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Seasonality of Seasonality of commercially important commercially important pelagic fishes in the pelagic fishes in the Philippines: overfishing Philippines: overfishing or climate change?or climate change?
Mudjekeewis D. Santos, Ph.D.Scientist I and OIC, Marine Fisheries Research DivisionNational Fisheries Research and Development InstituteMetro Manila, Philippines
International Workshop on Climate and Oceanic Fisheries, October 3-5 2011, Cook Islands
Outline
• Philippines and the issue of climate change
• Philippine fisheries and marine ecosystem profiles
• Data source: National Stock Assessment Program
• Pelagic species composition and seasonality
• Summary and conclusion
Climate change policy in the Philippines
11
Philippine Republic Act 9729: “Climate Change Act of 2009”• Climate Change Commission
• Framework and strategies inplace
• Adaptation is priority
CLIMATE CHANGE• Increasing temperature• Changing rainfall pattern• Sea level rise• Extreme climate events
VISIONA climate resilient Philippines with healthy,
safe, prosperous and self‐reliant communities, and thriving and productive
ecosystems
SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMY
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Goal: To build the adaptive capacity of communities and increase the resilience of natural ecosystems to climate change and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainable development
IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY
• Ecosystems (River basin, coastal and marine, biodiversity)• Food security • Water resources• Human health • Infrastructure• Energy • Human society
CLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS• Energy• Transport • Land Use Change & Forestry• Agriculture• Waste
ADAPTATION• Enhance Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment • Integrated Ecosystem –based Management • Climate Responsive Agriculture• Water Governance and Management • Climate Responsive Health Sector• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
MITIGATION • Energy efficiency and conservation• Sustainable infrastructure• Renewable energy• Environmentally sustainable transport• National REDD+ Strategy• Waste Management
Capacity Development
Knowledge Management
IEC Advocacy
Gender Mainstreaming
Research and Development Technology Transfer
Multi‐stakeholders Partnership
Financing Valuation Policy, Planning and Mainstreaming
CROSS‐CUTTING STRATEGIES MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
National Framework Strategy on Climate Change
CO2Emissions per Capita (tons)
CO2Emissions per Capita (tons)
Philippine Fisheries and Climate Change
• Consistently one of the top 10 countries predicted to be adversely affected by CC
• About 70% lives in coastalareas
• About 70% of protein requirement comes from fish
• Low levels of socio-economiccapacities in many of thesecoastal communities
Some Philippine Climate Change-Related Data
Yanagi and Akaki 1994David, 2010
Sea surface level, 1950 - 1990
Fish Production, 1980‐2009
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Year
in m
etric t
on
Philippine Fisheries Profile66thth among the top fish producing among the top fish producing countries in the worldcountries in the world
3.12% of the total world 3.12% of the total world catch/harvest of fish, catch/harvest of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plantsaquatic plants
99thth in the world in terms of in the world in terms of aquaculture productionaquaculture production
1.4% of total global aquaculture 1.4% of total global aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans production of fish, crustaceans and mollusksand mollusks
33rdrd largest producer of seaweedslargest producer of seaweeds 10.6% of the total world 10.6% of the total world
seaweeds productionseaweeds production
Fisheries is critical to the country
Aquaculture
Philippines epicenter of marine biodiversityin the world
1736-1693 (top 2.5%)1692-1650 (5-2.5%)1649-1606 (7.5-5%)1563-1605 (10-7.5%)
Carpenter & Springer, 2004 Carpenter & Springer, 2004 (2,983 maps, seaweeds to mammals)(2,983 maps, seaweeds to mammals)
Allen, 2007 Allen, 2007 (4,000 Indo(4,000 Indo‐‐Pacific reef fishes)Pacific reef fishes)
Also hottest of the hotspots for conservation !
Philippines has many biogeographic regions
Carpenter et al., 2010 (CTCarpenter et al., 2010 (CT‐‐PIRE Project) using connectivity of different marine organismsPIRE Project) using connectivity of different marine organisms
PhilippinesVietnam
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines has many biogeographic regions
Santos MD, 2011 (NFRDI) Santos MD, 2011 (NFRDI)
?
