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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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SEISMIC PROPERTIES AND
PROCESSES ALONG THESUBDUCTION PLATE INTERFACE:
THE FEBRUARY 2010 MW 8.8MAULE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE
The! "#$!%%e& !' ())*+&(')e !%h %he +e-"!+e$e'% * %he U'!/e+!% * L!/e+**
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ABSTRACT
The e!$*3e'!) *'e * "#&")%!*' $(+3!' h( %he *%e'%!( %*3e'e+(%e *$e * %he *+&9 (+3e% e(+%h-"(6e. A &e%(!e& %"&* %he 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e +"%"+e h( e'(#e& !'%e++e%(%!*'* %he )*'%+* %h(% 3*/e+' "#&")%!*' *'e e!$!) #eh(/!*"+()+* %he e(+%h-"(6e ))e. I' %h! %he!, e *)" *' %* (e)%* %he )e'%+( Ch!e $(+3!': 415 !$(3!'3 h!)( +*e+%!e !' %he*+e(+) ('& (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e 425 (e!'3 *"+)e)*$e;!% * $e3(%h+"% +"%"+e.<e e;*!% ( &(%(e% * e!$!) #*& (/e *'e% %!$e +*$ *)( (%e+h*)6 +e)*+&e& *' ( %e$*+(+ 'e%*+6 %* &e+!/e ( =>De!$!) /e*)!% $*&e * %he M("e +"%"+e (+e(. <e !$(3e %he
$(!' &*$(!' * %he "#&")%!*' *'e ('& ?'& ( h!3h /e*)!%('*$( *)(%e& (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e, h!)h e !'!%!(!'%e++e% ( ( "#&")%e& %**3+(h!) h!3h. <e %he' &e/e* (e)*'&, $*+e ())"+(%e /e*)!% $*&e %h(% "e (' !$+*/e& (++!/(%!$e &(%(e% %*3e%he+ !%h *#e+/(%!*' +*$ *)e('>#*%%*$e!$*$e%e+. Th! +e?'e& $*&e 3!/e ( h(+e+ /!e * #*%h %he(%e !'%e+()e )*e %* %he %+e')h, ('& %he $(+!'e *+e(+). <eh* %h(% (')!e'% #*)6 * &e'e $('%e !' %he *e+ *+e(+) $(h(/e &e)ee+(%e& ! &"+!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e ('& )*'%+!#"%e&%* !% '")e(%!*'. F"+%he+$*+e, e !'e+ %h(% @"!& (%"+(%e&e&!$e'% !'h!#!%e& !3'!?)('% ! )*e %* %he %+e')h.<e %"& *"+)e +*)ee * ( (+3e (%e+h*)6 * %he M("ee-"e')e, %he 2011 Mw .1 A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e, # !'/e+%!'3 *)(e!$!) (/e*+$ *+ ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e ("%!'3 *"%!*'. <e?'& %h! e(+%h-"(6e )*'%!%"%e& +"%"+e *' %he (%e !'%e+()e**e& # ($*% !'%('%('e*" ! (*'3 ( '*+$( ("% !' %he*/e++!&!'3 (%e: %he ?+% *#e+/(%!*' * !% 6!'&. The e)*'&+"%"+e * %h! )*e>()e& &*"#e% ( h!&&e' +*$ %eee!$!)("%!'3 *"%!*', ('& $( h(/e #ee' &'($!)( %+!33e+e& # S>(/e +*$ %he ?+% e/e'%.O/e+(, *"+ *+6 h!3h!3h% %he +*e (e& # %he "e+ (%e !'
"#&")%!*' *'e e!$*3e'e!. <e "33e% %h(% e!$!) /e*)!%!e)(' he %* )h(+()%e+!e %he #eh(/!*"+ * "%"+e (+3e $e3(%h+"%e(+%h-"(6e. <e h* %h(% %he *%e'%!( h((+& *e& # )*e>()e& &*"#e% !'/*/!'3 %he "e+ (%e h*"& #e ())*"'%e& *+!' +e(>%!$e %"'($! (+'!'3 %e$ # "!'3 *)( (/e*+$ ('(!.
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DECLARATION
I &e)(+e %h(% %he *+6 +ee'%e& !' %h! %he! ! %he +e"% * $*' *+6. The $(%e+!( )*'%(!'e& !' %he %he! h( '*% #ee'+ee'%e&, '*+ ! )"++e'% #e!'3 +ee'%e&, e!%he+ h* *+ !' (+%,*+ (' *%he+ &e3+ee *+ -"(!?)(%!*'.
S%ehe' P(" H!)621 A"3"% 2017
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S)!e')e h( (e' !'%* $(' e++*+ e++*+
h!)h h(/e #ee' "'*+%"'(%e ('& "e"+(%he+ %h(' *%he+!e, *+ %he h(/e #ee'
%he %e!'3%*'e %* %+"%h
– Jules Ver gne
Journey to the Center of the Earth
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A#%+()%.........................................................................................=
De)(+(%!*'....................................................................................7
T(#e * C*'%e'%...........................................................................
L!% * F!3"+e..............................................................................1=
L!% * T(#e................................................................................27
L!% * E')*"+e........................................................................2
7
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L!% * A##+e/!(%!*'....................................................................2
A)6'*e&3e$e'%.....................................................................=1
P+e()e........................................................................................==
1. Introduction...........................................................35
1.1 Me3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e =7
1.2 The 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e 0
1.= A!$ ('& *#e)%!/e * %h! %he!
1. The! *+3('!(%!*' ('& "#!)(%!*' %(%" * )h(%e+
2. Upper Plate Versus Lower Plate: Physical Controls onMegathrust Earthquae !upture Processes..............5"
2.1 S%+")%"+( &*$(!' (#*/e ('& #e* %he $e3(%h+"%
722.2 S%+")%"+( ('& )*$*!%!*'( !'@"e')e *' $e3(%h+"%
e!$*3e'!) #eh(/!*"+ 2
2.= L!$!%(%!*' ('& +e$(!'!'3 -"e%!*'
2. S"$$(+ =
=. #eis$ic I$aging o% #u&duction 'one #tructure usingLocal Earthquae (o$ography.................................)5
=.1 F"'&($e'%( * e!$!) %*$*3+(h 7
=.2 Se!$!) +( %+()!'3 =.= The )*"e& h*)e'%+e>/e*)!% +*#e$ 8
=. I'/e+!*' *+ 1>D /e*)!% %+")%"+e 81
=.7 =>D %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*' 8=
=. I"$!'(%!'3 %he "#&")%!*' $e3(%h+"% "!'3 *)(e(+%h-"(6e %*$*3+(h: (% (!)(%!*' 88
=. S"$$(+ 0
. (he *+"+ Mw ,., Maule- Chile Earthquae: ucleation
and !upture Propagation Controlled &y a #u&ducted(opographic /igh....................................................03
P"#!he& (e+ (#%+()%
.1 I'%+*&")%!*'
.2 T*$*3+(h!) I'/e+!*' S)he$e
.= Re"% * =>D T*$*3+(h!) I'/e+!*'
. D!)"!*' 100
.7 C*')"!*' 10=
7. 1nato$y o% a Megathrust: (he *+"+ M,., Maule- ChileEarthquae !upture 'one I$aged using #eis$ic
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(o$ography........................................................."+)
P"#!he& (e+ (#%+()% 108
7.1 I'%+*&")%!*' 108
7.2 Ch(+()%e+!%!) * %he )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e
1107.= The 2010 M("e e(+%h-"(6e 112
7. Se!$!) &(%( 11=
7.7 e*)!% !'/e+!*' %+(%e3 117
7. I'/e+!*' +e*"%!*' 11
7. Re"% ('& &!)"!*' 127
7.8 De%h>/(+!'3 +"%"+e +*e+%!e ('& ("% %+")%"+e1=
7. C*')"!*' 10
. #eis$ic #ource I$aging using 2ull4ae%or$ 1nalysis..........................................................................."63
.1 M*$e'% %e'*+ %he*+ 1
.2 De)*$*!%!*' * %he $*$e'% %e'*+ 17
.= M*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*' 18
. T!$e>&*$(!' ">(/e*+$ $*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*'1
.7 =>D (/e*+$ !$"(%!*' 17
. S"$$(+ 12
. #eis$ic #lip on an Upper Plate or$al 2ault 7uring aLarge #u&duction Megathrust !upture..................."85
M('")+!% (#%+()% 1
.1 I'%+*&")%!*' 1
.2 M(!'h*)6 h*)e'%+e +e*)(%!*'1
.= S'%he%!) %e% 12. M"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' 1
.7 C*$(+!*' !%h (%e+h*)6 *)(%!*' ('& $e)h('!$18=
. =>D (/e*+$ +*(3(%!*' eJe)% 187
. D!)"!*' ('& )*')"!*'188
8. #ynthesis: I$plications %or the Interplay 9etweenMegathrust Physical /eterogeneity and #eis$ic #ourceCharacteristics....................................................."0)
8.1 I'@"e')e * *)(!e& "e+ (%e he%e+*3e'e!% *'e!$*3e'e! 18
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8.2 Ph!)( +*e+%!e * %he e!$*3e'!) *'e: +e)*')!!'33*#( *#e+/(%!*' 20
8.= F"%"+e *"%**6: A!)(%!*' * %+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!% %* =>D e!$!) (/e +*(3(%!*' !$"(%!*' 210
. Conclusions and 2uture 4or................................*"5.1 Re*'e %* +*e)% (!$ 217
.2 L!$!%(%!*' * %h! %"& ('& !&e( *+ "%"+e +ee(+)h21
Ree+e')e................................................................................22=
E')*"+e.................................................................................27=
LIST OF FIGURESF!3"+e 1.1: M( * %he (+3e% 3*#( e(+%h-"(6e %h(% h(/e
*))"++e& !')e 100, #(e& *' %he USGS NEIC ('& ISC>GEMh!%*+!) )(%(*3"e. The e(+ ('& $(3'!%"&e * Mw 8.7e(+%h-"(6e (+e (#ee&. The *)" * %h! %he! ! *' %he 2010Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e...............................................=
F!3"+e 1.2: S!$!?e& */e+/!e * %he e!$!) ))e ('& %he(+($e%e+ %h(% (+e "e& !' %h! %he! %* &e)+!#e e!$!)*"+)e ('& $e3(%h+"% &'($!) (% e()h %(3e....................=
F!3"+e 1.=: De%h e3$e'%(%!*' * $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e *"+)e)h(+()%e+!%!) #(e& *' L( e% (. 420125. E()h &*$(!' !&e'*%e& # %he e%%e+ AD, h!)h (+e &!)"e& !' %he %e;%.. .=
F!3"+e 1.: L*)(%!*' * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e h*!'3 %he)h(+()%e+!%!) * %he )*e!$!) +"%"+e ('& *%e!$!) %(3e.HF h!3h +e-"e'). I'e%: %he *)(%!*' * %he (+3e $( !3!/e' # %he #()6 #*;.............................................................=
F!3"+e 2.1: S)he$(%!) /!e * &*$(!' %h(% )*'%!%"%e %he h(*(+% * ( %!)( "#&")%!*' *'e. L(#ee& e(%"+e (+e +ee++e&%* !' %he %e;%. Re&+(' ('& !$!?e& (%e+ K* 4201=5.........7=
F!3"+e 2.2: D!%+!#"%!*' * )!+)"$>P()!?) e+*!*'( ('& ())+e%!*'(+$(+3!' #(e& *' C!% ('& (''"))h! 42005 ('& K* 42005 )*$(+e& !%h e(+%h-"(6e )h(+()%e+!%!). L(+3e e(+%h-"(6e*)(%!*' (+e #(e& *' B!e6 420105, #"% !%h (' "&(%e&)(%(*3"e. T"'($! e(+%h-"(6e *)(%!*' (+e +*$ E H(+!+! e% (.4201=5.......................................................................................7
F!3"+e 2.=: I"%+(%!*' * %he $(!' %+")%"+( /(+!(%!*' #e%ee'e+*!/e ('& ())+e%!*'(+ $(+3!', #(e& *' C!% ('& (''"))h!42005, /*' H"e'e ('& R('e+* 4200=5, ('& /*' H"e'e e% (.4200 2005.............................................................................7
F!3"+e 2.: S)he$(%!) /!e * %he $(!' %+")%"+( e(%"+e * %he
)e'%+( E)"(&*+ "#&")%!*' *'e h*!'3 !'%e+( #e%ee'@"!&>+!)h e&!$e'% e'e, e($*"'%, "e+ (%e e(6e'!'3,
8
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('& (%e )*"!'3. Re&+(' (%e+ S(3e e% (. 42005..............1F!3"+e =.1: S%(33e+e& !'/e+!*' *+6@* "e& !' %h! %he! %*
)()"(%e =>D v p ('& v pv s $*&e "!'3 *)( e(+%h-"(6e%*$*3+(h..............................................................................82
F!3"+e .1: (5 L*)(%!*' * (% +"%"+e ('& e3$e'%(%!*' !' Ch!e,
(%e+ M%*! e% (. 420125. E!e 3!/e %he +"%"+e (+e( * e()he(+%h-"(6e. The '($e * e()h e3$e'% ('& e3$e'%#*"'&(+!e 4&(he& !'e5 (+e h*'. The #*; &e'*%e %he*)(%!*' * %he $( !' 4#5. #5 L*)( $( !%h#(%h$e%+%**3+(h 4)**"+e& )(e #(+5. The +e& %(+ ! %heNEIC e!)e'%+e. B"e )*'%*"+ !'e h* %he )*e!$!) !&!%+!#"%!*' * Moreno et al. 420125. Re& )!+)e ('& h!%e%+!('3e (+e %he (%e+h*)6 ('& %(%!*', +ee)%!/e, "e& !'*"+ %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*'. B()6 )+*e &e'*%e %he '*&e !'*"+ =>D !'/e+!*'. The 3+e &(he& !'e h* %he 3e*$e%+ *%he "#&")%!'3 N()( (#, #(e& *' %he S(#1.0 $*&e 4H(e('& <(&, 2005.......................................................................7
F!3"+e .2: H!%*3+($ * (5 P>(/e ('& #5 S>(/e *'e% %!$e !)6e++*+ * %he ("%*$(%!) (3*+!%h$, #(e& *' ( "#e% * 20e/e'%......................................................................................
F!3"+e .=: Re*"%!*' e%!$(%e * *"+ #e%>?%%!'3 =>D 4e%5 v p ('&4+!3h%5 v pv s $*&e #(e& *' ('(! * %he $*&e +e*"%!*'$(%+!;. Sh(&!'3 &e'*%e +e(& "')%!*' /("e ('& #()6 !'eh* %he 0 )*'%*"+ * %he +e*"%!*' 6e+'e The +e*"%!*'!$!% 4h!%e !'e5 (+e #(e& *' +e(& "')%!*' /("e * 2 ('& *+ %he v p ('& v pv s $*&e, +ee)%!/e.................................8
F!3"+e .: (5 C+*>e)%!*' %h+*"3h %he =>D v p $*&e. The *)(%!*'('& *+!e'%(%!*' * e()h +*?e ! h*' !' F!3"+e .1#. The)*(%!'e ! 3!/e' # #()6 %+!('3e. Fe(%"+e * %he $*&e (+e!'%e++e%e& ( **: 4a5 )*'%!'e'%( )+"%, 4b5 *+e(+) #(!',4c5 )e'%+( #(!', 4d5 )*'%!'e'%( $('%e, ('& 4e5 "#&")%!'3*)e('!) )+"%. The #"e &(he& !'e ! %he "'e+%"+#e& %h+"%!'%e+()e. I' e)%!*' C>C′, 4f 5 ! ( h!3h /e*)!% ('*$( *)(%e&(#*/e %he (%e !'%e+()e, ('& 4g5 ! ( $(e+ h!3h /e*)!%('*$( !' %he P!)h!e$" +e3!*' 4e)%!*' A>A′5. #5 C+*>e)%!*'h*!'3 v pv s (*'3 e)%!*' C>C′. B()6 &*% (+e +e*)(%e&(%e+h*)6 !%h Ml =.0, !%h ( $!'!$"$ * 20 P> ('& 20 S>
!)6, +ee)%!/e. The h!%e !'e &e'*%e %he +e*"%!*' !$!%,#(e& *' ('(! * %he +e*"%!*' $(%+!; 4F!3"+e .=5............
F!3"+e .7: (5 C*$(+!*' * v p (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e 4)**"+e&!$(3e, #()6 )*'%*"+5 !%h %he )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' *M*+e'* e% (. 420125 4#"e )*'%*"+5. The *)(%!*' * %he h!3h/e*)!% ('*$( #e'e(%h %he )*(%!'e )*++e(%e !%h ( +e3!*'* +e(%!/e * )*e!$!) !. The %* $(!' ! (%)he)*++e(%e %* *e+ v p (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e. L*)(%!*' *(%e+h*)6 43+e )!+)e5 %h(% !e (*'3 *+ )*e %* %he %h+"%!'%e+()e (+e h*', h!3h!3h%!'3 %he (+e e!$!)!%
(*)!(%e& !%h %he ('*$(. The +e& %(+ ! %he USGS>NEICe!)e'%+e. The h!%e !'e &e'*%e %he "> ('& &*'>&!
