Post on 17-Feb-2022
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Chapter 3 SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES
Distinguish between latitude and longitude and locate
coordinates on maps.
Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to locate
places on Earth’s surface.
Explain the international date line.
A GLOBAL ADDRESS
• scientists developed a way to describe every location on earth
using a global address
• method uses two sets of numbers (called coordinates). They tell
us where to find a location using a grid system, like the lines on
graph paper.
It's like saying, "You can find my house where Maple Road
crosses Elm Street." Instead of streets, the global address uses
numbered horizontal and vertical lines called latitude and
longitude.
• a location is described by giving the numbers of the lines that
intersect (for example, 20 latitude north, 90 longitude west).
LOCATIONS ON EARTH
• The points at which Earth’s axis of rotation intersects Earth’s surface are used as reference points for defining direction.
• These points are the geographic North Pole and South Pole. • Halfway between the poles, a circle called the equator
divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
• A reference grid that is made up of additional circles is
used to locate places on Earth‘s surface.
LATITUDE
• The horizontal lines of latitude are called parallels because they run parallel to the equator.
• Parallel- circle that runs east and west around Earth. Each circle is a line of latitude
• Imagine them as horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth.
• The latitude line numbers measure how far (angular distance) north or south of the equator a place is.
• The equator has the number 0 degrees latitude. The numbers get larger the further away from the equator up to 90 degrees. Latitude locations are given as __ degrees north or __ degrees south.
DEGREES OF LATITUDE
• Latitude is measured in degrees
• The equator is zero 0º latitude
• North and South pole is 90º
• Actual distance 1º = about 111km
• Minutes and Seconds
• Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts, called
minutes. One minute (symbol: ‘ ) of latitude equals 1.85 km.
• Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds
(symbol: ‘’).
LONGITUDE
• The vertical longitude lines are called meridians.
• Think of these as hula hoops cut in half, attached from one
pole to the other.
• meridian -any semicircle that runs north and south
around Earth from geographic North to South Pole
• longitude -the angular distance east or west from the
prime meridian; expressed in degrees
PRIME MERIDIAN
• The prime meridian line runs vertically, right over
Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the
South Pole. It is numbered as 0 degrees longitude.
• Numbers increase the further away you move, up to
180 degrees. Longitude locations are given as __
degrees east or __ degrees west.
• The meridian opposite the prime meridian, halfway
around the world, is labeled 180°, and is called the
International Date Line.
HOW DOES THE INTERNATIONAL DATE
LINE WORK?
• Runs through the middle of Pacific Ocean
• imaginary line that separates two consecutive calendar days
• It is not perfectly straight
• Immediately to the left of the International Date Line the date is
always one day ahead of the date (or day) immediately to the right
of the International Date Line in the Western Hemisphere
• So, travel east across the International Date Line results in a day,
or 24 hours, being subtracted. Travel west across the International
Date Line results in a day being added.
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
In figi its Thursday
September 11Th
In American Samoa its
Wednesday
September 10th
PRACTICE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
1. 33°N latitude, 112°W longitude
2. 35°N latitude, 78°W longitude
3. 46°N latitude, 96°W longitude
4. 45°N latitude, 122°W longitude
5. 29°N latitude, 95°W longitude
6. 43°N latitude, 79°W longitude
7. 25°N latitude, 80°W longitude
Pick two SECRET locations and figure
out what their approximate
coordinates are. Write down the
coordinates and give them to
another student (but don't tell him
or her the name of the location).
Ask that student to point out on an
atlas where the locations are.
Did your classmate find your secret
sites?
BELLRINGER
-- Japanese war planes bombed Pear Harbor on Hawaii on
December 7, 1941, and in doing so, pushed the US into war
against Japan.
Japanese war planes bombed US bases in the Phillipine
Islands on December 8. Why did they wait an extra day?
They didn't! Hawaii is on the other side of the date line from the
Phillipines. Actually the attacks occurred on the same day.
LANDFORMS ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• The spacing and direction of contour lines indicate the
shapes of the landforms represented on a
topographic map.
• Closely spaced contour lines indicate that the slope is
steep.
• Widely spaced contour lines indicate that the land is
relatively level.
LANDFORMS CONTINUED
• A contour line that bends to form a V shape indicates a valley.
• The bend in the V points toward the higher end of the valley (this V points upstream, or in the direction from which the water flows)
• Contour lines that form closed loops indicate a
hilltop or a depression. • Closed loops that have short straight lines
perpendicular to the inside of the loop indicate a depression.
TERRAIN FEATURES
• Ridgeline- (aka mountain) is a line of high ground, usually
with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all
sides
• Ridgeline non interchangeable with the term ridge.
• Major Terrain Features: Hill, saddle, valley, ridge, depression
• Minor Terrain Features: draw, spur, cliff, cut, fill
VALLEY RIDGE
Valley- Stretched out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or
rivers
Ridge- sloping line of high ground
Depression- a low point in the ground or a sinkhole, represented by
closed contour lines with tick marks that point toward low ground
TERRAIN
Hill- area of high ground, contour lines form concentric circles, inside
smallest closed circle is the hilltop
Saddle- dip or low point between two areas of high ground, if in a
saddle there is high ground in two opposite directions and low
ground the other two directions, contour lines look like an
hourglass
Draw- less developed stream course than a valley, has basically no
level ground, contour lines are U-shaped or V-shaped, pointing
toward high ground
Cliff- vertical or near vertical feature, an abrupt change of land, if
extremely steep contour lines converge into one “carrying” contour
line
TERRAIN
Cut- man-made feature resulting from cutting through
raised ground (forms road or railroad usually)
Fill- man-made feature resulting from filling a low area to
usually make a road
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOLS
• Symbols are used to show certain features on topographic maps.
• Symbol color indicates the type of feature.
Constructed features, such as buildings, are shown in black. Highways are shown in red. Bodies of water are colored blue, and forested areas are colored green.
• Contour lines are brown or black.
OTHER TYPES OF MAPS
• Soil maps are valuable tools for agriculture and land management.
• Geologic maps are designed to show distribution of geologic features, such as the types of rocks found in a given area and the locations of faults, folds, and other structures.
• Some Earth scientists use maps to show the location and
flow of both water and air. • Other types of Earth scientists use maps to study changes
in Earth’s surface over time.
USE THE FIGURE BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1–2.
THE FIGURE SHOWS THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AN AREA
SURROUNDING THE ORR RIVER.
1. What location on the map has the
steepest gradient?
A. location A
B. location B
C. location C
D. location D
1. What location on the map has the steepest
gradient?
A. location A
B. location B
C. location C
D. location D
Chapter 3
13. In which direction is the river in the
topographic map flowing? What information
on the map helped you determine your
answer?
Chapter 3
2. In which direction is the river in the topographic map flowing? What information on the map helped you determine your answer?
Answers should include the following: The river is flowing from northwest to southeast; the contour lines near the river form V shapes, and the tips of the Vs point upstream; the Vs in the map point to the northwest.
Chapter 3