Sardinella lemuru Sardinella gibbosa
Interpreting Sardinella Stock Structure in the Philippinesusing genetic data
Thomas R., Wilette D., and Santos MD. 2011
One stock Different stocks, species
National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP)
• To create a standardized, specific and time‐series information on marine capture fisheries around the country for management purposes
• To develop and institutionalize the capability of the 16 regional offices in fishery stock assessment
• Included in Philippine GAA
(since 1996)
Orientation and Training
National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP)(Landed Catch and Effort Monitoring by FAO)
Implementation
Reporting
•• Catch estimatesCatch estimates
•• Gear inventories Gear inventories
•• Catch per unit effort (CPUE)Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
•• Species composition and seasonalitySpecies composition and seasonality
•• Length frequencies, Population Length frequencies, Population parametersparameters
•• Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), Potential Yield (PY), ExploitationPotential Yield (PY), ExploitationRatios etc.Ratios etc.
National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP)(Database)
Things to remember
• Multi‐species, multi‐gear fishery
• Different biogeographic regions and stocks
• Very limited specific historical data on fisheries
• Limited historical meteorological data
• Major ENSO events in 1997‐1998 and 2009‐2010
Oceanic Tunas (Family Scombridae)Oceanic Tunas (Family Scombridae)
= 213,442 MT
Region 2
Region 1
Region 5
Region4A
Region 3
Region 6
Region 7
Region 4B
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
CARAGA
ARMM
NCR
1
2
2
Source: WCPFC Yearbook 2009; 2010 data preliminary -WCPFC-SC7-2011/ST IP-1
SKIPJACK62%
YELLOWFIN33%
BIGEYE5%
Percentage (%) Catch in Philippine Waters
Sardines (Family Clupeidae) Sardines (Family Clupeidae)
= 11,225.74MT
Region 2
Region 1
Region 5
Region4A
Region 3
Region 6
Region 7Region 4B
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
CARAGA
ARMM
NCR
Batanes Waters
TayabasBay
Cagayan Waters
Visayan Sea
LagonoyGulf
Leyte Gulf
Honda Bay
ZambalesCoast
HinatuanPassage
Davao Gulf
Iligan Bay
MacajarBayCamiguin
Waters
Cuyo East Pass
CamotesSea
Illana Bay
Moro Gulf
Sulu Sea
* Fishing Ground in green color, with less than 1% share
Distribution of Sardines (Sardinella & Amblygaster spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007
Sorsogon Bay
Sardine Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg.
Region Fishing Ground SARDINES %6 & 7 Visayan Sea 32,489,089.25 41.98 10 Macajalar Bay 18,042,796.84 23.31 10 Iligan Bay 10,671,547.69 13.79 4A Tayabas Bay 9,945,682.79 12.85 2 Cagayan Waters 1,906,065.19 2.46 10 Camiguin Waters 1,550,314.06 2.00 5 Sorsogon Bay 778,346.35 1.01 11 Davao Gulf 759,147.10 0.98 4B Honda Bay 568,378.51 0.73
ARMM Illana Bay 171,073.77 0.22 7 Camotes Sea 151,223.73 0.20
CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 133,000.39 0.17 8 Leyte Gulf 77,739.71 0.10 5 Lagonoy Gulf 38,610.01 0.05
6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 27,440.00 0.04 3 Zambales Coast 3,529.50 0.00 12 Moro Gulf 811.91 0.00
ARMM Sulu Sea 86,132.59 0.11 Total 77,400,929.39 100.00
1
2
3
Roundscads (Family Carangidae) Roundscads (Family Carangidae)
Roundscad Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg.