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+e*"%!*' !$!% * *"+ %*$*3+(h $*&e. #5 F*+e(+) B*"3"e+3+(/!% ('*$(, &e+!/e& +*$ %he $*&e * T((+( ('&E)h("++e' 420125. B()6 !'e (+e %he v p )*'%*"+ +*$ 4(5 *+)*$(+!*'.............................................................................101
F!3"+e .: (5 Re)*'%+")%!*' * %he N()( ('& P()!?) (%e (%
20M( !"%+(%!'3 %h(% %he )e'%+( Ch!e(' $(+3!' 43+ee' #*;e&(+e(5 $( h(/e *+$e& (% ( !$!(+ %!$e %* (' (+e( *#(%h$e%+!) he%e+*3e'e!% 4+e& #*;e& (+e(5 *' %he P()!?) (%e,'* *)(%e& (% =7S 4#5.......................................................10=
F!3"+e .: S)he$(%!) !'%e++e%(%!*' #(e& *' *"+ %*$*3+(h!)$*&e. O"+ =>D $*&e ! )"% (*'3 %* e)%!*': =.7S %* h*%he /e*)!% %+")%"+e * %he *)e('!) !%h*he+e, ('& =S %*h* %he %+")%"+e * %he *+e(+). The 3e*$e%+ * %he +"%"+e('e ! !"%+(%e& #e%ee' %hee %* e)%!*'. The "#&")%e&%**3+(h!) ('*$( h!)h !e #e'e(%h %he )*(%( +('3e (%(+*"'& =S &!+"% %he +e3"(+ $e3(%h+"% !'%e+()eh*e/e+, e )(''*% %e he%he+ !% ! %! " )*"e& %* %he&*'3*!'3 (%e. The +e& %(+ &e'*%e %he h*)e'%+( *)(%!*'* %he $(!'h*)6. <h!%e !'e (*'3 %he !'%e+()e h* %he)*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' 4M*+e'* e% (., 20125....................107
F!3"+e 7.1: Ge*%e)%*'!) )h(+()%e+!%!) ('& !$!?e& 3e**3!)($( * %he )e'%+( Ch!e(' $(+3!'. M*+h*%e)%*'!) "'!% (+e+*$ G*&' e% (. 42005 ('& %he 3e**3!)( ! $( +e&+('(%e+ Se+'(3e*$!' 4200=5, Me'!)6 ('& E)h%e+ 4200(5 ('&-"e e% (. 420115. The +e& #*; !' %he !'e% $( 3!/e %he*)(%!*' * %he %"& (+e(. L(#e h* %he '($e * %he
*)(%!*' +ee++e& %* !' %h! )h(%e+........................................111F!3"+e 7.2: M( * %he M("e e3$e'% (*'3 %he S*"%h Ce'%+( Ch!e$(+3!' )**"+e& # #(%h$e%+%**3+(h. The $(!' +"%"+e)h(+()%e+!%!) * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e (+e h*'. The "+e%(+ h* %he e!)e'%+e * %he $(!'h*)6 4H(e e% (., 201=5 ('& %he #"e )*'%*"+ +e+ee'% )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' 4 $5 !' 2 $ !'%e+/( 4M*+e'* e% (., 20125. T+!('3e )*++e*'&%* e!$!) %(%!*' "e& !' %he /e*)!% !'/e+!*'. B()6)+*e !'&!)(%e %he h*+!*'%( 3+!& '*&e "e& !' %he =>D!'/e+!*' ('& +e& )!+)e h* %he +e!$!'(+ *)(%!*' * e(+%h-"(6e "e& !' %he /e*)!% !'/e+!*'. Th!)6 #()6 !'e
h* %he *)(%!*' * )+*>e)%!*' %h(% (+e h*' !' %h!)h(%e+...................................................................................11
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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3e'e+(%e& !' %he ($e ( ( &e)+!#e& !' Se)%!*' .0 (+e)e!/e+ ! ()e& (% %he )e'%+*!& *)(%!*' * E/e'% II. The6'*' )e'%+*!& %!$e * E/e'% I ('& II (+e h*'. A%h*"3h e)(''*% !'*!'% %he e;()% '")e(%!*' %!$e * E/e'% II, !% ! )e(+%h(% %he (++!/( * h!3h ($!%"&e S>(/e +*$ E/e'% I !)*!')!&e'% !%h %he *!#e '")e(%!*' %(3e * E/e'% II, #(e&*' !% *"+)e &"+(%!*' * 18 .................................................1
F!3"+e .1: Re3!*'( +e)*+&!'3 * %he Mw .1 2011 A+(")('!(4(%e !'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 ('& "e+ (%e '*+$( ("%!'35,2012 Mw .1 C*'%!%")!X' 4(%e !'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 *'5 ('&2010 Mw .1 P!)h!e$" 4"e+ (%e '*+$( ("%!'3 *'5e(+%h-"(6e (% %he e+$('e'% GSN %(%!*', TRQA !' e(%e+'A+3e'%!'(. The e%>h('& ('e h* %he '*+$(!e& +e-"e')4%*5 e)%+( ('& %+()e *+ e()h )*$*'e'%: (5 e% #5 e(%)5 /e+%!)(. The $( !' %he +!3h%>h('& ('e h* %he *)(%!*'* %he %h+ee e(+%h-"(6e, )*++e*'&!'3 CMT *"%!*' ('& %he*)(%!*' * %(%!*' TRQA.........................................................17
F!3"+e 8.1: C*$(+!*' * *"+ +e!$!'(+ (%e+h*)6 $*$e'%%e'*+ )(%(*3"e 4%* e%5 !%h %h*e (+e(& "#!he& *+ %hee+!*& e'&!'3 De)e$#e+ 2010 4A3"+%* e% (., 2012 H(e e%(., 201=5. S*"%!*' +*$ %he 3*#( CMT +*e)% 4E6%+$ e% (.,
20125 (+e (* h*' 4#*%%*$ +!3h%5. F("%!'3 $e)h('!$ (+e)(!?e& #(e& *' %he "'3e ('3e * +!')!( %+ee4F+*h!)h, 125. Re/e+e ("%!'3 %e ! )h*e' +*$ %he$!'!$"$ +*%(%!*' ('3e !%h +ee)% %* ( +ee+e')e *"%!*'+e+ee'%!'3 "+e (%e !'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 #(e& *' (#3e*$e%+ 4Ch(%e+ F!/e5........................................................207
F!3"+e 8.2: M( ('& )+*>e)%!*' * !'%+((%e (%e+h*)6$e)h('!$ )*$#!'e& +*$ %he &!Je+e'% )(%(*3"e h*' !'F!3"+e 8.1. I'%e++e%(%!*' * *!#e "e+ (%e ("%3e*$e%+!e (+e !"%+(%e& !' %he )+*>e)%!*'. FAP +*'%(())+e%!*'(+ +!$ PA< ((e*>())+e%!*'(+ e&3e CF
)+"%( +($e*+6 PA P!)h!e$" ('*$( OC *)e('!))+"% OM *)e('!) $('%e...................................................20
F!3"+e 8.=: C*$(+!*' * %he +e(%!*'h! #e%ee' (%e !'%e+()e%+")%"+e 4e%: v p, )e'%+e: v pv s ('& $e3(%h+"% ! *+ %heM("e, Ch!e ('& T*h*6", Z((' e(+%h-"(6e. The M("e +*?e(+e &+(' !' ( !$!(+ ( %* F!3"+e 7.12, "!'3 %he )*e!$!)! $*&e * M*+e'* e% (. 420125. Se!$!) /e*)!%!e *+ %he
T*h*6" $e3(%h+"% )*$e +*$ Y($($*%* e% (. 42015 ('&)*e!$!) ! ! +*$ G"$(' e% (. 420125. The (++* !'&!)(%e%he &e%h *Je% !' $(;!$"$ v pv s ('& )*e!$!) ! #e%ee'
#*%h +"%"+e *'e.................................................................208F!3"+e 8.: L*)(%!*' ('& ("%!'3 $e)h('!$ * %he e/e'% &e)+!#e&!' T(#e 8.1 %h(% h( #ee' "e& %* !$"(%e e!$!) (/e
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+*(3(%!*' %he )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e. Re& %+!('3e&e'*%e %(%!*' !%h h!3h>-"(!% #+*(&#('& +e)*+&!'3 * %h!e/e'% 4F!3"+e 8.5...................................................................211
F!3"+e 8.7: =>D !$(3e * %he $eh 4( /!ee& +*$ %he *"%h5 %h(%! "e& %* 3e'e+(%e %he h!3h +e-"e') =>D (/e*+$
!$"(%!*' !'!&e %he e'%!+e +"%"+e *'e * %he M("ee(+%h-"(6e.............................................................................212F!3"+e 8.: Re+ee'%(%!/e /e*)!% (/e*+$ ?% )*$(+!'3 =>D
'%he%!) !%h *#e+/e& (/e*+$ *+ %he !$"(%e& %e%e/e'%. <(/e*+$ (+e #('&( ?%e+e& (% 0.070.7 H.L*)(%!*' * %hee %(%!*' (+e h*' !' F!3"+e 8.. O+('3e!'e !'&!)(%e P>(/e *'e% %!$e..........................................21=
F!3"+e 8.: U'?%e+e& !*%+*!) e'!%!/!% 6e+'e * he(+ $*&""4'*+$(!e&5, ( /!ee& +*$ %he *"%h, !%h ( /e+%!)( !)e%h+*"3h %he h*)e'%+( +e3!*' * %he %"&!e& e/e'%. Ee/(%!*'e;(33e+(%!*' 2:1................................................................21
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LIST OF TABLES
T(#e 1.1: H*)e'%+e e%!$(%e * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e.............2 T(#e 2.1: E%!$(%e * %he !'%e+e)%!*' &e%h #e%ee' %he)*'%!'e'%( M*h* ('& (%e !'%e+()e *+ &!Je+e'% "#&")%!*'*'e. ST )(%%e+!'3 %*$*3+(h RF +e)e!/e+ "')%!*'LET *)( e(+%h-"(6e %*$*3+(h RE +e@e)%e& h(e RR +e+()%!*' e!$**3............................................................7
T(#e 2.2: E%!$(%e * "#&")%!*' )h(''e %h!)6'e *+ &!Je+e'%"#&")%!*' *'e.....................................................................2
T(#e 2.=: S"$$(+ * 6e *#e+/(%!*' *+ &!Je+e'% h!)(+*e+%!e (Je)%!'3 $e3(%h+"% e!$*3e'e!.......................
T(#e 7.1: S"$$(+ * !'/e+!*' (+($e%e+ "e& (% e()h %e. GAP
$!'!$"$ (!$"%h( 3(.....................................................11 T(#e .1: Ee$e'%(+ $*$e'% %e'*+ "e& !' %he !'/e+!*'
$e%h*& * K!6")h! ('& K('($*+! 4115................................17 T(#e .1: H*)e'%+( e%!$(%e *+ %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e..1 T(#e .2: S!'3e *!'%>*"+)e CMT *"%!*' *+ %he A+(")('!(
e(+%h-"(6e. N*&( ('e (+e &e)+!#e& # %+!6e&!+(6e 45................................................................................................1
T(#e .=: Re"% +*$ %he '%he%!) e'!%!/!% %e% &e)+!#e& !'Se)%!*' .=.1 ('& +ee'%e& !' F!3"+e .. P*. *"+)e*!%!*' Me)h. *)( $e)h('!$ R*%. ('3e +*%(%!*' ('3e!%h +ee)% %* !'"% *"+)e $e)h('!$................................17
T(#e .: Re(%!/e "')e+%(!'% e%!$(%e * &!Je+e'% ("%!'3 %e*+ ( !'3e *!'%>*"+)e *Jh*+e 4*"+)e *!%!*' 15.U')e+%(!'%!e (+e )()"(%e& *+ #*%h *"+ ()%"( %(%!*'&!%+!#"%!*' 4F!3"+e .15 ('& ( 'e%*+6 * !&e( &!%+!#"%e&%(%!*'...................................................................................1
T(#e .7: S*"+)e %(#!!% * %he $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*'#(e& *' %he +e"% * +e$*/!'3 *'e %(%!*' (% ( %!$e +*$ %he!'/e+!*' 4()66'!?'35. Thee ()66'!?'3 +e"% (+e )*$(+e&!%h %he #e%>?%%!'3 *"%!*' *#%(!'e& "!'3 ( (/(!(#e%(%!*'. S*"+)e *)(%!*' +ee+ %* %he 3+!& *!%!*' !"%+(%e& !'
F!3"+e .#. S%(%!*' (+e *+&e+e& !' e!)e'%+( &!%(')e. Thee+e"% h* %he +e$(+6(# )*'!%e'% $e)h('!$ *+ #*%h"#>e/e'%, !'&!)(%!'3 !'&ee'&e')e +*$ %he e;()% e%%(%!*' "e& !' %he !'/e+!*'................................................18
T(#e .: Dee'&e')e * E/e'% II *"%!*' *' %he *!%!*' ('&$e)h('!$ * E/e'% I.............................................................18
T(#e 8.1: S*"+)e (+($e%e+ * %he %e% e/e'% "e& *+ %he =>D(/e*+$ !$"(%!*' &e)+!#e& !' %h! e)%!*'......................211
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LIST OF ENCLOSURES
E')*"+e 1: WS"#>(# $('%e ('!*%+* #e'e(%h *"%h>)e'%+(Ch!e9. P(e+ "#!he& !' Earth and Planetary Science etters # S%ehe' H!)6, S%"(+% N!+e ('& A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 !'De)e$#e+ 2012.
E')*"+e 2: WThe 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e: '")e(%!*'('& +"%"+e )*'%+*e& # ( "#&")%e& %**3+(h!) h!3h. P(e+"#!he& !' !eophysical "esearch etters # S%ehe' H!)6,A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6, Ch+!%!(' H(#e+('&, I(#ee R&e+, M(+6S!$*' ('& A'&+ T((+( !' De)e$#e+ 2012.
E')*"+e =: WA'(%*$ * ( $e3(%h+"%: The 2010 M8.8 M("e,Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+e *'e !$(3e& "!'3 e!$!)
%*$*3+(h9. P(e+ "#!he& !' Earth and Planetary Scienceetters # S%ehe' H!)6, A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6, I(#ee R&e+,Ch(*>Sh!'3 Lee ('& M(%%he M!e+ !' A"3"% 201.
E')*"+e : WSe!$!) See& #"$ *"'& !' Ch!e9 e(+%h-"(6e*'e9. Ne (+%!)e (#*"% %he $(!' +e"% +*$ Ch(%e+ F!/e+!%%e' # Be)6 O6!' ('& "#!he& # livescience.co# $%ahoo &ews *' N*/e$#e+ , 201.
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LIST OF ABBREIATIONS
DC D*"#e>)*"e e+)e'%(3e2>D T*>&!$e'!*'(=>D Th+ee>&!$e'!*'(BDT B+!%%e>&")%!e %+('!%!*'CLD C*$e'(%e& !'e(+ /e)%*+ &!*eCMT Ce'%+*!& $*$e'% %e'*+CSD C*e>()e& &*"#e%CSN Ce'%+* S!$*X3!)* N()!*'(DC D*"#e>)*"eD<S De+!/(%!/e e!3h% "$FD F!'!%e>&!Je+e')e $e%h*&
f c C*+'e+ +e-"e')FE F!'!%e>ee$e'% $e%h*&GAP M!'!$"$ (!$"%h( 3(3CMT G*#( Ce'%+*!& M*$e'% Te'*+ P+*e)%GF G+ee'9 "')%!*'ID I%e+(%!/e &e)*'/*"%!*'IMAD I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6 De*$e'%LET L*)( e(+%h-"(6e %*$*3+(hOBS O)e('>#*%%*$ e!$*$e%e+MFV M*)h( F+()%"+e V*'eMRM M*&e +e*"%!*' $(%+!;Ml L*)( $(3'!%"&eMT M*$e'% %e'*+Mw M*$e'% $(3'!%"&eNNLS N*'>'e3(%!/e e(% -"(+e' A%%e'"(%!*' -"(!% ()%*+SEM Se)%+(>ee$e'% $e%h*&SF S+e(& "')%!*'SNR S!3'(>%*>'*!e +(%!*USGS U'!%e& S%(%e Ge**3!)( S"+/eR (+!(')e +e&")%!*'
v p P>(/e /e*)!%v s S>(/e /e*)!%v pv s v pv s +(%!*
ACKNO<LEDGEMENTS
I ($ /e+ 3+(%e" %* $ "e+/!*+ P+*. A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 ('& D+.I(#ee R&e+ *+ %he!+ (!%(')e, (%!e')e ('& e')*"+(3e$e'%%h+*"3h*"% %h! +*e)%. I *"& (* !6e %* %h('6 S%"(+% N!+e
('& R()he C*!'3 *+ "e" &!)"!*' e(+ !' %he +*e)%. Th('6 %* D+. [!(* <('3 *+ h! !'/("(#e IT "*+%. I ($ (*
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3+(%e" %* )*>("%h*+ Ch+!%!(' H(#e+('&, M(+6 S!$*', A'&+ T((+(, M(%% M!e+ ('& Ch(*>Sh!'3 Lee *+ he!'3 %* !$+*/e %he$('")+!%. I *"& (* !6e %* $e'%!*' %he N(%"+( E'/!+*'$e'%Ree(+)h C*"')!, h* "'&e& $ PhD.I (* !h %* ()6'*e&3e ( ?e& )+e %h(% %**6 (+% !' %he
&e/e*$e'%, $(!'%e'(')e ('& +e)*/e+ * e!$!) !'%+"$e'% !'%he I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6 De*$e'%. The **!'3!'%!%"%!*' +*/!&e& e!$!) !'%+"$e'% ('& ?e& )+e:IRISPASSCAL, CNRS>INSU, GFV ('& GEFSEIS>UK. I ($ h"3e3+(%e" %* #*%h %he U'!/e+!&(& &e Ch!e ('& U'!/e+!&(& &eC*')e)!X' *+ *Je+!'3 /("(#e "*+% !' %he ?e&. I %h('6 %he('&*'e+ * Ce'%+( Ch!e *+ %he!+ )**e+(%!*' &"+!'3 ( %*"3he+!*& * %!$e !' %he (%e+$(%h * %he 2010 e(+%h-"(6e. I ($(+e)!(%!/e * %he N(%!*'( T(!(' O)e(' U'!/e+!% ('& UK O)e('B*%%*$ I'%+"$e'% C*'*+%!"$ 4OBIC5F()!!% *+ "!'3 OBS!'%+"$e'%. D+. !)%*+ A+!e G((+&*, C(%(!' Z"(' !)he ('&F+e&& E)he/e++!( 3(/e /!%( "*+% *+ %he *Jh*+e &e*$e'%. I($ 3+(%e" %* %he A+$(&( &e Ch!e *+ +*/!&!'3 /ee. I *"&(* !6e %* %h('6 $ ?e& (!%('% !' Ch!e, B+#(+( B(')* A++"e,h*9e e;)ee'% E'3!h ('& 3+e(% )*$(' e+e h"3e /("(#e*' %he *'3 &+!/e. I (* !h %* %h('6 M(%% M!e+ ('& K("B(%(!e *+ 3!/!'3 e;)ee'% *3!%!)( he &"+!'3 $ %!$e !' Ch!e.I ($ !'&e#%e& %* $ )*e(3"e +*$ %he E(+%h-"(6e Se!$**3+ee(+)h 3+*" (% %he U'!/e+!% * L!/e+**: L!&*'3 B!e, T*$G(+%h, A$(( F"e'(!&(, Ch+!%!'( Ke ('& H(' A3"+%* De%e. I*"& (* !6e %* %h('6 $ +!e'&, H( R*#e+%, Z*h'' S)h*?e&,
S($ C**6e ('& T*$ A&($ *+ e'"+!'3 %h(% I ( (#e %*")!e'% !%)h *J +*$ PhD *+6 '* ('& (3(!'. I *"& !6e %*%h('6 A!)e G"!*+& *+ he+ "'(/e+!'3 "*+%. F!'(, I %h('6 $($! *+ %he!+ e')*"+(3e$e'% %h+*"3h*"% $ %"&!e, e/e'%h*"3h %he+e e+e *$e &!)"% %!$e.
