different parts of Empire knew of each other; network of orthodox believers;
Rome, Antioch, Alexandria centers for large, famous Christian schools
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Christian ‘Systematic’ Theologian: Origen (185-254) Born in Alexandria; towering giant over Eastern theology; many subsequent
debates trace to how to interpret Origen May have studied in same philosophical classes as Plotinus; also knew St.
Clement of Alexandria (not to be confused with late 1st C Pope St. Clement) Along with Clement, Origen preserves the works of Alexandrian Jewish
philosopher and theologian Philo Traveled extensively, including to Rome and met with Hippolytus Wrote:
An apology, Contra Celsum Many Biblical commentaries, including on OT books Biblical scholarship: Hexapla comparing Hebrew, and several different
versions of Greek OT (not extant) Different ways to interpret Bible, especially OT allegorically (debt to
Philo) ‘systematic’ presentation of Christianity: On First Principles
Suffered persecution during Decius reign, eventually died from wounds Not declared a saint because of controversies about his ideas after he died
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Styles of Christian Scriptural Interpretation Highly allegorical; associated with Alexandria; based
on Stoic interpretive techniques Origen (3rd C)
More literal; associated with Antioch St. John Chrysostom (late 4th C)
NB: Church now recognizes two senses of Scripture: Literal and Spiritual; Spiritual includes allegorical, tropological (moral) and anagogical (goal) see CCC
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3rd C: Mani Founder was Mani (215 - 277), Persian Synchristic combination of Gnostic and Montanist
Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism: “As once Buddha came to India, Zoroaster to Persia, and
Jesus to the lands of the West, so came in the present time, this prophecy through me, the Mani, to the land of Babylonia"
Very potent, well organized religion Accepts some aspects of NT Lasted for over a Millennium (Dominicans founded
to combat Cathars, a Manichean sect is 13th C) ‘Martyred’ by Persians
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Main Points of Manichaeism Solve the theodicy problem by saying that
there are two gods: one evil, one good Material world associated with evil god Special knowledge comes from good god;
only available to initiated Manicheans Scripture includes parts of NT,
Zoroastrianism and works of Mani Mani considered himself reincarnation of Apostle
Paul and/or incarnation of Holy Spirit
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New Philosophical Development: NeoPlatonism Plotinus (204-270) Alexandria, pagan philosopher
Considered himself a Platonist; wanted to defend Plato against gnostics
Knowledge of the One is available to everyone Steps to achieve spiritual unity with the One Material world is not bad (but not complete; completion only
in the One) Most important philosophical statement as solution
of theodicy problem: Evil is the absence of a good that should be there (see definition of evil in CCC)
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Catholic Opposition to Manichaeism: St. Augustine (354-430) Born in North Africa Included here because most famous opponent of
Manichaeism in West; he was a Manichean hearer for 11 years
Towering giant of Western Christianity (even more than Origen was in the East)
Only limited knowledge of Greek; wrote in Latin Story of his move away from orthodox Catholic
Church toward Manichaeism and his return is chronicled in Confessions
Like Origen, developed rules for interpretation of Scripture
Conclusion
Jesus Christ never said what was in Scripture Apostolic tradition and teaching provide the
definitive canon of Scripture Septuagint (LXX) has a special place in Christian
canon (see Dei Verbum) Catholic and Orthodox Christianity have always
relied on use of philosophy to interpret Scripture There are multiple meanings to Scripture
Magisterium safeguards the truth from false interpretations
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