Region Fishing Ground Kg %10 Iligan Bay 37,003,473.41 33.61 10 Macajalar Bay 25,176,719.11 22.87 2 Batanes Waters 15,789,039.93 14.34 11 Davao Gulf 9,031,787.27 8.20 3 Zambales Coast 7,368,798.43 6.69 2 Cagayan Waters 4,359,452.16 3.96
6 & 7 Visayan Sea 3,995,017.85 3.63 7 Camotes Sea 2,860,672.41 2.60 4A Tayabas Bay 1,976,354.38 1.80 12 Moro Gulf 763,003.50 0.69 10 Camiguin Waters 749,384.30 0.68 5 Lagonoy Gulf 236,824.17 0.22
6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 212,142.75 0.19 CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 184,678.38 0.17
4B Honda Bay 110,129.86 0.10 8 Leyte Gulf 74,998.45 0.07
12 & ARMM Illana Bay 33,025.02 0.03 ARMM Sulu Sea 156,632.60 0.14
Total 110,082,133.99 100.00
= 11,225.74MT
Region 2
Region 1
Region 5
Region4A
Region 3
Region 6
Region 7Region 4B
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
CARAGA
ARMM
NCR
Batanes Waters
TayabasBay
Cagayan Waters
Visayan Sea
LagonoyGulf
Leyte Gulf
Honda Bay
ZambalesCoast
HinatuanPassage
Davao Gulf
Iligan Bay
MacajarBayCamiguin
Waters
Cuyo East Pass
CamotesSea
Illana Bay
Moro Gulf
Sulu Sea
* Fishing Ground in green color, with less than 1% share
Distribution of Roundscads (Decapterus spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007
1
2
3
Mackerels (Family Scombridae) Mackerels (Family Scombridae)
= 11,225.74MT
Region 2
Region 1
Region 5
Region4A
Region 3
Region 6
Region 7Region 4B
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
CARAGA
ARMM
NCR
TayabasBay
Cagayan Waters
Visayan Sea
LagonoyGulf
Leyte Gulf
Honda Bay
ZambalesCoast
HinatuanPassage
Davao Gulf
Iligan Bay
MacajarBayCamiguin
Waters
Sorsogon Bay
Cuyo East Pass
CamotesSea
Illana Bay
Moro Gulf
Sulu Sea
* Fishing Ground in green color, with less than 1% share
Distribution of Mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007
Mackerel Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg.
Region Fishing Ground Kg %6 & 7 Visayan Sea 11,225,737.94 59.52 4A Tayabas Bay 2,504,416.86 13.28 11 Davao Gulf 1,738,039.94 9.21 2 Cagayan Waters 1,220,974.40 6.47 10 Iligan Bay 592,432.28 3.14 5 Lagonoy Gulf 235,921.64 1.25
CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 231,592.74 1.23 4B Honda Bay 227,619.57 1.21 10 Macajalar Bay 196,252.05 1.04 7 Camotes Sea 159,765.52 0.85 10 Camiguin Waters 128,992.82 0.68 8 Leyte Gulf 127,986.66 0.68 3 Zambales Coast 55,902.14 0.30 12 Moro Gulf 39,370.96 0.21
ARMM Illana Bay 3,953.33 0.02 5 Sorsogon Bay 2,929.61 0.02 6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 2,771.00 0.01
ARMM Sulu Sea 166,912.18 0.88 Total 18,861,571.62 100.00
1
2
3
Anchovies (Family Engraulidae) Anchovies (Family Engraulidae)
Anchovy Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007
Region Fishing Ground Kg %2 Batanes Waters 10,728,381.12 55.30 4A Tayabas Bay 3,363,787.00 17.34 2 Cagayan Waters 1,700,162.58 8.76 6 Visayan Sea 1,590,950.65 8.20 5 Lagonoy Gulf 900,664.09 4.64 8 Leyte Gulf 440,349.17 2.27 4B Honda Bay 218,970.87 1.13 3 Zambales Coast 109,488.63 0.56
CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 96,668.86 0.50 11 Davao Gulf 67,468.44 0.35 10 Iligan Bay 63,900.76 0.33 10 Macajalar Bay 61,086.68 0.31 10 Camiguin Waters 31,215.79 0.16 5 Sorsogon Bay 23,130.52 0.12 6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 3,657.50 0.02
Total 19,399,882.66 100.00
= 10,728.38MT
Region 2
Region 1
Region 5
Region4A
Region 3
Region 6
Region 7
Region 4B
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
CARAGA
ARMM
NCR
Batanes Waters
TayabasBay
Cagayan Waters
Visayan Sea
LagonoyGulf
Leyte Gulf
Honda Bay
ZambalesCoast
HinatuanPassage
Davao Gulf
Iligan Bay
MacajarBayCamiguin
Waters
Sorsogon Bay
Cuyo East Pass
Illana Bay
* Fishing Ground in green color, with less than 1% share
Distribution of Anchovies (Stolephorus & Encrasicholina spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007
1
2
3
Pasaleng Bay, Region 1(2000 - 2009)
0
1000
2000
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J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Selar crumenopthalmus
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Katsuwonuspelamis
Bigeye scad
Skipjack
0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
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3.5
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5
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Yie
ld (‘
000