PREFACE
S%ehe' P. H!)6 3+(&"(%e& !%h ( F!+% C( M(%e+ * E(+%h
S)!e')e De3+ee 4MES)!5 !' Ge**3 ('& Ge*h!) +*$ %heU'!/e+!% * L!/e+** !' 2011. I' %h! &e3+ee, he )(++!e& *"% %*&!e+%(%!*': ( 3e**3 ?e& $(!'3 +*e)% !' S*"%h A+!)( ('& (3e*h!) +ee(+)h +*e)% *' e!$!) ('!*%+*. D"+!'3 h!"'&e+3+(&"(%e &e3+ee, S%ehe' "'&e+%**6 ( %h+ee>$*'%h!'%e+'h! (% %he N(%!*'( E(+%h-"(6e I'*+$(%!*' Ce'%e+ 4NEIC5 *%he U'!%e& S%(%e Ge**3!)( S"+/e !' G*&e', C**+(&*. I' O)%*#e+2011, S%ehe' %(+%e& h! PhD +*e)% (% %he U'!/e+!% *L!/e+**, "'&e+ %he *!'% "e+/!!*' * P+*. A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 ('&D+. I(#ee R&e+.D"+!'3 h! PhD, S%ehe' "'&e+%**6 ?e&*+6 !' )e'%+( Ch!e *+
*"+ ee6 %* &e)*$$!!*' e!$!) %(%!*' ('& +e)*/e+ &(%( +*$%he I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6 De*$e'% 4IMAD5. S%ehe'
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h( +ee'%e& *+6 (% e/e+( !'%e+'(%!*'( )*'e+e')e !')"&!'3%he A$e+!)(' Ge*h!)( U'!*' F( Mee%!'3 4%h+ee *%e+ ('&*'e *+( +ee'%(%!*'5 ('& E"+*e(' Ge*)!e')e U'!*' 4*'e*%e+, *'e *+( ('& )*>)*'/e'e& ( e!*'5. He h( (* +ee'%e&(% e)!(!% *+6h* *' %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e !' Ch!e ('&
Ge+$('. I' Se%e$#e+ 201, S%ehe' %**6 (+% !' ( )+"!e %*&e* *)e('>#*%%*$ e!$*$e%e+ *Jh*+e * <(h!'3%*' ('&O+e3*' !' %he U'!%e& S%(%e ( (+% * %he C()(&!( I'!%!(%!/e+*e)%.I' (&&!%!*' %* %he (e+ +ee'%e& ( (+% * %h! %he!, S%ehe'?+%>("%h*+e& (' (+%!)e e'%!%e& WS"#>(# $('%e ('!*%+*#e'e(%h *"%h>)e'%+( Ch!e9 %h(% ( "#!he& !' E(+%h ('&P('e%(+ S)!e')e Le%%e+ !' De)e$#e+ 2012 4E')*"+e 15. Th!*+6 *+$e& (+% * h! MES)! &!e+%(%!*', ('& ( +!%%e' " ((e+ &"+!'3 h! PhD %"&!e.
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Ch(%e+ 1
INTRODUCTION
He+e, e e%(#!h %he #+*(& )!e'%!?) #()63+*"'& ('& $*%!/(%!*'* %h! %he!. O')e %hee *"'&(%!*' (+e (!&, e +ee'% %he $(!'(!$ * %he +ee(+)h, (*'3 !%h %he )*++e*'&!'3 +(%!*'(e ('&*#e)%!/e *+ e()h. S"#e-"e'%, e &e)+!#e %he *+$(% * %he%he! ('& %he )*e * e()h )h(%e+. <he+e (+*+!(%e, e
*"%!'e %he )"++e'% %(%" * $('")+!% ('& %he )*'%+!#"%!*' $(&e# )*>("%h*+.
1.1Me3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6eF*+ e(+%h-"(6e e!$**3!%, %he &e)(&e )*$$e')!'3 !%h %he 200 B*;!'3 D( e(+%h-"(6e !' S"$(%+( ! #e +e$e$#e+e& *+%he e-"e')e * (+3e +"%"+e ()+* E(+%h. The %+!6!'3 !$(3e !'3*#( $e&!( * #"!&!'3 +(e& %* %he 3+*"'& ('& $(!/e %"'($!(/e h(/e (* ('%e& e(+%h-"(6e h((+& ?+$ !' %he $!'& *%he "#!) ('& *!)$(6e+. Se/e+( * %hee &($(3!'3
e(+%h-"(6e *))"++e& (*'3 )*'%!'e'%( ("% *'e, ")h ( %he200 Mw .= L9A-"!(, I%(, 2010 Mw .0 H(!%!, ('& 2017 Mw .8Ne( e(+%h-"(6e. H*e/e+, %he %+*'3e% e(+%h-"(6e *))"+(+*"'& )!+)"$>P()!?)!' "#&")%!*' *'e 4e.3. R"J ('& K('($*+!,18=5 4F!3"+e 1.15, ())*"'%!'3 *+ */e+ 7 * 3*#( e!$!)$*$e'% +ee(e 4P()he)* ('& S6e, 125. S"#&")%!*' *'e*))"+ he+e *)e('!) (%e "'&e+%h+"% ('*%he+ (%e 4e.3.Oe6e/!)h e% (., 15. A*'3 %he h(*e% (+% * "#&")%!*'(%e #*"'&(+!e 4%he seis#ogenic (one *+ #egathrust 5, #*%h (%e)(' #e *)6e& %*3e%he+ *+ h"'&+e& * e(+. The ())"$"(%e&%+(!' */e+ %h! %!$e )(' #e +ee(e& !%h!' ( $(%%e+ * $!'"%e
&"+!'3 (' Mw 8.0 $e3(%h+"% +"%"+e. S")h $e3(%h+"%e(+%h-"(6e h(/e %he *%e'%!( %* )("e e'*+$*" &($(3e &"e %*%+*'3 h(6!'3 (% %he "+()e. E/e' *, ( h*' # %he 200S"$(%+( ('& 2011 Z((' e(+%h-"(6e, %"'($! )(' #e e-"(, !'*% $*+e, &($(3!'3. S"#&")%!*' *'e e(+%h-"(6e )("e& */e+=00,000 &e(%h !' %he e+!*& 200201 4U'!%e& S%(%e Ge**3!)(S"+/e, 20175. <!%h %hee h((+&, $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e (+e *e'*+$*" )!e'%!?) !'%e+e%.
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Figure 1.1: Map of the largest global earthquakes that have occurred since 1900,based on the USGS NEIC and ISC-GEM historic catalogues. The year and
magnitude of M w 8.5+ earthquakes are labelled. The focus of this thesis is on the
2010 M w 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake.
G+e(% %+!&e h(/e #ee' $(&e !' +"%"+e !$(3!'3 $e%h*&, ( e( *#e+/(%!*' * (%e !'%e+()e *)6!'3 (%%e+' #e*+e, ('&&e*+$(%!*' (%e+, (+3e e(+%h-"(6e. H*e/e+, *e' -"e%!*' %!+e$(!' *' %he e;()% h!)( ()%*+ &+!/!'3 e!$*3e'!) +*)ee
%h+*"3h*"% %he e(+%h-"(6e ))e. Ph!)( he%e+*3e'e!% $( #e!$(3e& "!'3 ( !&e +('3e * e!$!) %**, ")h ( (!/e%*$*3+(h ('& %"&!e * e(+%h-"(6e *"+)e $e)h('!$. A "+e/!e *' %he )"++e'% "'&e+%('&!'3 * %hee 3*/e+'!'3 h!)(+*e+%!e ! '*% !%h!' %he )*e * %h! I'%+*&")%!*', #"% !&!)"e& !' Ch(%e+ T*. Ye% #Be*+e !'%e++e%!'3 h* &!Je+e'%h!)( e(%"+e $( &+!/e $e3(%h+"% e!$*3e'e!, e ?+%'ee& %* "'&e+%('& h* ")h +*)ee (+e *#e+/e& ('&(+($e%e+!e& ()+* %he e(+%h-"(6e ))e, h!)h &e)+!#e %he*'3>%e+$ e/*"%!*' * %+e 4*+ %+(!'5 (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e4F!3"+e 1.25.
2=
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Figure 1.2: Simplified overview of the seismic cycle and the parameters that areused in this thesis to describe seismic sources and megathrust dynamics at each
stage.
1.1.1I'%e+e!$!) #eh(/!*"+: #"!&!'3 " %he 'e;% 3+e(%e(+%h-"(6e
The *'3e% h(e * %he e!$!) ))e *))"+ #e%ee' (+3ee(+%h-"(6e ('& ())"$"(%!'3 he(+ %+e. Th! e+!*& ! 6'*'
( %he interseis#ic %(3e 4F!3"+e 1.25. The $(!' (!$ * %"&!'3!'%e+e!$!) &e*+$(%!*' ! %* (e "%"+e h((+& *%e'%!( *e&# (+3e e(+%h-"(6e. The seis#ic gap $*&e, ?+% &e/e*e& #S6e 4115, (* ( #(!) "'&e+%('&!'3 * h!)h "#&")%!*'(%e #*"'&(+!e (+e %+*'3 *)6e&. !% ! '*% "e& *+ +*#(#!!%!)h((+& (e$e'%. A e!$!) 3( ! ( +e3!*' he+e ( (+3ee(+%h-"(6e *))"++e& !' %he (%, #"% h( #ee' -"!e% *+ &e)(&e%hee +e3!*' (+e %he+e*+e )*'!&e+e& !6e !%e *+ "%"+e (+3ee(+%h-"(6e. H*e/e+, %he ()6 * &e%(!e& 6'*e&3e *' !h!%*+!e, ( e ( %he 200 S"$(%+( ('& 2011 T*h*6"e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+!'3 $"%!e ("% e3$e'%, h( e& %*
"33e%!*' %h(% %he e!$!) 3( $*&e ! */e+!$!?e& 4Gee+,2011 K(3(' ('& Z()6*', 17 K(3(' e% (., 2012 < ('&<!e$e+, 15.D"+!'3 %he !'%e+e!$!) e+!*&, e(%!) %+(!' ! %*+e& !' %he *+e(+)4e.3. K. <('3 ('& H", 2005, (*!'3 ( $e("+e(#e (e$e'% * (%e )*"!'3 +*$ *#e+/(%!*' * "e+ (%e &e*+$(%!*'.D(%(e% %h(% (+e "e& %* !'e+ )*"!'3 &!%+!#"%!*' !')"&e GPS$e("+e$e'% 4e.3. M*+e'* ('& R*e'(", 20105, ((e*3e*&e%!)$e("+e$e'%, ")h ( )*+( 4e.3. S!$*e e% (., 2005, %!&($e("+e$e'% 4e.3. Z. C. S(/(3e, 175, ('& (%e!%e 3e*&e 4e.3.
Ch!eh e% (., 20115. T+e')h>(+(e *)6!'3 (%%e+' (+e ""(+e!(#e, #"% *)6!'3 (% %he ">&! e'& * %he *Jh*+e (%e !'%e+()e
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! **+ +e*/e& 4e.3. M%*! e% (., 20125. T* 'e3(%e %h! +*#e$,e(@**+ 3e*&e%!) *#e+/(%!*' )(' +*/!&e #e%%e+ )*'%+(!'% *'*Jh*+e )*"!'3 4G(3'*' e% (., 2007 M(%"$*%* e% (., 20085.
1.1.2C*e!$!) +"%"+e e3$e'%(%!*'
The )*')e%"( "#&")%!*' *'e (e+!% $*&e 4L( ('& K('($*+!,1815 ( &e/e*e& %* &e)+!#e (*'3>%+!6e he%e+*3e'e!% !' %he$*$e'% +ee(e * (+3e $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e. )sperities (+e+e3!*' * %he (%e !'%e+()e %h(% ! $*% %+*'3 &"+!'3 ( (+3ee(+%h-"(6e barriers !'h!#!% +"%"+e. L*'3>!/e& #(++!e+ (+e )(e&seg#ent boundaries. N*(&(, (+3e e(+%h-"(6e (+e)h(+()%e+!e& # %he!+ &!%+!#"%!*' * ! *' ( +e>&e?'e& ("%('e. C*$(+e& %* !'%e+e!$!) *)6!'3, )*e!$!) ! )(' #e)()"(%e& # !')"&!'3 $*+e &!/e+e &(%(e%, ")h ( %eee!$!)(/e*+$ ('& %"'($! &(%(. S! !'/e+!*' ("$e $e)h('!)(
+*e+%!e * %he "#"+()e, ")h ( P*!*'9 +(%!* ('& Y*"'39$*&"". S"#"+()e +*e+%!e )(' #e (+($e%e+!e& "!'3 (+('3e * )he$e, !')"&!'3, h*$*3e'e*" h(>()e 4e.3. T*'3e% (., 20105, 1>D (e+e& $*&e 4e.3. P*!% e% (., 20115, *+ #(!3'!'3 +*e+%!e %* !'&!/!&"( &*$(!' * %he "#&")%!*' *'e4e.3. M*+e'* ('& R*e'(", 20105. The +e(%!*'h! #e%ee'!'%e+e!$!) *)6!'3 ('& )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' 4e.3. M*+e'*('& R*e'(", 2010 O(( e% (., 2011 P+*%%! e% (., 2015 ! *%e'"e& %* !'e+ %he %(#!!% * +!)%!*'( +*e+%!e (*'3 %he (%e!'%e+()e.
A'*%he+ *"+)e (+($e%e+ *%e' "e& *+ $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e! +"%"+e &"+(%!*'. S* ('& h(* +"%"+e %h(% +(&!(%e %+*'3*'3 e+!*& e'e+3 4'*+$(!e& %* %he!+ $(3'!%"&e5 $( #e)(!?e& ( %"'($!3e'!) e(+%h-"(6e 4K('($*+!, 125. R"%"+e&"+(%!*' h( ( !'e(+ +e(%!*'h! !%h #*%h e(+%h-"(6e %+e &+*('& $(%e+!( +!3!&!% * %he ("% 4B!e6 ('& L(, 15. A% %he h!3h+e-"e') e'& * e!$!) +(&!(%!*' e)%+"$, #()6 +*e)%!*'$e%h*& %+()6 )*he+e'% e'e+3 *' ( ("% ('e */e+ %!$e 4e.3. Ih!!e% (., 20075. B()6 +*e)%!*' * e>+e)*+&e& $e3(%h+"%e(+%h-"(6e +e/e( %h(% h!3h +e-"e') +(&!(%!*' &e)*"e +*$h!3h ! (e+!%!e !'e++e& !' )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' 4Ih!! e%
(., 2007 K!e+ ('& Ih!!, 2011 K*e+ e% (., 2012 Me'3 e% (.,20115. H!3h +e-"e') &e)*"!'3 $( +e"% +*$ 3e*$e%+!)( *+$e)h('!)( he%e+*3e'e!%!e 4P(* e% (., 2015, (%h*"3h '* &!+e)%e/!&e')e h( #ee' *"'& *+ h!)( +*e+%!e e;e+%!'3 ( )*'%+**' %h! %he &e%h &ee'&e')e * e!$!) +(&!(%!*'.
The (*'3>%+!6e 4%+e')h>(+(e5 e3$e'%(%!*' (%%e+' *"#&")%!*' *'e +"%"+e ! )e(+ ee' !')(' #e !'e++e& +*$ %he!+ )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' e ((+e'% ! %he e3$e'%(%!*'(%%e+' !' %he &*'>&! &!+e)%!*'. Ne/e+%hee, #(e& *' *"+)e)h(+()%e+!%!) * (+3e "#&")%!*' e(+%h-"(6e, L( e% (. 420125 &e/e*e& ( "'!?e& $*&e %h(% &e)+!#e %he &e%h e3$e'%(%!*'* %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e 1.=5. D*$(!' A !3'!?e%he h(*e% *+%!*' * %he $e3(%h+"%, +*$ %he %+e')h %*
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(+*;!$(%e 17 6$ &e%h. A%h*"3h %h! h(* +e3!*' ! %h*"3h%%* #e $*% (e!$!), !% )(' h*% $*&e+(%e>!e& %"'($!3e'!) +"%"+e 4Mw 5, ")h ( %he 1 Mw . Z(/( e(+%h-"(6e 4B!e6('& L(, 15. D*$(!' B ('& C &e'*%e %he (+% * %he$e3(%h+"% (% 17=7 6$ &e%h, ('& =777 6$ &e%h, +ee)%!/e
$*% $*$e'% +ee(e *))"+ !' %hee )e'%+( +e3!*'. D*$(!' Ce(+%h-"(6e )*'!%e'% &!( %he &e%h &ee'&e')e * e!$!)+(&!(%!*' &!)"e& (#*/e. The &eee% +e3!*', D*$(!' D !)h(+()%e+!e& # * !, * +e-"e') e(+%h-"(6e ('& e!$!)%+e$*+ h*e/e+, %hee he'*$e'( (+e '*% e+/(!/e (*'3 ("#&")%!*' *'e.
Figure 1.3: Depth segmentation of megathrust earthquake source characteristics
based on Lay et al. (2012). Each domain is denoted by the letters A–D, which are
discussed in the text.
E(+%h-"(6e doublets )(' +e/e( %+e %+('e+ #e%ee' ("% !'"#&")%!*' *'e. A &*"#e% ! ( (+3e e(+%h-"(6e **!'3 ('e(+!e+ e(+%h-"(6e !%h )*$(+(#e $*$e'% +ee(e, e!%he+ *' ('(&()e'% (%)h * %he ("%, *+ *' ( e(+(%e ("%. A' e;($e * (&*"#e% ! %he !'%e+(%e %h+"% ('& !'%+((# '*+$( ("%!'3 e/e'%!' %he K"+! "#&")%!*' *'e !' 200 4A$$*' e% (., 20085.S!$!(+, %he 200 S($*( e(+%h-"(6e )*'%!%"%e& ( '*+$( ("%!'3e/e'% #e'e(%h %he *"%e+ +!e %h(% %+!33e+e& %h+"%!'3 *' %he (%e!'%e+()e 4L( e% (., 2010#5. I' %h! !'%(')e, %he !'!%!( +"%"+e%+!33e+e& e!$!) ! *' %he h(* *+%!*' * %he (%e !'%e+()e.
1.1.=P*%e!$!) +e(;(%!*': (%e+h*)6 ('& (%e+! T* )*$e%e %he e!$!) ))e, (+3e $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e )("e!'%e'e &e*+$(%!*' !' %he 'e(+ ?e& %h(% )(' (% *+ $*'%h %*e(+ 4F!3"+e 1.25. P*%e!$!) +*)ee (+e (+3e %!$e&ee'&e'% ('& &e)( !' ( !$!(+ ( %* +he**3!)( ( #(e& *'h!)( +*e+%!e * %he )+"% *+ $('%e 4L('3e e% (., 2015. L!6e)*e!$!) ! $*&e, (%e+h*)6 &!%+!#"%!*' )(' +e/e( %hee!$*3e'!) )h(+()%e+ * %he $e3(%h+"%, #"% )(' (* +e/e( *%he+()%!/e ("% %h(% !e 'e(+ %* %he (%e !'%e+()e. O'e * %he%+*'3e% *%e!$!) &e*+$(%!*' +*)ee !' %he 'e(+ ?e& !
afterslip, h!)h *))"+ &"e %* %he +!)%!*'( +e*'e * %he ("%('e **!'3 ( (+3e +"%"+e 4e.3. M(+*'e, 185. Ge*&e%!)
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*#e+/(%!*' )(' #e "e& %* &e%e+$!'e %he (%!( (%%e+' *(%e+! 4Be&*+& e% (., 201= Y. N. L!' e% (., 201= O(( e% (.,20115. The ($!%"&e * (%e+! +('3e +*$ %e' * )e'%!$e%+e %*e/e+( $e%+e, &ee'&e'% *' !e * %he $(!'h*)6, %!$e, ('&("$%!*' $(&e 4Y. N. L!' e% (., 201=5. S%+*'3 (%e+!
)*$e$e'% )*e!$!) ! (e+!%!e 4O(( e% (., 2011Pe+e%%!'! e% (., 20105. F"+%he+$*+e, (%!( ('& %e$*+()*++e(%!*' #e%ee' (%e+h*)6 ('& (%e+! "33e% %h(% %he*+$e+ $( #e %+!33e+e& # @"!&>&+!/e' (%e+! 4H" e% (., 2005.
1.2The 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e
I e )(' !&e'%! %he h!)( ()%*+ %h(% &+!/e $e3(%h+"% ("%+*)ee (% &!Je+e'% %(3e * %he e!$!) ))e, e $( #e (#e%* *+e)(% "%"+e +"%"+e *%e'%!( !' "#&")%!*' *'e. T* &* %h!,e 'ee& %* 3(!' (' "'&e+%('&!'3 * %he +e(%!*'h! #e%ee'h!)( +*e+%!e ('& +"%"+e #eh(/!*"+ *+ (% (+3ee(+%h-"(6e, h!)h h(/e #ee' +e)*+&e& !' 3+e(% &e%(!. A +e3!*'!%h ( (+3e h!%*+ * $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e ! %he Ch!e"#&")%!*' *'e: *'e * %he $*% e!$!)( ()%!/e ('& %+*'3)*"e& (%e #*"'&(+!e *' E(+%h 4F!3"+e 1.15. O' (/e+(3e, ($(*+ e(+%h-"(6e !%h Mw 8 *))"+ e/e+ %e' e(+ !' Ch!e4R"e33 e% (., 2005. I' (+%!)"(+, "'&e+%('&!'3 e!$!) h((+& !')e'%+( Ch!e ! /!%( #e)("e 'e(+ 80 * %he )*"'%+9*"(%!*' +e!&e he+e 4Be)6 e% (., 185. D"e %* %he e;)ee'%+e)*+& * h!%*+!)( (+3e e(+%h-"(6e, %he +e3!*' ! (' !&e( '(%"+(
(#*+(%*+ %* %"& %he $e3(%h+"% e!$!) ))e. O'e ")h e/e'%( %he 10 Mw .7 (&!/!( e(+%h-"(6e > %he (+3e% e(+%h-"(6ee/e+ +e)*+&e& 4e.3. C!"e'%e, 185. H*e/e+, %* %he '*+%h * %he(&!/!( +"%"+e, %he M("e +e3!*' h(& '*% e;e+!e')e& ( (+3ee!$!) e/e'% !')e %he M 8.7 C*')e)!X' e(+%h-"(6e !' 18=7,h!)h ( +e)*+&e& # Ch(+e D(+!' &"+!'3 h! /*(3e *' %heHMS Be(3e 4D(+!', 18715. Th! *'3 ("e e& *+6e+ %* !&e'%!%h! +e3!*' ( ( $(%"+e e!$!) 3( 4B(++!e'%*, 18 Be)6 e% (.,18 C($* e% (., 2002 R"e33 e% (., 2005. Thee e(+ %"&!ee& %* (' e;*!*' * 3e*h!)( &e*$e'% &"+!'3 %he 2000,h!)h *)"e& *' #()63+*"'& e!$!)!% 4e.3. C($* e% (., 2002
H(#e+('& e% (., 2005, "#"+()e %+")%"+e 4e.3. H(#e+('& e% (.,2005, (%e !'%e+()e )*"!'3 4R"e33 e% (., 2005 ('&$*+h*%e)%*'!) e3$e'%(%!*' * %he $(+3!' 4Me'!)6 e% (., 2005.O' Fe#+"(+ 2, 2010, %h! e3$e'% * %he "#&")%!*' ("% ?'(#+*6e &"+!'3 (' Mw 8.8 +"%"+e: %he !;%h (+3e% e(+%h-"(6e e/e++e)*+&e& 4F!3"+e 1.15.I'!%!( h*)e'%+e *)(%!*' "33e%e& %h(% %he M("e +"%"+e'")e(%e& !%h!' %he h!3h>*)6e& +e3!*' *Jh*+e * %he )*(%!'e#e%ee' C*')e)!X' ('& C*'%!%")!X'. The+e ! *$e &!(3+ee$e'%#e%ee' %he h*)e'%+e *)(%!*' * +e*+%!'3 (3e')!e 4T(#e 1.1,F!3"+e 1.5. U!'3 h!3h +(%e GPS *#e+/(%!*', !3' e% (. 420115 +e*)(%e& %he * +e-"e') '")e(%!*' *!'% 0 6$ %* %he *"%h>e% * %he * %he USGS e%!$(%e, h!)h ! )*e+ %* %he CSN
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Figure 1.4: Location of the Maule earthquake showing the characteristics of the
coseismic rupture and postseismic stage. HF = high frequency. Inset: the location
of the large map is given by the black box.
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2 A"3"% 201 ('& "#!he& *' 1 N*/e$#e+ 201. F" )!%(%!*':Stephen P. *ic+s, )ndreas "ietbroc+, -sabelle M.). "yder, Chao:Shing ee, Matthew Miller, )nato#y of a #egathrust5 /he 0121M3.3 Maule, Chile earth4ua+e rupture (one i#aged using seis#icto#ography, Earth and Planetary Science etters, Volu#e 918, 2
&ove#ber 0129, Pages 290:288, -SS& 1120:302;, doi521.212<$=.epsl.0129.13.103. A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 hee& %* +e(+e%he e!$!) &(%(, (!%e& !%h %he %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*' +*)e('& (&&e& "e" )*$$e'% %* %he !'%e++e%(%!*'. I(#ee R&e+( !'/*/e& !' %he e!$!) &e*$e'% ('& hee& %* +e?'e %he)*$(+!*' #e%ee' )*e!$!) ('& (%e+! $*&e !%h e!$!)/e*)!%!e. Ch(*>Sh!'3 Lee ('& M(%%he M!e+ *+6e& *' %he OBS&e*$e'% ('& (!%e& !%h %he ('(! * %h! *Jh*+e &(%(e%.I' Ch(%e+ Se/e', e ( ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e $*$e'% %e'*+!'/e+!*' )he$e %* %he Mw .1 A+(")('!( (%e+h*)6 !' *+&e+ %*e;*+e $e3(%h+"% +"%"+e )*$e;!% ('& e(+%h-"(6e %+!33e+!'3$e)h('!$. B !'%e++e%!'3 *"+ +e"% !' %he )*'%e;% * e!$!)/e*)!% %+")%"+e !&e'%!?e& !' %he e(+!e+ )h(%e+, e &e$*'%+(%eh* ! *' %he (%e !'%e+()e !'%('%('e*" %+!33e+e& ("%+"%"+e !' %he */e++!&!'3 (%e. Th! )h(%e+ ! !' +e/!!*' 411A"3"% 20175( ())e%e& *+ "#!)(%!*' !' &ature !eoscience (%e+ *!%!/e +e/!e*' 1= O)%*#e+ 2017. C!%(%!*': Stephen P.*ic+s and )ndreas "ietbroc+5 Seis#ic slip on an upper plate nor#alfault during a large subduction #egathrust rupture, &ature!eoscience, &ove#ber 0128 -n "evision, doi5 21.2163$ngeo0838.A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 +(' %he =>D ">(/e*+$ !$"(%!*' *' %he h!3h
e+*+$(')e )*$"%!'3 )"%e+ ('& hee& %* !'%e++e% %he +e"%.I' Ch(%e+ E!3h%, e '%he!e !'%e++e%(%!*' $(&e !' %he+e)e&!'3 )h(%e+ %* &!)" %he h!)( ()%*+ %h(% !'@"e')e&%he M("e +"%"+e ('& %he!+ +e(%!*'h! !%h %e)%*'!) %+")%"+e(*'3 %he S*"%h A$e+!)(' "#&")%!*' $(+3!'. <e e)"(%e h(%*"+ ?'&!'3 $( $e(' *+ "%"+e e(+%h-"(6e h((+& !' )e'%+(Ch!e. <e (* )*$(+e *"+ +e"% +*$ %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e !%h!$!(+ %"&!e +*$ %he 2011 T*h*6" e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+e *'e. Th!)*$(+!*' he& !3h% *' *$e * %he 6e )*'%+* *' +"%"+e !e('& ! *)(!(%!*' * (+3e "#&")%!*' e(+%h-"(6e. <e (*&e$*'%+(%e %he eJe)% * =>D %+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!% *' e!$!)
(/e +*(3(%!*' # +ee'%!'3 *$e +e!$!'(+ +e"% +*$e)%+( ee$e'% (/e*+$ !$"(%!*' * $*&e+(%e !e&(%e+h*)6 * %he M("e e-"e')e.F!'(, !' Ch(%e+ N!'e, e +ee'% %he $(!' )*')"!*' * %he+*e)%, ('e+!'3 %he +ee(+)h -"e%!*' *e& !' %h! !'%+*&")%!*'('& h!3h!3h%!'3 %he !3'!?)('% )*'%+!#"%!*' $(&e %*(+&"'&e+%('&!'3 "#&")%!*' $e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e. <e (*+*/!&e +e)*$$e'&(%!*' *+ "%"+e *+6 !' %h! ?e& * +ee(+)h.
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Ch(%e+ 2
UPPER PLATE ERSUS LO<ER
PLATE: PHYSICAL CONTROLS ON MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE RUPTUREPROCESSES
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(%%e+' * +"%"+e (*'3 %hee ("% ! /!%( *+ e!$!) ('&%"'($! h((+& (e$e'%. H*e/e+, e ()6 6'*e&3e *' %he" h!%*+ * ("% *)6!'3 ('& (% ! !' $(' "#&")%!*' *'e.I' *+&e+ %* )*'%+(!' "%"+e e(+%h-"(6e )h(+()%e+!%!), ( *'3>%e+$(!$ !' "#&")%!*' *'e +ee(+)h ! %* )*$+ehe'& %he h!)()*'%+* * (+3e e(+%h-"(6e. The+e (+e )+!%!)( -"e%!*' %h(% 'ee&%* #e ('e+e& *' %+e &!%+!#"%!*' ('& +e"%!'3 %+(!'())"$"(%!*' !' "#&")%!*' *'e. <h(% !'@"e')e %he (%!((%%e+' * )*"!'3 ('& e/e'%"( ! (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e\D*e %he "e+ (%e *+ "#&")%!'3 (%e ( ( 3+e(%e+ +*e !')*'%+*!'3 e(+%h-"(6e +*)ee\ <h(% )*'%+* %he *%e'%!( *+
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e(+%h-"(6e, !%h (+%!)"(+ *)" *' %he e%e+' P()!?). H*e/e+,%hee (e+ &* '*% !')"&e '"$e+*" ?'&!'3 +*$ %he 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e, Ch!e ('& 2011 Mw .0 T*h*6", Z((' e(+%h-"(6e.F"+%he+$*+e, K* 4201=5 3!/e !%%e (%%e'%!*' %* +he**3 ('&&e'!% /(+!(%!*' !' %he "e+ (%e. <('3 ('& B!e6 42015 *)"e& *' %he +*e * "#&")%e& %**3+(h!) +e!e !' e!$*3e'!)+*)ee. A &e)+!#e& !' %he +e/!*" )h(%e+, L( e% (. 420125 &e)+!#e %he &e%h &!%+!#"%!*' * +"%"+e +*e+%!e, #"% !'e++!'3)*''e)%!*' !%h h!)( +*e+%!e ( '*% !%h!' %he )*e *%h! (e+.A 3( %! +e$(!' !' !'%e3+(%!'3 e(+%h-"(6e *#e+/(%!*' !%h
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'ee&e& %* &!+e)% !'6 h!)( +*e+%!e !%h ("% #eh(/!*"+.He+e, e %+!)% *)" *' %he h(*e% ('& $*% %+*'3 )*"e&(+% * %he "#&")%!*' *'e %h(% e;%e'& +*$ %he %+e')h %* (+*"'&70 6$ &e%h: %he "#&")%!*' #egathrust 4e.3. L( e% (., 20125. <e#e3!' # !'%+*&")!'3 %he %!)( %+")%"+( e(%"+e (*'3 ('&
(+*"'& %he (%e !'%e+()e, ('& h* %he )h(+()%e+!%!) * %hee/(+ #e%ee' "#&")%!*' *'e. <e %he' (e %he +*e (e& #e()h * %hee &*$(!' (% %he &!Je+e'% %(3e * %he e!$!) ))e4h!)h ( *"%!'e& !' Se)%!*' 1.15.
2.1S%+")%"+( &*$(!' (#*/e ('& #e* %he$e3(%h+"%
<e &e)+!#e %he $(!' %+")%"+( e(%"+e %h(% &!+e)% !'%e+()% !%h%he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e 2.15. <e %(+% !%h &*$(!'* %he "e+ (%e, ('& 3+(&"( $*/e +*$ %he %+e')h %h+*"3h %*
%he )e'%+( *+e(+). The '(%"+e * %he $e3(%h+"% )*'%()% !%e, (e ( %he )*$*!%!*' ('& %+")%"+( %e * %he "#&")%!'3(%e, (+e )*'!&e+e&. A%h*"3h e/e+ "#&")%!*' *'e h( "'!-"eh!)( )h(+()%e+!%!), %he $*% ee3('%*'e "'!?e& )(!?)(%!*' &!/!&e +e3!*' * "#&")%!*' !'%*! * accretionary ('& erosive $(+3!' e&!$e'%(%!*' %e 4C** ('& Sh+e/e, 188 /*' H"e'e('& S)h*, 11 S)h* e% (., 1805 4F!3"+e 2.25.
Figure 2.1: Schematic view of domains that constitute the shallow part of a typical
subduction zone. Labelled features are referred to in the text. Redrawn and
simplified after Kopp (2013).
A))+e%!*'(+ $(+3!' (+e &*$!'(%e& # 3+*%h * %he +!$ #*J)+(!'3 %+e')h e&!$e'% ('& "#e-"e'% "'&e+(%!'3 %h!$(%e+!( (% %he #(e * %he */e++!&!'3 (%e 4F!3"+e 2.=5. C*'/e+e,e+*!/e $(+3!' (+e )h(+()%e+!e& # %he +(!'3 *+ %*!'3 * +*)6+*$ %he #(e * %he "e+ (%e, h!)h ! &+(33e& %* 3+e(%e+&e%h # %he "#&")%!'3 (%e 4C** ('& Sh+e/e, 1885. I' ()%,e+*!/e $(+3!' )*'%!%"%e (+*"'& 7 * ( 3*#( "#&")%!*'
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*'e 4/*' H"e'e ('& S)h*, 115 4F!3"+e 2.25. <he%he+ ( $(+3!'! ())+e%!*'(+ *+ e+*!/e &ee'& *' '"$e+*" ()%*+, #"%e&!$e'% " ! !6e (' !$*+%('% ()%*+. S"#&")%!*' ())+e%!*'! $*+e !6e %* *))"+ !' +e3!*' * h!3h e&!$e'% " e+*!*'&*$!'(%e he+e %he+e ! * e&!$e'% !'"% 4C** ('& Sh+e/e,
1885 ('& (% (%e )*'/e+3e')e 4C!% ('& (''"))h!, 2005.A%h*"3h %h! )(!?)(%!*' )he$e )(''*% ())"+(%e +e+ee'% %he?'e>)(e )h(+()%e+!%!) * ( "#&")%!*' *'e 4K*, 201=5 !%+*/!&e ( +($e*+6 %* &e)+!#e %he /(+!(#!!% !' %he $(!'%+")%"+( e(%"+e #e%ee' "#&")%!*' *'e 4F!3"+e 2.=5.