MT)
Decapterus macrosoma
Selar crumenopthalmus
Bangui Bay, Region 1(2000 - 2009)
Bigeye scadRoundscad
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
Apr-99 Jul-9
9Oct-
99Jan-
00A pr-
00 Jul-00
Oct-00
Jan-01
A pr-01 Jul-0
1Oct-
01Jan-
02A pr-
02 Jul-02
Oct-02
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A pr-03 Jul-0
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Oct-04
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A pr-05 Jul-0
5Oct-
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A pr-07 Jul-0
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07Jan-
08
monitore
d product
ion (kg)
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Apr-99 Jul-9
9Oct-
99Jan-
00A pr-
00 Jul-00
Oct-00
Jan-01
A pr-01 Jul-0
1Oct-
01Jan-
02A pr-
02 Jul-02
Oct-02
Jan-03
A pr-03 Jul-0
3Oct-
03Jan-
04A pr-
04 Jul-04
Oct-04
Jan-05
A pr-05 Jul-0
5Oct-
05Jan-
06A pr-
06 Jul-06
Oct-06
Jan-07
A pr-07 Jul-0
7Oct-
07Jan-
08
monitore
d product
ion (kg)
Babuyan Channel, Region II(1999-2008)
Big-eyed scad
Dolphin fish
Zambales Coast, Region III(2003-2007)
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J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Catch (M
T)
Year
SkipjackYellowfin
0
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400
600
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1200
1400
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J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Catch (
mt)
Year
Roundscad
F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
FM
0
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100
120
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Catc
h(m
t)
JOM
A
SkipjackAnchovies
Lagonoy Gulf, Region V(1998-2007)
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
J
J
JA J
A SA
J
0
5
10
15
20
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Catch(m
t)
J
JJ
J
J
MJ
J
A
SO
SO
A
AS
Bigeyed scadRoundscad
Visayan Sea, Regions V, VI, VII(2003-2007)
‐
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Catch
(MT)
Rastrelliger kanagurta
Sardinella fimbriata
Mackerel
Sardine
Camotes Sea, Regions VII(1998-2007)
J FMAMJ J A SOND J FMAMJ J A SOND J F MAMJ J A SOND J F MAMJ J A SOND J F MAMJ J A SOND
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMA M J J A SO ND J FMA M J J A SO ND J FMA M J J A SO ND
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Catc
h (k
g)
Decapterus macrosoma Decapterus kurroides
Roundscads
Leyte Gulf, Regions VIII(1998 - 2009)
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
Cat
ch(m
t)
Gazza minuta Rastrelliger kanagurta
Slipmouth Bigeye scad
South Sulu Sea, Regions IX(2005 - 2010)
-
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
4,500.00
J F M A M J J A S ON D J F MA M J J A S ON D J F M A M J J A S ON D J F MA M J J A S ON D J F M A M J J A S ON D J F M A M J J A S ON D
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Sardinella lemuruSardinella gibbosa
Sardines
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N J MM J S N
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Catch (
MT)
Oxyporhamphus micropterus
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O J A J O
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Catch (
MT)
Katsuwons pelamis
Camiguin Waters, Regions X(1998 - 2010)
Skipjack
Anchovy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Selar crumenophthalmus
Catc
h (m
t.)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Auxis rochei
Catch (m
t.)Davao Gulf, Regions XI(1998 - 2008)
Bigeyed scad
Bullet tuna
-
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Catch MT
S. crumenopthalmus R kanagurta
Hinatuan Passage, CARAGA Region(1998 - 2007)
Bigeye scad Mackerel
Fish seasonality map
change
no change
Summary
• Diversity and variability abounds in the Philippines
• Different areas have different dominant speciescomposition
• Different areas show different species seasonalitypatterns
• Suggest a play of fishing or climate or both fishingand climate, add analysis and data
Message: It’s complicated! Localized management!
Acknowledgement
Noel C. Barut, Deputy Director, NFRDI
NSAP Regional Project Leaders and staff, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Vertebrate Section, Marine Fisheries Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
Demian Willete, CTI-PIRE Project
Fisherfolks and fishing companies
www.nfrdi.da.gov.ph