Figure 2.2: Distribution of circum-Pacific erosional and accretionary margins
based on Clift and Vannucchi (2004) and Kopp (2006) compared with earthquake
characteristics. Large earthquake locations are based on Bilek (2010), but with an
updated catalogue. Tsunami earthquake locations are from El Hariri et al. (2013).
2.1.1M(+!'e *+e(+)
I'%e+'( &!/!!*' * %he $(+!'e *+e(+) (+e %!)( #(e& *' *e#+e(6 (*'3 %he e(@**+ 4K!$"+( e% (., 200 K. <('3 ('& H",2005. The $*% e((+& &*$(!' * %he "e+ (%e ! &e'*%e& #!% e&3e>h(e& 3e*$e%+ %h(% %h!' %*(+& %he %+e')h 4e.3. D(/!e% (., 18=5. The outer wedge 4+*'%( +!$5 !e (&()e'% %* %he&e*+$(%!*' +*'% 4%+e')h5 ('& ! " %* =080 6$ !&e 4e.3.C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 2008 /*' H"e'e e% (., 2005 %he innerwedge ! !%"(%e& "+%he+ ('&(+&. M*% 6'*e&3e *' %he
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%+")%"+e * %he *+e(+) e&3e )*$e +*$ ()%!/e>*"+)e e!$!)+e@e)%!*' ('& +e+()%!*' %"&!e 4e.3. /*' H"e'e e% (. 2005. Thee!$(3e h* %h(% %he 3e*$e%+ ('& h!)( )h(+()%e+!%!) * %he*"%e+ ('& !''e+ e&3e 3+e(% &ee'& *' he%he+ %he $(+3!' !())+e%!*'(+ *+ e+*!/e.
I' ())+e%!*'(+ $(+3!', %he *"%e+ e&3e ! *%e' )(e& %he frontal accretionary pris# 4FAP5, h!)h )*'!% * &e*+$e& e&!$e'%%h(% ())"$"(%e (% %he e(&!'3 e&3e * %he */e++!&!'3 (%e 4C**('& Sh+e/e, 1885 4F!3"+e 2.=5. The ('&(+& !''e+ e&3e !)*$*e& * *&e+ ())+e%e& e&!$e'% ('& +($e*+6 +*)6 * %he)e'%+( *+e(+). Th! &*$(!' ! )*$$*' &e?'e& ( %he palaeo:accretionary co#ple> 4PAC5 4C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 2008 M*)**e% (., 20115. F*+e(+) #(!' */e+!'3 %he *"%e+ e&3e (+e %!)(#*"'&e& # #()6%h+"% ("% 4S!'3h e% (., 20105. The #*"'&(+#e%ee' %he *"%e+ ('& !''e+ e&3e, he+e ())+e%e& e&!$e'%%e+$!'(%e (3(!'% $*+e )*'*!&(%e& e&!$e'% *+ %he )+%(!'ee(&!'3 e&3e * %he */e++!&!'3 (%e, ! 6'*' ( %he bac+stop 4C** ('& Sh+e/e, 1885 4F!3"+e 2.=5.
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Figure 2.3: Illustration of the main structural variations between erosive and
accretionary margins, based on Clift and Vannucchi (2004), von Huene and Ranero
(2003), and, and von Huene et al. (2004; 2009).
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<('3 ('& H", 2005. O/e++e"+e )*'&!%!*' (+e !'e++e& +*$%+*'3 'e3(%!/e>*(+!% e!$!) +e@e)%!*' (*'3 ("% !%h!' %hee&3e 4e.3. B('3 e% (., 2005, ('& * P>(/e /e*)!% 4v p5 !'+e+()%!*' %*$*3+(h !$(3e 4C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 2008S((+], 20075. Ne/e+%hee, &!+e)% e/!&e')e *!'e++!'3 *+e+e"+e /("e !' %he *e+ *+e(+) ! &!)"% %* *#%(!' +*$ ()%!/e*"+)e e!$!) +*?e &"e %* %he ()6 * )*'%+(!'% *' S>(/e/e*)!% 4v s5, ('& he')e P*!*'9 +(%!*.
2.1.2Ce'%+( *+e(+) )+"%
M*/!'3 *'h*+e, %he +*)6 +($e*+6 * %he "e+ (%e )*'!% *!3'e*" *+ $e%($*+h!) #(e$e'% ('& !%h!?e& e&!$e'%(+ +*)6.C*$(+e& %* %he $(+!'e *+e(+), %he )e'%+( *+e(+) ! %+*'3e+ ('&e !'%e'e &e*+$e& 4/*' H"e'e e% (., 2005. The )*$*!%!*'* %he "e+ )+"% $( #e !'e++e& +*$ *"%)+* e;*"+e (*'3)*(%!'e ('& )*(%( h! +('3e %h*"3h, !% ! "')e+%(!' * h*+e+ee'%(%!/e %h! 3e**3 ! * *e+ )+"%( +*e+%!e.F"+%he+$*+e, ()%!/e *"+)e e!$!) $e%h*& h(/e !$!%e& +e*"%!*'(% %hee &e%h 4 =0 6$5, h!3h!3h%!'3 %he /("e * (!/e3e*h!)( $e%h*&, ")h ( (!/e e!$!) %*$*3+(h ('&
3+(/!% !'/e+!*'.C*$*!%!*'( he%e+*3e'e!% * %he "e+ (%e $( +e"% +*$ %he(')!e'% 3e**3!)( e/*"%!*' * %he *+e(+). F*+ e;($e, %he "e+(%e !' %he H!6"+('3! "#&")%!*' *'e * Ne Ve(('& )*'%(!'e/e+( %e++('e, e()h * h!)h )*$+!e $e%($*+h*e&())+e%!*'(+ e&3e 4e.3. E#e+h(+%>Ph!! ('& Re'e+, 20125.S!$!(+, %he *e+ )+"% !' %he C()(&!( "#&")%!*' *'e ! h!3hhe%e+*3e'e*" ('& )*$+!e %e++('e )*$*e& *$e%(e&!$e'%(+ ('& /*)('!) +*)6 4R($()h('&+(' e% (., 2005.A*'3 %he Ch!e "#&")%!*' $(+3!', %he "e+ )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) !&!/!&e& !'%* e/e+( &!%!')% %+e')h>(+(e $*+h*%e)%*'!) "'!%
!')"&!'3 %he C*(%( C*+&!e+(, h!)h +e+ee'% %he +e$'('% * ($(3$(%!) (+) *+$e& !' Z"+(!)>C+e%()e*" %!$e, ('& %he*'3!%"&!'( /(e 4e.3. H"e' e% (., 20005.C+"%(>)(e ("% )(' (* )"% %h+*"3h %he )e'%+( )+"% 4F!3"+e2.=5, %h*"3h %hee (+e $*+e &e!'e(%e& ('& $(%"+e %h(' ("% !'%he *Jh*+e (+% * %he "e+ (%e. I' $(' "#&")%!*' *'e, %he)e'%+( *+e(+) )*$+!e %+!6e>! ("% %h(% ())*$$*&(%e*#!-"e (%e )*'/e+3e')e, %he #e% e;($e * h!)h ! %he 17006$ S"$(%+( ("% 4S!eh ('& N(%(!&((, 20005 !' I'&*'e!(. O%he+e;($e !')"&e %he N*+%h I('& &e;%+( #e% !' %he H!6"+('3!"#&")%!*' *'e 4<(()e, 2005 ('& %he L('(h"e ("% !' *"%h>)e'%+( Ch!e 4e.3. G*&' e% (., 20085.
2
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2.1.=F*+e(+) $('%e e&3e
A+)(+& * %he )*(%!'e ('& #e'e(%h %he )e'%+( *+e(+) )+"% (%(+*"'& =70 6$ &e%h, %he $('%e e&3e ! ( "#!-"!%*" e(%"+e!' $(' "#&")%!*' *'e. The )*'%!'e'%( M*h* &e!'e(%e %he
#*"'&(+ #e%ee' %he $('%e e&3e ('& )e'%+( *+e(+) )+"%.H*e/e+, %he+e ! *$e /(+!(#!!% !' %he &e%h * %h! !'%e+e)%!*'#e%ee' &!Je+e'% "#&")%!*' *'e, ('& %he e%!$(%e &ee'& *'h* !% ! !$(3e& 4T(#e 2.15.Se!$!) !$(3e "33e% %h(% %he $('%e e&3e ! )*$*e& *e+!&*%!%e %h(% ! e+e'%!'!e& # (+*;!$(%e 20. Th!(%e+(%!*' +e"% +*$ @"!& 3e'e+(%e& # &eh&+(%!*' +e()%!*' !'%he &*'3*!'3 )+"% ('& !' "#&")%e& e&!$e'% 4H'&$(' ('&Pe()*)6, 200=5. The &e3+ee * e+e'%!'!(%!*' &ee'& *'(/(!(#e @"!& #"&3e% 4B*%*)6, 201=5. C*$(+e& %* "'(%e+e&
$('%e, %he +e&")e& e!$!) /e*)!%!e * e+e'%!'!e& e+!&*%!%e+e"% !' +e&")e& /e*)!% )*'%+(% ()+* %he )*'%!'e'%( M*h*. The#"++e& 3+(&(%!*'( '(%"+e * %h! #*"'&(+ ! *'e e;('(%!*' *+%he ()6 * )*'!%e') !' $e("+e$e'% * %he !'%e+e)%!*' &e%h#e%ee' %he )*'%!'e'%( M*h* ('& (%e !'%e+()e !' !'&!/!&"("#&")%!*' *'e 4T(#e 2.15. H!3h &e3+ee * $('%ee+e'%!'!(%!*' 4" %* 7005 e;!% !' %he "#&")%!*' *'e *C()(&!( 4B*%*)6 e% (., 20025, C*%( R!)( 4DeSh*' ('& S)h(+%,2005 ('& '*+%he+' Ch!e 4G+(e#e+ ('& A)h, 15.
Subduction
zone
Continental Moho –
plate interface
intersection depth
Method Reference
Cascadia 35 km STBostock et al. (2002)
Fuis (1998)
Chile
(north)
50 km RF Yuan et al. (2000)
40–50 km RR Wigger et al. (1994)
Chile
(south)
32 km RF Dzierma et al. (2012b)
50 km LET Haberland et al. (2009)
Costa Rica 36 km RF DeShon and Schwartz(2004)
Hikurangi 40 km REStern and Davey
(1990)
Japan
(north-east)27–29 km RE Nakajima et al. (2002)
Nankai 30 km RF Ueno et al. (2008)
=
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Sumatra 20 km RE
Singh et al.
(2011a)Klingelhoefer
et al. (2010)
Table 2.1: Estimates of the intersection depth between the continental Moho and
plate interface for different subduction zones. ST = scattering tomography; RF =
receiver functions; LET = local earthquake tomography; RE = reflected phases;
RR = refraction seismology.
2.1.S"#&")%!'3 *)e('!) )+"%
D"e %* !% &e%h !' %he "#&")%!*' *'e, $*% 6'*e&3e *' %he%+")%"+e ('& )*$*!%!*' * %he *e+ (%e )*$e +*$ %"&!e *%he )+"% #e*+e !% e'%e+ %he "#&")%!*' *'e, ")h ( *)e('&+!!'3 ('& e!$!) +e+()%!*' e;e+!$e'%. C(!) %"&!e **h!*!%e e-"e')e h* %h(% *)e('!) )+"% ! )*$*e& * %*$(!' (e+: !* #((% ('& hee%e& &6e !' %he "e+ )+"%, ('& 3(##+* !' %he *e+ )+"%, +ee)%!/e. Thee &!%!')% (e+ &*'*% "'&e+3* $(*+ $e%($*+h!) h(e )h('3e "'%! e)*3!%!(%!*'(% (+*"'& 7 6$ &e%h 4e.3. B*%*)6, 201= H()6e+ ('& A#e+,2005. B(e& *' *#e+/(%!*' * )*'/e+%e& %eee!$!) (/e,A"&e% e% (. 42005 *"'& %h(% *+e +e"+e !' "#&")%e& *)e('!))+"% (*'3 %he C()(&!( $e3(%h+"% (+e !%h*%(%!). H!3h *+e+e"+e !$ %h(% %he "e+ "+()e * %he "#&")%e& )+"% !!$e+$e(#e h*e/e+, %h! %"& ( '*% (#e %* " +e*/e %he+*e+%!e * %he *Jh*+e (%e !'%e+()e &"e %* ( ()6 * *)e('>
#*%%*$ !'%+"$e'%(%!*'.A!&e +*$ %he !'%e+'( )*$*!%!*' * %he *)e('!) (%e, ( !&e#+e(&%h * *+6 h( *)"e& *' %+")%"+( )*$e;!% (% %he %* *%he "#&")%!'3 *)e('!) )+"%. Ch(!' * e($*"'% !%%e+ %he *)e('@**+, h!)h !'&!/!&"(, $( h(/e +e!e * " %* e/e+( %h*"('&* $e%+e. B(e& *' $(>(%!'3 e(%"+e ")h ( he(&>)(+,"$ ('& !&e (% %he *"%e+ e&3e 4e.3. <(%% e% (., 20105,e($*"'% (e(+ %* e'%e+ !'%* %he "#&")%!*' *'e. A )+")!(-"e%!*' %* ('e+ !: &* e($*"'% +e$(!' !'%()% ( %he #e3!' %*"#&")%\ D"e %* %he +e"%!'3 !$()% *' (%e !'%e+()e 3e*$e%+,"#&")%e& e($*"'% h(/e #ee' !$(3e& (% $(' &e%h !'
"#&")%!*' *'e, +*$ #e'e(%h %he *"%e+ *+e(+) 4Be e% (., 2015%* &ee #e'e(%h %he *+e(+) $('%e e&3e 4S!'3h e% (., 2011(5.F"+%he+$*+e, e($*"'% h(/e ( &e'e, $(?) )*$*!%!*', $(6!'3%he$ !&e'%!?(#e +*$ e!$!), 3+(/!% ('& $(3'e%!)$e("+e$e'% 4e.3. T+eh" e% (., 20125.
Th+*"3h*"% %h! &e)+!%!*' * "#&")%!*' &*$(!', ( )*$$*'%he$e h( #ee' %he +ee')e * ("% %h(% 'e!3h#*"+ %he$e3(%h+"% !'%e+()e. The *e+ (%e ! '* e;)e%!*'. A*'3 %heS"$(%+( $(+3!', "#&")%!*' * ee/(%e& +()%"+e *'e !' %he*)e('!) (%e ! !'%e++e%e& +*$ #(%h$e%+ 4R*#!'*' e% (.,
2005 ('& e!$!)!% (%%e+' 4L('3e e% (., 20105. I' (&&!%!*' %*+()%"+e *'e, e;%e'!*'( %+")%"+e !' %he *e+ (%e &e/e* (
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%he (%e #e'& (% %he *"%e+ +!e. Be'&!'3>+e(%e& %+")%"+e ")h( h*+% ('& 3+(#e', h!)h )(' h(/e +e!e " %* 800 $ 4e.3. /*'H"e'e ('& R('e+*, 200=5, (+e !'e++e& +*$ *)e(' #(%h$e%+ ('&e!$!) +e@e)%!*' +*?e 4e.3. C*'%+e+(>Ree e% (., 20085. Thee("% $( ()% ( ( )*'&"!% *+ @"!&, h&+(%!'3 %he *)e('!) )+"%
4e.3. G(+%h ('& R!e%#+*)6, 201 Pe()*)6, 20015.
2.1.7S"#&")%e& e&!$e'%
S* (+, e h(/e ("$e& %h(% %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e ! (h(+ )*'%()% #e%ee' %he "e+ ('& *e+ (%e. H*e/e+, %he(%e #*"'&(+ )(' #e /!ee& ( ( $*+e &!J"e +e3!*' %h(% $()*'%(!' ( '(++* 4^ 2 6$ %h!)65 (e+ * e&!$e'%(+ $(%e+!(.Dee>e( &+!!'3 +*e)% h(/e +e/e(e& %h(% (+*;!$(%e2.=;1017 3 * e&!$e'%(+ $(%e+!( ! %+('*+%e& !'%* "#&")%!*'%e$ e/e+ e(+ 4Re( ('& R"J, 15. Pe(3!) e&!$e'% *' %*
* %he !')*$!'3 (%e )(' #e )()(+e*" *+ !!)e*" &ee'&!'3 *'&e*!%!*'( &e%h. A %he *)e('!) (%e 'e(+ %he %+e')h,%e++!3e'*" $(%e+!(, ")h ( )( ('& (h>( %"J, ! (&&e& 4C**('& Sh+e/e, 1885. O)e('!) ('& )*'%!'e'%( e&!$e'% )*$#!'e %*+*&")e ( %+e')h %h!)6'e * (+*"'& 1 6$ !' $*% "#&")%!*'*'e 4C!% ('& (''"))h!, 2005.E(+ e(@**+ &+!!'3 %"&!e h* %h(% (% *$e "#&")%!*'$(+3!', ")h ( %he Lee+ A'%!e, %+e')h e&!$e'% ! ())+e%e&*'%* ('& "'&e+ %he e(&!'3 e&3e * %he "e+ (%e. F*+ *%he+$(+3!', ")h ( %he M(+!('(, e&!$e'% $( #e &+!/e' &*' %*
&e%h ( 3+e(% ( 100 6$ 4C** ('& Sh+e/e, 1885. Th! (e+ *&e)e'&!'3 e&!$e'% ! 6'*' ( %he subduction channel, h!)h !&e?'e& # C** ('& Sh+e/e 41885 (, W( %h!' (e+ * +(!&he(+!'3, **+ )*'*!&(%e& e&!$e'% %h(% ! &+(33e& # %he&e)e'&!'3 (%e #e'e(%h %he */e++!&!'3 (%e, ('& !% ())+e%!*'(++!$, he+e +ee'%9. The "#&")%!*' )h(''e )(' h(/e ( #"6&e'!% * 2200 63$= ('& ( *+*!% * 2027 4C** ('& Sh+e/e,1885. D"e %* %hee +*e+%!e, e&!$e'% )(' ()% ( ( %+*'3+he**3!)( ('*$( ('& $( h(/e (' !$*+%('% !'@"e')e *'&'($!) * %he (%e !'%e+()e.S"#&")%!*' )h(''e %h!)6'e e%!$(%e $( &e/!(%e +*$
$e("+e * %+e')h ? #e)("e e&!$e'% $( ())+e%e *'%* %he+*'%( e&3e, *+ %e)%*'!) e+*!*' $( %+('e+ *$e * %h!$(%e+!( %* %he "#&")%!*' )h(''e 4He"+e% e% (., 20125.F"+%he+$*+e, e/e+( &!Je+e'% ()%*+ )*'%+* %he ($*"'% *e&!$e'% %h(% ! "#&")%e& 4C** ('& Sh+e/e, 1885, ")h (!%h**3 * %he *+e(+), )*'/e+3e')e +(%e, %**3+(h ('& &! *%he &*'3*!'3 (%e. D!+e)% $e("+e$e'% e%!$(%e %h(% %he"#&")%!*' )h(''e ! 1_0.7 6$ %h!)6 4K*, 201=5. H*e/e+, %h!/("e &ee'& *' %he &e%h (% h!)h %he )h(''e ! $e("+e&, ('&%he !$(3!'3 $e%h*& "e& 4T(#e 2.25. Th!)6'e )*'%+(!'% )('(* #e *#%(!'e& +*$ e;h"$e& "#&")%!*' he(+ *'e. F*+e;($e, (''"))h! e% (. 420085 +e*+% ( "#&")%!*' )h(''e%h!)6'e * 700 $, !%h !3'!?)('% (*'3>%+!6e /(+!(%!*', +*$ ('
7
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(')!e'% e+*!/e $(+3!' e;*e& !' %he N*+%he+' Ae''!'e * I%(.<he+e (+3e /*"$e * e&!$e'% (+e "#&")%e&, %he e&3e * %he)h(''e (+e h(+. I' )*'%+(%, %he )h(''e !'e% $( h(/e ( $*+e3+(&(%!*'( *+$ !' ())+e%!*'(+ $(+3!'.
#u&duction>one
(hicness o%
su&ductedsedi$ent
!e%erence
H!6"+('3!, NeVe(('&
1 2 6$E#e+h(+%>Ph!! ('&
Re'e+ 415
NE H*'h", Z(('
1.01.7 6$ /*' H"e'e e% (. 415
E)"(&*+ 17000 $ S(3e e% (. 42005
N('6(! 2 6$ P(+6 e% (. 420105
N*+%he+' Ch!e 0.2 6$/*' H"e'e ('& R('e+*
4200=5
Ce'%+( Ch!e4M("e5
0.71 6$G+e/e$ee+ e% (. 4200=5
C*'%+e+(>Ree e% (.420085
S*"%h>Ce'%+(Ch!e 4(&!/!(5 1.21.8 6$
G+e/e$ee+ e% (. 4200=5
C*'%+e+(Ree e% (.420105
Table 2.2: Estimates of subduction channel thickness for different subduction
zones.
2.2S%+")%"+( ('& )*$*!%!*'( !'@"e')e *'$e3(%h+"% e!$*3e'!) #eh(/!*"+
The '(%"+e * h!)( +*e+%!e ('& %+")%"+e %h(% )*'%+*$e3(%h+"% e!$*3e'e! ! (' *'>3*!'3 &e#(%e !' e(+%h-"(6e)!e')e. I' %he )(!) %"& * R"J ('& K('($*+! 41805, !% (+**e& %h(% %he !e * e(+%h-"(6e (e+!%!e ! +e(%e& %* #*%h%he (3e * %he "#&")%!'3 (%e ('& !% )*'/e+3e')e /e*)!%.H*e/e+, #(e& *' %h! $*&e, %he '*+%h>e(% Z((' "#&")%!*'*'e *"& '*% h(/e #ee' (#e %* 3e'e+(%e ( +"%"+e %h(% ( %he!e * %he 2011 Mw .0 T*h*6" e(+%h-"(6e. The+e*+e, !% ! ("!#e%h(% $(' &!Je+e'% h!)( +*e+%!e !'@"e')e %he e!$*3e'!)#eh(/!*"+ * "#&")%!*' *'e. I' %he e(+ 10, *+6e+ #e3('%* )*'!&e+ "e+ (%e +he**3 ( ( %+*'3 !'@"e')e *'
$e3(%h+"% +*)ee 4e.3. M)C(J+e, 1=5. A% %he +e3!*'( )(e,)*'%!'e'%( "e+ (%e %h(% (+e h!3h )*$+e!*'( +*&")e,
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+e"%!'3 !' ( $*+e %+*'3e+ )*"e& (*'3 %he "#&")%!*' (%e !'%e+()e %h(', )*$(+e& %h*e !%h *)e('!) ('& e;%e'!*'( "e+(%e 4He"+e% e% (., 20115. F"'&($e'%(, he%he+ *+ '*% ( (+3e+"%"+e )(' #e h*%e& *' %he !'%e+()e ! 3*/e+'e& # !% eJe)%!/ehe(+ %+e'3%h, h!)h ! !' %"+' &e%e+$!'e& # $(' +*e+%!e,
")h ( '*+$( %+e, *+e @"!& +e"+e, e+$e(#!!%, +!3!&!%,%e$e+(%"+e, ('& )*e)!e'% * +!)%!*'. Thee (+($e%e+ $( /(+*/e+ $")h $(e+ )(e %h(' %he !%h*he+!)>)(e /(+!(%!*'&e)+!#e& (#*/e. F+!)%!*'( +e*'e $( (* #e &'($!),(+%!)"(+ !' +e*'e %* (+3e !, !%h $(%e+!( +e*'&!'3 !'e!%he+ /e*)!%>e(6e'!'3 *+ /e*)!%>%+e'3%he'!'3 $*&e 4S)h*,185. The+e*+e, $e3(%h+"% e!$*3e'!) +*)ee )(''*% #ee;(!'e& # ( !'3e +*e+% %he (+e $*+e !6e +e(%e& %* ()*$e; !'%e+( #e%ee' %he %+")%"+e ('& )*$*!%!*' * %he$(!' "#&")%!*' *'e &*$(!', ( &!)"e& #e*.
2.2.1The ">&! +"%"+e !$!%: "#&")%e& e&!$e'% ('&@"!&
F**!'3 %he e(+ $*&e * R"J ('& K('($*+! 41805 %h(% h*e&( +e(%!*'h! #e%ee' e(+%h-"(6e !e, (%e (3e ('& )*'/e+3e')e+(%e, R"J 4185 +**e& %h(% %he %h!)6'e * %+e')h ? (*!'@"e')e 3*#( e(+%h-"(6e (%%e+'. I% ( *"'& %h(% $(+3!')*'%(!'!'3 (' e;)e * %+e')h e&!$e'%, ")h ( %he *"%he+'Ch!e ('& A(6( $(+3!', %e'& %* +*&")e %he (+3e% e(+%h-"(6e.H*e/e+, %hee )(!) %"&!e e+e #(e& *' ( !$!%e& e(+%h-"(6e
+e)*+&, )*$(+e& %* %h(% ! (/(!(#e %*&(. T* h!3h!3h% %h!&+(#()6, %he %+e')h !' %he +"%"+e (+e( * %he 2011 Mw .0 T*h*6", Z((' e(+%h-"(6e )*'%(!' *' =70 $ * e&!$e'% ? 4K*&(!+( e%(., 2012 N(6($"+( e% (., 201=5. Ne/e+%hee, %he +ee')e *)( (% %he $(;!$"$ (e+!% * %h! e(+%h-"(6e 4Che%e+ e% (.,201=5 &*e !'&!)(%e ( !'6 #e%ee' "#&")%!*' )h(''e +*e+%!e('& +"%"+e $e)h('!). F"+%he+$*+e, (*'3>%+!6e /(+!(%!*' !' %he%h!)6'e ('& @"!& )*'%e'% * %he "#&")%!*' )h(''e #e'e(%hS"$(%+( $( h(/e )*'%+*e& %he +"%"+e !$!% * %he 200 Mw .1('& 2007 Mw 8. e(+%h-"(6e 4De(' e% (., 20105, *!# &"e %*%he !'"(%!'3 eJe)% * e&!$e'% 4Gee+e' e% (., 201=5.
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Figure 2.4: Schematic view of the main structural features of the central Ecuador
subduction zone showing interplay between fluid-rich sediment lenses, seamounts,
upper plate weakening, and plate coupling. Redrawn after Sage et al. (2006).
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T h e o r y / e x a m p l e s
U p p
e r p l a t e f e a t u r e s
P e r u : 2 0 0 1 M
w 8 . 4 P e r u e a r t h q u a k e ( A u d i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 8 )
N . C h i l e : 1 9 9 5 M w 8 . 0 A n t o f a g a s t a e a r t h q u a k e ( S o b i e s i a k e t a l . , 2 0 0 7 ) ;
( f r o m a f t e r s h o c k b - v a l u e )
K i i p e n i n s u l a , N a n k a i ( K o d a i r a e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) ; h i g h s h e a r s t r e n g t h
c o n s t r a i n t s ( T a s s a r a , 2 0 1 0 )
A n d e a n
m a r g i n , S . A m e r i c a ( T a s s a r a , 2 0 1 0 )
M e j i l l o n e s p e n i n s u l a , N . C h i l e ( M é t o i s e t a l . , 2 0 1 3 ; V i c t o r e t a l . , 2 0 1 1 )
L o w
e r p l a t e f e a t u r e s S e a m o u n t d e c a p i t a t i o n ( C l o o s , 1 9 9 2 ) ; 1 9 9 4 M 7 . 2 J a v a e a r t h q u a k e
( A b e r c r o m b i e e t a l . , 2
0 0 1 ) ; 1 9 9 0 M w 7 . 0 C o s t a R i c a e a
r t h q u a k e ( H u s e n
e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) ; 1 9 4 7 H i k u r a n g i e a r t h q u a k e ( B e l l e t
a l . , 2 0 1 4 )
S u b d u c t e d s e a m o u n t s a r e f r a c t u r e d ( K . W a n g a n d B i l e
k , 2 0 1 1 ) ; 1 9 4 6
N a n k a i d o e a r t h q u a k e ( K o d a i r a e t a l . , 2 0 0
0 )
C o c o s r i d g e : 1 9 8 3 C o s t a R i c a e a r t h q u a k e ( B i l e k e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) ; J u a n
F e r n a n d e z r i d g e : C h i l e a n e a r t h q u a k e s ( S p a r k e s e t a l . , 2 0 1 0 ) ; 2 0 1 1 M w
9 . 0 T o h o k u , J a
p a n e a r t h q u a k e ( K . W a n g a n d B i l e k , 2 0 1 4 )
2 0 0 1 M w 8 . 4
P e r u e a r t h q u a k e ( R o b i n s o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 )
2 0 0 7 M w 8 . 1 S o l o m o n i s l a n d s e a r t h q u a k e ( F u r l o n g
e t a l . , 2 0 0 9 )
S u b
d u c t i o n c h a n n e l
S e d i m e n t s m o o t h e n s p l a t e i n t e r f a c e c o n t a c t ( R u f f , 1 9 8 9 )
F l u i d s a t u r a t e d s e d i m e n t s i n S u m a t r a s u b d u c t i o n z o n e ( D e a n e t a l . ,
2 0 1 0 ) E c u a
d o r s u b d u c t i o n z o n e ( S a g e e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 )
O t h e r
G l o b a l c o m p i l a t i o n
( L l e n o s a n d M c G u i r e , 2 0 0 7 ; S o n g a n d S i m o n s ,
2 0 0 3 ; W e l l s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 )
G l o b a l c o m p i l a t i o n
( L l e n o s a n d M c G u i r e , 2 0 0 7 ; S o n g a n d S i m o n s ,
2 0 0 3 ; W e l l s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 )
T a b l e 2 . 3 : S u m m a r y o f k e y o b s e r v a t i o n s f o r d i f f e r e n t p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a f f e c t i n g m e g a t h r u s t s
e i s m o g e n e s i s .
S e i s m o g e n i c c h a r a c t e r
H i g h p l a t e i n t e r f a c e c o u p l i n g , s e g m e n t b a r r i e r
H i g h s l i p a s p e r i t y
S t r o n g p l a t e i n t e r f a c e , r u p t u r e b a r r i e r ; i n h i b
i t l a r g e
r u p t u r e s
R u p t u r e n u c l e a t i o n p o i n t f o r l a r g e m e g a t h r u s t r u p t u r e s
L o n g - l i v e d s e
g m e n t b a r r i e r s , w e a k p l a t e i n t e r f a
c e c o u p l i n g
R u p t u r e a s p e r i t y
R u p t u r e b a r r i e r
R u p t u r e / s e g m e n t b a r r i e r
S e g m e n t b a r r i e r
P a r t i a l s e g m e n t b a r r i e r ( r u p t u r e j u m p
)
A l l o w s l a r g e a r e a s t o r u p t u r e a t o n c e
A l l o w s s h a l
l o w r u p t u r e t o t h e t r e n c h P r o m o t e s s t r o n g e r
c o u p l i n g
H i g h s l i p a s p e r i t i e s
B a r r i e r s t o r u p t u r e
T r e n c h - n o r m a l f a u l t s
P l u t o n s / b a t h o l i t h s
C
o a s t a l p e n i n s u l a s
I n d
i v i d u a l s e a m o u n t s
O c e a n i c r i d g e s
F r a c t u r e z o n e s
T h i c k s e d i m e n t s
T h i n s e d i m e n t s
G r a
v i t y a n o m a l y l o w s
G r a
v i t y a n o m a l y h i g h s
7
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Ch(%e+ =SEISMIC IMAGING OF SUBDUCTION VONE S TRUCTURE USING LOCAL EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY
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(% (!)(%!*' !' %he "#&")%!*' *'e e'/!+*'$e'%.
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*/e+ ( )(e e'3%h 4*)(, +e3!*'( ('& 3*#( %*$*3+(h5.Se!$!) %*$*3+(h !'/e+% *+ &!Je+e'% e!$!) (/e (+($e%e+,
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")h ( /e*)!%, (%%e'"(%!*', ('& ('!*%+*, ( * h!)h )(' #e!'%e++e%e& ( h!)( "#"+()e +*e+%!e. Th! %he! *)"e*' %he $e%h*& * e(+%h-"(6e #*& (/e (% ( *)( %* +e3!*'()(e !' *+&e+ %* +*#e e!$!) /e*)!%!e, )*$$*' )(e& localearth4ua+e to#ography 4he+e(%e+, LET5. The ('&$(+6 *+6 * A6!
('& Lee 415 )(' #e )+e&!%e& !%h ( "+3e * LET %"&!e !' $('()%!/e %e)%*'!) e%%!'3. S!')e %he', %he+e h(/e #ee' '"$e+*"&e/e*$e'% !' =>D +( %+()!'3 ('& !%e+(%!/e '*'>!'e(+ !'/e+!*'.D"e %* &e'e +( )*/e+(3e, LET *Je+ h!3h>+e*"%!*' !$(3!'3 *e!$!)( ()%!/e "#&")%!*' *'e.
Th! +*e)% *)"e *' e!$!) /e*)!% LET "!'3 P> ('& S>(/e(++!/( %!$e, h!)h (+e !' h!3h (#"'&(')e ('& )(' #e $e("+e&())"+(%e. A)-"!+!'3 6'*e&3e *' %he =>D &!%+!#"%!*' * P> ('& S>(/e /e*)!%!e 4v p ('& v s, +ee)%!/e5 (* !'%e++e%(%!*' *"#"+()e %+")%"+e ( !%h**3!)(, $!'e+(*3!)( ('& @"!&+*e+%!e. K'*e&3e 3(!'e& *' e%+**3!)( )h(+()%e+!%!) )('%he' #e "e& %* !'e+ ()%*+ %h(% 3*/e+' )e+%(!' %e)%*'!) +*)ee,")h ( (+3e e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+e. I' (&&!%!*' %* &e%e+$!'!'3h!)( +*e+%!e, ())"+(%e e!$!) /e*)!%!e (+e /!%( *+*#%(!'!'3 +e!(#e e(+%h-"(6e *)(%!*' ('& *"+)e $e)h('!$.I' %h! )h(%e+, e &e)+!#e ('& e;(!' %he !'he+e'% &!(&/('%(3e* LET %h(% (+!e +*$ !% &ee'&e')e *' ())"+(%e %(+%!'3 $*&e('& e(+%h-"(6e *)(%!*'. <e %he' &!)" %+(%e3!e )*$$*'"e& !' 1>D ('& =>D /e*)!% !'/e+!*'. F!'(, e *"%!'e(!)(%!*' * LET !' e/e+( "#&")%!*' *'e, ( e ( *$e *%he +e"%!'3 ?'&!'3 ('& !$!%(%!*'. Th! )h(%e+ ! '*% !'%e'&e&
%* #e ( )*$e%e +e/!e * ( (e)% * e!$!) %*$*3+(h. F*+ (" &!)"!*' *' %he "#e)%, %he +e(&e+ ! +ee++e& %* %he *+6 *R(!'*' e% (. 420105 ('& Vh(* 420175, ( e ( %he $*+e LET>*)"e& (e+ * E#e+h(+%>Ph!! 41=5 ('& Th"+#e+ 41=5.
=.2Se!$!) +( %+()!'3 The *+(+& +*#e$ !' e!$!) %*$*3+(h !'/*/e =>D +(%+()!'3. M*% +( %+()!'3 $e%h*& (+e #(e& *' %he h!3h +e-"e')(+*;!$(%!*' !' 3e*$e%+!) *%!), ('& )(' #e )(!?e& ( e!%he+ray shooting *+ ray bending 4R(!'*' e% (., 20105. I' +(h**%!'3, S'e9 ( ! */e& (% e()h &!)*'%!'"!%, #"% %h!
(+*()h )(' #e h!3h '*'>!'e(+ !')e %he !'!%!( *"+)e %+(e)%*+! "'6'*'. M*% )*$$*', !%e+(%!/e )he$e (+e "e& !' h!)h%he !'!%!( *"+)e %+(e)%*+ ! e+%"+#e& "'%! %he +e-"!+e& e'& *!'%! h!%, ( ?+% !$e$e'%e& # Z"!(' ('& G"##!' 415. A'(%e+'(%!/e +*"%!'e ! %* !%e+(%!/e (&"% %he +( 3e*$e%+ (*'3 (%*>*!'% (%h "'%! !% (%!?e Fe+$(%9 +!')!e 4!.e. %he +( (%h* e(% %+(/e %!$e5 !%h!' ( e)!?e& e++*+ $(+3!'. M(' e(+ +(#e'&!'3 (3*+!%h$ */e %he +( e-"(%!*' &!+e)% 4e.3. Pe+e+( e%(., 1805, ( )*$"%(%!*'( e;e'!/e +*)e.A' (&/(')e$e'% * +( #e'&!'3 ! pseudo:bending, h!)h (/*!&
&!+e)% *"%!*' * %he +( e-"(%!*', +e&")!'3 )*$"%(%!*'( %!$e. I'e"&*>#e'&!'3, %he +( e-"(%!*' ! +!%%e' (:
7
7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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−∂2
r
d s❑ =
∇V − d
ds .
d r
ds
V
( 3.1 )
4Ce+/e' e% (., 15, he+e r ! %he *!%!*' /e)%*+ (*'3 %he +(,s ! +( e'3%h, ('& V ! e!$!) /e*)!%. Th! e-"(%!*' %(%e %h(%%he +(>'*+$( )*$*'e'% * %he /e*)!% 3+(&!e'% ! ('%!(+(e %*%he )"+/(%"+e * %he +( (%h. Pe"&*>#e'&!'3 !')*+*+(%e ( %h+ee>*!'% e+%"+#(%!*' )he$e, #(e& *' ( T(*+ e;('!*', !' h!)h%he +( (%h ! !%e+(%!/e )()"(%e& "'%! !% %+(/e %!$e )*'/e+3e!%h!' ( e)!?e& !$!%. Th! (3*+!%h$ ( &e/e*e& !' ( C(+%e!(')**+&!'(%e %e$, $(6!'3 !% $*+e (!)(#e %* LET. I' %h! %he!,e "e %he %*>%(3e U$ ('& Th"+#e+ 4185 e"&*>#e'&!'3(3*+!%h$ %* )()"(%e =>D /e*)!% $*&e. I' %h! $e%h*&,(+*;!$(%e +( %+()!'3 4Th"+#e+, 18=5 ! !'!%!( "e&, he+e#
%+(/e %!$e (+e )*$"%e& (*'3 *"+)e>+e)e!/e+ (+). The', %he &!* %he ('e )*'%(!'!'3 %he (+) ! /(+!e& !' %he (+e( * !'%e+e%. Thee(+!e% (++!/!'3 +( (%h ! %he' e+%"+#e& "!'3 e"&*>#e'&!'3,h!)h %e$(%!)( h!% *!'% (*'3 %he +( (%h %* $!'!$!e%he %+(/e %!$e (*'3 e()h e3$e'%. The (&/('%(3e * %h!(+*()h ! %h(% !% )(' ())*"'% *+ /(+!(#e %(%!*' ee/(%!*',!$*+%('% !' +e3!*' * )*'!&e+(#e %**3+(h!) +e!e 4G. L!' e% (.,2015, ")h ( ( "#&")%!*' *'e.
=.=The )*"e& h*)e'%+e>/e*)!% +*#e$ The (#*"%e (++!/( %!$e * ( e!$!) #*& (/e, t
ij ! 3!/e' #:
t ij=τ i+T ij ( 3.2 )
he+e τ i ! %he e(+%h-"(6e *+!3!' %!$e, ('& T ij ! %he %+(/e%!$e * %he (/e +*$ (' e(+%h-"(6e *"+)e %* ( +e)e!/e+. U!'3 +(%he*+, %he %+(/e %!$e ! 3!/e' # ( (%h !'%e3+( %h+*"3h ( e!$!)/e*)!% $*&e 4Th"+#e+, 125:
T ij= ∫source
receiver
uds ( 3.3 )
he+e u ! %he *'e ?e& ('& ds ! %he (%h ee$e'% 4Th"+#e+,18=5. Thee e-"(%!*' h* %h(% %+(/e %!$e ! ( "')%!*' *%(%!*' *)(%!*', *"+)e *+!3!' ('& *'e ?e&. Re)e!/e+ *)(%!*'('& *#e+/e& %+(/e %!$e (+e 6'*' *"+)e *+!3!' 4%!$e ('&h*)e'%+( )**+&!'(%e5 ('& *'e ?e& (+e "'&e%e+$!'e&.G!/e' ( e% * *#e+/e& %+(/e %!$e, t ij
obs , ('& ("$!'3 (' !'!%!(e%!$(%!*' * %he h*)e'%+( *)(%!*' ('& *'e ?e&, +e&!)%e&%+(/e %!$e )(' #e )()"(%e& "!'3 E-'. =.2 ('& =.=.
0
7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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The $!?% #e%ee' *#e+/e& ('& +e&!)%e& %+(/e %!$e, r ij !3!/e' #:
r ij=t ijobs−t ij
cal ( 3.4 )
U!'3 ( T(*+ e+!e e;('!*', %+(/e %!$e +e!&"( )(' #ee;+ee& ( ( !'e(+ (+*;!$(%!*' #e%ee' h*)e'%+e ('&/e*)!% (+($e%e+ 4Th"+#e+, 125:
rij=∑k =1
3 ∂ T ij
∂ xk
∆ xk +∆ τ i+ ∫source
receiver
δuds ( 3.5 )
he+e∂T ij
∂ xk
! %he h*)e'%+e (+%!( &e+!/(%!/e, ('& +e+ee'%
%he h*)e'%+e *)(%!*'. I e (+($e%e+!e /e*)!% %+")%"+e !'%*& (+($e%e+ * #n, %he' E-'. =.7 )(' #e +e+!%%e' (:
rij=∑k =1
3 ∂ T ij
∂ xk
∆ xk +∆ τ i+∑n=1
N ∂ T ij
∂mn
∆ mn( 3.6 )
he+e %he h*)e'%+e &e+!/(%!/e ! +e(%e& %* +( /e)%*+)*$*'e'% $"%!!e& # *'e 4Th"+#e+, 185:
∂T ij
∂ xk
=−1
v (d xk
ds )source
( 3.7 )
('& he+e∂ T ij
∂mn
! ( (+%!( &e+!/(%!/e * %he /e*)!% $*&e
(+($e%e+. Thee (+%!( &e+!/(%!/e (+e !'e !'%e3+(+e+ee'%!'3 %he +e(%!/e e!3h%!'3 * e()h $*&e (+($e%e+ *' (3!/e' (++!/( %!$e. The *#e)%!/e * LET ! %* e+%"+# ('& !$+*/e%he $*&e 4e!$!) /e*)!%!e ('& h*)e'%+e5 %* $!'!$!e r ij .E-'. =.7 h* %h(% %+(/e %!$e +e!&"( (+e +e(%e& %* #*%hh*)e'%+( *)(%!*' ('& %he /e*)!% %+")%"+e h*e/e+, %he '*'>!'e(+ +e(%!*'h! #e%ee' %hee %* /(+!(#e ! (' !'he+e'% !"e!' e!$!) %+(/e %!$e !'/e+!*'. T* &e$*'%+(%e %h! )*"!'3,
Th"+#e+ 4125 h*e& %h(% 6ee!'3 h*)e'%+( (+($e%e+)*'%('% %h+*"3h*"% (' !'/e+!*' *+ e!$!) /e*)!% )(' +*&")e!3'!?)('% (+%e()% !' %he ?'( $*&e.
1
7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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A ( +e"% * %h! )*"e& h*)e'%+e>/e*)!% +*#e$, (' !%e+(%!/e!'/e+!*' )he$e ! +e-"!+e& %h(% !$"%('e*" */e *+ #*%h(+($e%e+:
r= H ∆ h+ M ∆ m ( 3.8 )
!' h!)h r ! ( /e)%*+ * %+(/e %!$e +e!&"(. H ('& ∆ h (+e %he$(%+!; ('& /e)%*+ * h*)e'%+e (+%!( &e+!/(%!/e ('&e+%"+#(%!*', +ee)%!/e. S!$!(+, M ('& ∆ m )*++e*'& %*(+%!( &e+!/(%!/e ('& e+%"+#(%!*' * /e*)!%, +ee)%!/e. S")h(' e-"(%!*' )('$"% #e */e& "!'3 $(%+!; !'/e+!*'.
The e-"(%!*' +e+ee'%!'3 %he (#*/e )*"e& h*)e'%+e>/e*)!%+*#e$ 4E-'. =.85 )(' #e */e& "!'3 ( e(% -"(+e (+*()h. I'+e(!%, LET ! ( $!;e&>&e%e+$!'e& +*#e$ &"e %* %he !++e3"(+&!%+!#"%!*' * +( (%h !' %he E(+%h9 "#"+()e, $e('!'3 %h(%*$e /e*)!% (+($e%e+ (+e */e+>&e%e+$!'e&, he+e( *%he+ (+e
"'&e+>&e%e+$!'e&. The+e*+e, da#ped e(% -"(+e !'/e+!*' !+e-"!+e&:
G
(¿¿T G+∈2 I )
−1G
T d
m=¿
( 3.9 )
he+e m ! ( /e)%*+ )*'%(!'!'3 $*&e 4h*)e'%+e ('& /e*)!%5e+%"+#(%!*', G ! ( $(%+!; * (+%!( %+(/e %!$e (+%!( &e+!/(%!/e!%h +ee)% %* $*&e (+($e%e+ 4Z()*#! $(%+!;5, ∈ ! %he&($!'3 (+($e%e+, I ! %he !&e'%!% $(%+!;, ('& d ! %he /e)%*+
)*'%(!'!'3 %+(/e %!$e +e!&"(. I' *'e %+(%e3, E#e+h(+%>Ph!!4185 "33e% %he "e * %+(&e>*J )"+/e %h(% h* &(%( /(+!(')e4( $e("+e * */e+( %+(/e %!$e +e!&"(5 /e+" $*&e /(+!(')e 4($e("+e * $*&e e+%"+#(%!*'5 %* ee)% %he &($!'3 (+($e%e+h!)h $!'!$!e #*%h. T* 3e'e+(%e %+(&e>*J )"+/e, e/e+( *'e>%e !'/e+!*' (+e e+*+$e&, e()h !%h ( /(+!'3 &($!'3(+($e%e+.I' %he )*"e& h*)e'%+e>/e*)!% +*#e$, $*&e e+%"+#(%!*'$"% #e )()"(%e& !%e+(%!/e %* e'"+e !'e(+!(%!*'. A%e+ e()h!'/e+!*' %e, d ('& G (+e +e)()"(%e& ('& E-'. =. ! +e>*/e&.I' %h! %he!, 1>D ('& =>D /e*)!% $*&e (+e )()"(%e& "!'3!%e+(%!/e &($e& e(% -"(+e !'/e+!*'. T* */e+)*$e %he '*'>!'e(+!% * %he +*#e$, K!!'3 41885 +**e ( %(33e+e&!'/e+!*', he+e# ( $!'!$"$ 1>D $*&e ! )+e(%e&, h!)h ! %he'"e& ( ( %(+%!'3 *!'% *+ ( "#e-"e'% 2>D ('& =>D %*$*3+(h!)!'/e+!*'. S*"+)e>+e)e!/e+ )*'?3"+(%!*' (+e 6e% +e(%!/e)*'!%e'% (% e()h %e 4K!!'3 e% (., 15. Th! %(33e+e&(+*()h ! '* "e& !' $(' LET %"&!e 4e.3. C*!'3 e% (.,2012 H(#e+('& e% (., 200 K!!'3 e% (., 15 %he )he$e"e& !' %h! %he! ! !"%+(%e& !' F!3"+e =.1.
=.I'/e+!*' *+ 1>D /e*)!% %+")%"+eA &e)+!#e& !' %he +e/!*" e)%!*', LET ! h!3h '*'>!'e(+, * (
2
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Figure 3.1: Staggered inversion workflow used in this thesis to calculate 3-D v p
and v p / vs models using local earthquake tomography.
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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THE 2010 M< 8.8 MAULE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE: NUCLEATION AND RUPTURE PROPAGATION
CONTROLLED BY A SUBDUCTED TOPOGRAPHIC HIGH
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)(' ()% ( +"%"+e #(++!e+ 4K*&(!+( e% (., 2000 P(+6 e% (., 200R*#!'*' e% (., 2005.
Figure 4.1: a) Locations of past ruptures and segmentation in Chile, after Métois et
al. (2012). Ellipses give the rupture area of each earthquake. The name of each
segment and segment boundaries (dashed lines) are shown. The box denotes the
location of the map in (b). b) Local map with bathymetry/topography (coloured
scale bar). The red star is the NEIC epicentre. Blue contour lines show the
coseismic slip distribution of Moreno et al. (2012). Red circles and white triangles
are the aftershocks and stations, respectively, used in our tomographic inversion.
Black crosses denote the nodes in our 3-D inversion. The grey dashed lines show
the geometry of the subducting Nazca slab, based on the Slab1.0 model (Hayes
and Wald, 2009).
P"#!he& (%e+h*)6 &!%+!#"%!*' *+ %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e 4L('3ee% (., 2012 R!e%#+*)6 e% (., 20125 h* ( +*$!'e'% 3( !'!'%e+()e e!$!)!% (% =00 6$ &e%h, 'e(+ =S. S! $*&e ('&%he (%e+h*)6 &!%+!#"%!*' &e$*'%+(%e %h(% h!)(he%e+*3e'e!% $( e;!% (*'3 %he ("%. I% ! %he+e*+e !$*+%('% %*(e ! (' he%e+*3e'e!% !' %he +"%"+e *'e ! e;+ee& !' !%e!$!) +*e+%!e, ('& he%he+ e )(' !&e'%! (' )*++e(%!*'!%h )*e!$!) !. He+e, e "e %+(/e %!$e &(%( +*$ (%e+h*)6%* +e/e( ( h!3h /e*)!% ('*$( (*'3 %he $e3(%h+"% !'%e+()e !'%he D(+!' 3(.
.2T*$*3+(h!) I'/e+!*' S)he$eF**!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e, ( )*')e+%e& $"%!'(%!*'( e!$!)
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&e*$e'% %**6 ()e %* +e)*+& (%e+h*)6 ()%!/!%. The 'e%*+6)*'!%e& * a10 %(%!*' )*/e+!'3 %he e'%!+e +"%"+e (+e( 4F!3"+e.1#5. <e &e%e+$!'e %he e!$!) %+")%"+e !' %he +"%"+e (+e( "!'3&(%( +*$ %he I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6 D(%(e% 4IMAD5. <e("%*$(%!)( &e%e)% e!$!) P> ('& S>(/e (++!/( %!$e +*$
(%e+h*)6 "!'3 (' *%!$!e& STALTA %+!33e+!'3 (3*+!%h$4N!+e e% (., 20105 !%h (' !%e+(%!/e *)(%!*' (3*+!%h$4R!e%#+*)6 e% (., 20125, e'"+!'3 &(%( )*'!%e'). P!)6!'3 e++*+*+ %he ("%*$(%!) ('(! (+e h*' !' F!3"+e .2.
Figure 4.2: Histograms of a) P-wave and b) S-wave onset time pick errors of the
automatic algorithm, based on a subset of 20 events.
<e "e ( %(33e+e& !'/e+!*' )he$e 4e.3. H(#e+('& e% (., 2005 %* 3e'e+(%e %he /e*)!% $*&e. <e e%!$(%e ( #e%>?%%!'3 $!'!$"$1>D $*&e "!'3 %he ELEST (3*+!%h$ 4K!!'3 e% (., 15. F*+%he %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*', e )h**e = e/e'% 4F!3"+e .1#5+*$ %he ?+% %* $*'%h * (%e+h*)6 #(e& *' ( $(;!$"$(!$"%h( 3( )+!%e+!*' 4*'h*+e e/e'% ^ 17 *Jh*+e e/e'% ^205 ('& %he '"$#e+ * S>(/e !)6 4 05. <e +e-"!+e ( e>
&!%+!#"%e& (%e+h*)6 )(%(*3"e %* e'"+e 3**& +( )*/e+(3e !' %he$*&e. Th! )(%(*3"e !e& a=0,000 P>(/e ('& a1,000 S>(/e*'e% %!$e. <e "e %he SIMUL2000 )*&e 4Th"+#e+, 18=5 %* !'/e+%*+ #*%h v p ('& v v . <e !')*+*+(%e ( '*'>"'!*+$ '*&( ()!'34F!3"+e .1#5 !' %he ;>&!+e)%!*' 4$!'!$"$ * 17 6$5 %* e'"+e h!3h+e*"%!*' he+e +( )*/e+(3e ! 3**&, ('& "'!*+$ ()!'3 !' #*%h%he >&!+e)%!*' 480 6$5 ('& >&!+e)%!*' 410 6$5. T* %e% +e!(#!!% *%he %*$*3+(h!) !$(3e, e ('(e %he $*&e +e*"%!*' $(%+!;4F!3"+e .=5 %* !'/e%!3(%e %he +e*/!'3 )((#!!% * *"+ &(%( ('&$*&e e%>". <e ?'& %h(% %he ( '*&e !' %he *+e(+) (+e e+e*/e&, (+%!)"(+ %h*e !' %he *'h*+e *+e(+). S$e(+!'3
#e)*$e ((+e'% !' %he *"%e+>+!e ('& #e'e(%h %he $(3$(%!) (+). The h(* (+e( * %he $(+!'e *+e(+) (+e (* **+ +e*/e&
7
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!')e e "e ('&>#(e& %(%!*' *' !' %he !'/e+!*'. The v pv s $*&e ! !'he+e'% e e +e*/e& &"e %* ee+ S>(/e !)6)*$(+e& %* P>(/e !)6, ('& %he 3+e(%e+ e++*+ (*)!(%e& !%h*'e% %!$e * S>(/e !)6 4F!3"+e .25.
.=Re"% * =>D T*$*3+(h!) I'/e+!*'F!3"+e .( h* %he =>D v p %+")%"+e ('& +e*)(%e& (%e+h*)6e!$!)!% *' *"+ )+*>e)%!*' *+!e'%(%e& e+e'&!)"(+ %* %he+e3!*'( %+e')h (;!. <e *#e+/e ( %he +!$(+ %+")%"+e!&e'%!?e& !' %he =>D /e*)!% $*&e *#%(!'e& *+ *"%h>)e'%+( Ch!e+!*+ %* %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e 4H(#e+('& e% (., 2005.<e '* &e)+!#e +*$!'e'% e(%"+e !' %he $*&e 4e%%e+ +ee+ %*(#ee& !' F!3"+e .(5. The )*'%!'e'%( )+"% * %he S*"%hA$e+!)(' (%e 4(5 4v p * .0.8 6$5, %he %* * h!)h h( %** /e*)!% (+e( 4v p ^ .0 6$5 )*'%!%"%!'3 %he $(+!'e *+e(+)4#5 ('& %he Ce'%+( /(e #(!' 4)5. The )*'%!'e'%( $('%e 4&5 !)h(+()%e+!e& # ( +*$!'e'% "e!'3 !%h v p .0 6$, !'3a200 6$ +*$ %he %+e')h. The %* * %he &*'3*!'3 *)e('!) )+"%4e5, ( &!!'3 %+")%"+e !%h v p a .8 6$ ! e &e?'e& #(%e+h*)6. P>(/e /e*)!% (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e ! !$!(+ %*%h(% !'e++e& +*$ *%he+ +e3!*'( e!$!) %"&!e 4H(#e+('& e% (.,200 K+()6 e% (., 2005.
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Figure 4.3: Resolution estimate of our best-fitting 3-D (left) v p and (right) v p / vs
model based on analysis of the model resolution matrix. Shading denotes spread
function values and black lines show the 70% contour of the resolution kernel The
resolution limits (white lines) are based on spread function values of 2 and 4 for
the v p and v p / vs model, respectively.
Se)%!*' C>C′ %+(/e+e %he $(!'h*)6 '")e(%!*' +e3!*'. Be'e(%h%he )*(%!'e, e *#e+/e ( +*$!'e'%, 0 6$ !&e, h!3h v p 4 6$5 ('*$( 45 !%h !3'!?)('% +e!e 4" %* 10 6$5. F+*$ (
e!$!) +e+()%!*' +*?e, K+()6 e% (. 42005 (* !'e+ ( h!3h v p ('*$( !' %h! (+e(, !'%e++e%!'3 !% ( e+e'%!'!e& $('%e e&3e$(%e+!( *+ $(?) *e+ )+"%( +*)6 (*)!(%e& !%h (%e P((e**!)3+('!%*!& !'%+"!*'. <e !'e+ (' ee/(%e& v pv s * 1.8 !%h!' %he('*$( 4F!3"+e .#5. A))*"'%!'3 *+ *"+ +e*)(%e& e!$!)!%&!%+!#"%!*' ('& e(+!e+ e%!$(%e * (# !'%e+()e 3e*$e%+4H(#e+('& e% (., 200 H(e ('& <(&, 2005, e &e?'e (
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Figure 4.4: a) Cross-sections through the 3-D v p model. The location and
orientation of each profile is shown in Figure 4.1b. The coastline is given by black
triangles. Features of the model are interpreted as follows: (a) continental crust, (b)
forearc basin, (c) central basin, (d ) continental mantle, and (e) subducting oceanic
crust. The blue dashed line is the unperturbed thrust interface. In section C-C ′, ( f )
is a high velocity anomaly located above the plate interface, and (g) is a smaller
high velocity anomaly in the Pichilemu region (section A-A′). b) Cross-section
showing v p / vs along section C-C′. Black dots are relocated aftershocks with M l ≥
3.0, with a minimum of 20 P- and 20 S-picks, respectively. The white lines denote
the resolution limits, based on analysis of the resolution matrix (Figure 4.3).
+e3!*'( %h+"% !'%e+()e e;)"&!'3 %he ('*$(. The ('*$(
8
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+*%+"&e (#*/e %he !'%e+()e # (+*"'& 710 6$ 4F!3"+e .5. B!'%e+*(%!'3 *"+ v p $*&e (*'3 %he %h+"% !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e .75,e ?'& %h(% %he $(;!$"$ (*'3>%+!6e e;%e'% * %he ('*$( ! 06$. The '*&( ()!'3 "e& !' %he !'/e+!*' $( $e(' %h(% %he (he!3h% ('& (*'3>%+!6e e;%e'% * %he ('*$( $( #e e;(33e+(%e&.
F+*$ Se)%!*' A>A′ 4F!3"+e .(5, e !'e+ ('*%he+, (#e!% $(e+,h!3h /e*)!% ('*$( 435 !' %he P!)h!e$" +e3!*', a1=7 6$ +*$
%he %+e')h, (*'3 %he %h+"% !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e .7(5.
.D!)"!*' The h!3h v p ('& v pv s ('*$( &e)+!#e& (#*/e "33e% %h(% !% !)*$*!%!*'( !$!(+ %* h&+(%e& *)e('!) )+"% 4H(#e+('& e% (.,2005 *+ $('%e 4C(+*' ('& M!e+, 200=5 %he+e*+e, !% ! * $(?)*+!3!', ('& $"% h(/e *')e #ee' "#&")%e& ( (+% * %he N()((%e. F+*$ *"+ %*$*3+(h!) !$(3e (*'e, e )(''*% +e*/ehe%he+ %h! %+")%"+e +e+ee'% ( !'3e e($*"'%, (' *)e('!)(%e(", *+ ( 3+*" * $(e+ e($*"'%. F"+%he+$*+e, e )(''*%&e%e+$!'e he%he+ !% +e$(!' (%%()he& %* %he "#&")%!'3 (%e *+( e$()e& e(+!e+ !' %he */e++!&!'3 (%e. <e #e!e/e %h(% %h!('*$( ! '*% ( +e!&"( !3'e*" !'%+"!*' (*)!(%e& !%h %he(')!e'% $(3$(%!) (+): %he+e ! '* )*++e(%!*' !%h "+()e *"%)+** (%e P((e**!)T+!(!) 3+('!%*!&. A*, ( h!3h v pv s *"& '*% #e!'&!)(%!/e * ( h!3h>+()%!*'(%e& !'%+"!*' 4Ch+!%e'e', 1H"e' e% (., 2000 Re'e+ e% (., 2005.Se!$!) e/!&e')e * "#&")%e& e($*"'% !' $(' "#&")%!*'*'e ! (#"'&('% 4e.3. H"e' e% (., 2002 K*&(!+( e% (., 2000
P(+6 e% (., 2005. H*e/e+, !% ! !$*+%('% %* )*'%+(!'!'%e++e%(%!*' !%h (&&!%!*'( 3e*h!)( e/!&e')e, ('& %*"'&e+%('& *%e'%!( *"+)e * he%e+*3e'e*" %**3+(h *' %he"#&")%!'3 (#. <e "e& %he E(+%h Ge**%e'%!( M*&e, EGM20084N. K. P(/! e% (., 20085 %* )*$"%e %he +e3!*'( B*"3"e+ ('*$(,"#%+()%!'3 %he 3+(/!% eJe)% * %he "#&")%!'3 (# ( 3!/e' # (+e3!*'( =>D &e'!% $*&e 4T((+( ('& E)h("++e', 20125. The+e"%!'3 *+e(+) +e!&"( 3+(/!% ('*$(, bg*+e(+), ! %he+e*+e &"e%* (%e+( &e'!% /(+!(%!*' (#*/e %he !'%e+(%e ("%.
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Figure 4.5: a) Comparison of v p along the plate interface (coloured image, black
contours) with the coseismic slip distribution of Moreno et al. (2012); (blue
contours). The location of the high velocity anomaly beneath the coastline
correlates with a region of relatively low coseismic slip. The two main slip patches
correlate to lower v p along the plate interface. Locations of aftershocks (grey
circles) that lie along or close to the thrust interface are shown, highlighting the
sparse seismicity associated with the anomaly. The red star is the USGS-NEICepicentre. The white line denotes the up- and down-dip resolution limits of our
tomography model. b) Forearc Bouguer gravity anomaly, derived from the model
of Tassara and Echaurren (2012). Black lines are the v p contours from (a) for
comparison.
bg*+e(+) h* ( %+*'3 (%!( )*++e(%!*' !%h v p (*'3 %he$e3(%h+"% 4F!3"+e .7#5. I' (+%!)"(+, %he h!3h v p +e3!*' e(%(+&* %he h*)e'%+e )*!')!&e !%h ( +*$!'e'% 3+(/!% h!3h 4bg*+e(+) c0 $G(5. Th! !3'( +e!'*+)e *"+ !'%e++e%(%!*' %h(% %he('*$( +e+ee'% ( &e'e $(?) #*& *)(%e& *' %* * %he"#&")%e& (#. A $(e+ h!3h v p ('*$( #e* %he )*(% 'e(+=.7S 435 (* )*++e(%e !%h ( 3+(/!% h!3h. <e '*%e %h(% %he+e !'* )*++e(%!*' !%h h!3h v p *+ %he *!%!/e 3+(/!% ('*$( !' %he/!)!'!% * %he A+(")* e'!'"( 4a=.S5, ( (* h*' # %he/e*)!% $*&e * H(#e+('& e% (. 42005. <e %he+e*+e #e!e/e %h(%#e'e(%h %he A+(")* e'!'"(, h!% %he+e $( #e (' "e+ )+"%(&e'!% ('*$(, !% $( '*% h(/e ( !3'!?)('% e!$!) /e*)!%)*'%+(% !%h %he '*+$( )*'%!'e'%( )+"%.<e%e+>&!!'3 '*+$( ("% )(+ h(/e #ee' !&e'%!?e& !' %he$(+!'e *+e(+) <S< * %he !&e'%!?e& ('*$( 4Gee+e' e% (.,
2011(5. Se&!$e'%(+ "'&e+(%!'3 (*'3 %he !'%e+()e ('&"#e-"e'% 3+(/!%(%!*'( )*(e h( #ee' *%"(%e& %* e;(!'
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%he +ee')e * %hee ("%, h!)h (+e "'""( (*'3 %he )e'%+(Ch!e(' $(+3!'. A'(*3"e $*&e &e$*'%+(%e %h(% e;%e'!*'(("% )(' *+$ !' %he (6e * ( "#&")%!'3 e($*"'% &"e %*e'h(')e& e&!$e'%(+ "'&e+(%!'3 4D*$!'3"e e% (., 20005. I% !%he+e*+e e(!#e %h(% ( %**3+(h!) h!3h ( *')e "#&")%e& !'
%h! +e3!*'. A%h*"3h '* #(%h$e%+!) h!3h ! *#e+/e& *Jh*+e *%he +"%"+e (+e( %*&(, %he+e ! e/!&e')e *+ (% "#&")%!*' * (%**3+(h!) ('*$( +e(%e& %* %he *'e% * )*'%+()%!*'(&e*+$(%!*' (*'3 %he *+e(+) (% =. M( 4F*3"e+( ('& R($*,2005. O)e(' $(3'e%!) ('*$(!e "33e% %h(% %he *!'% *!'%e+e)%!*' #e%ee' %he M*)h( F+()%"+e V*'e 4MFV5 ('& %heCh!e(' %+e')h *"& h(/e #ee' *)(%e& !' %he D(+!' 3(, *$e1=0 6$ '*+%h * !% +ee'% *!%!*'. The )*'%e$*+(+ MFV !(*)!(%e& !%h (' (#"'&(')e * e($*"'%.A &e%(!e& %e)%*'!) +e)*'%+")%!*' * %he N()( (%e )*"& +e/e($*+e (#*"% %he *"+)e * %he "#&")%e& %+")%"+e !' (+%!)"(+, ! !%( *+$e& (% %he +e(&!'3 +!&3e, %he' !% $( h(/e ( )*'"3(%e *'%he P()!?) (%e. I% ! %he+e*+e *+%h '*%!'3 %h(% ( !$e %e)%*'!)+e)*'%+")%!*' 4M`e+ e% (., 20085 +e/e( %h(% %he *+$(%!*'+e3!*' * %he N()( (%e, '* *)(%e& (*'3 %he )e'%+( Ch!e('$(+3!', $( h(/e *+$e& (% ( !$!(+ %!$e %* ( *'e * #(%h$e%+!)he%e+*3e'e!%, '* *)(%e& *' %he P()!?) (%e (% =7S 4F!3"+e.5. A"$!'3 %h(% %he e($*"'% %+")%"+e ! " )*"e& %* %he&*'3*!'3 (%e ('& %h(% %he "#&")%!*' +(%e h( +e$(!'e&)*'%('% %h+*"3h*"% !% &e)e'%, !% *"& h(/e e'%e+e& %he %+e')h(% a1.8 M(.
The %**3+(h!) h!3h !' %he D(+!' 3( ! )*!')!&e'% !%h h!3h+ee!$!) *)6!'3 4M%*! e% (., 2012 M*+e'* ('& R*e'(",20105, $( )*e!$!) !, %he h*)e'%+e * %he $(!'h*)6, ('&+e&")e& (%e+h*)6 ()%!/!% 4F!3"+e .7(5, !'&!)(%!'3 %h(% !%!'@"e')e& %he +"%"+e &'($!) * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e. I %he%+")%"+e +e$(!' " (%%()he& %* %he N()( (%e, %he' !% !6e!'@"e')e& %he +"%"+e # ()%!'3 ( ( 3e*$e%+!) !++e3"(+!% *' %he(%e !'%e+()e. I' %h! )(e, e *"& e;e)% %he+e %* #e ()%!/e&e*+$(%!*' !%h!' %he *+e(+), ( !3'( * h!)h $( #e e/!&e'% (%%he "+()e.
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Figure 4.6: a) Reconstructions of the Nazca and Pacific plates at 20Ma illustrating
that the central Chilean margin (green boxed area) may have formed at a similar
time to an area of bathymetric heterogeneity (red boxed area) on the Pacific plate,now located at ~35°S (b).
S")h %**3+(h!) e(%"+e *' %he (%e !'%e+()e h(/e #ee' h*'%* ()% ( e!%he+ (e+!%!e 4H"e' e% (., 20025 *+ #(++!e+ 4K*&(!+(e% (., 20005. O'e %he*+ %(%e %h(% h!3h +e!e *' %he &*'3*!'3(%e !')+e(e )*"!'3, %he+e# 3e'e+(%!'3 (+3e e(+%h-"(6e4S)h* ('& S$(, 15. C*'/e+e, &($(3e "%(!'e& # %he*/e++!&!'3 (%e &"+!'3 e($*"'% "#&")%!*' $( (/*"+ (e!$!))+ee ('& $( e(+%h-"(6e, !'h!#!%!'3 (+3e +"%"+e +*(3(%!*'
4K. <('3 ('& B!e6, 20115. D"e %* %he +*;!$!% * %he "#&")%e&e(%"+e %* %he $(!'h*)6 h*)e'%+e, *"+ +e"% !$ %h(% +e!e*' %he &*'3*!'3 (%e !')+e(e !'%e+()e )*"!'3 ('& !'!%!(%e(+3e +"%"+e. The (+3e% !, h*e/e+, ( (( +*$ %he('*$(, "33e%!'3 %h(% !% he%e+*3e'e*" %+")%"+e ('& %+e)*'&!%!*' h!'&e+ %he &e/e*$e'% * (+3e e!$!) !. The)*$e; 'e%*+6 * +()%"+e e;e)%e& !%h!' ( "#&")%e&e($*"'% 4K. <('3 ('& B!e6, 20115 $( )*'%+!#"%e %* %he * !!' %h! (+e(, &e!%e h!3h !'%e+e!$!) )*"!'3.A%e+'(%!/e, ! %he %**3+(h!) e(%"+e ! '* (+%!( *+ h*&e%()he& +*$ %he &*'3*!'3 (%e, *+ e/e' ())+e%e& !'%* %he*e+ *+e(+) )+"%, !% )*"& %! &!+"% '*+$( e!$*3e'e! (*'3%he !'%e+()e. The (+e (%e+h*)6 e!$!)!% *))"++!'3 !%h!' %he
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+e3!*' * (% $(%e+!( 4F!3"+e .1 ('& .75 *"& %he' !'&!)(%e%h(% %h! (+% * %he !'%e+()e ! he+e ("% ! ! $(!' (e!$!).I' %h! )(e, %he ">&! #*"'&(+ * %he %+")%"+e +e+ee'% (%+('!%!*' #e%ee' %he *)6e& ('& )+ee!'3 *'e, h!)h !)*'&")!/e %* $( e!$!) e/e'% 4L("%( ('& R!)e, 200=5. I% !
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Figure 4.7: Schematic interpretation based on our tomographic model. Our 3-D
model is cut along two sections: 37.5°S to show the velocity structure of theoceanic lithosphere, and 36°S to show the structure of the forearc. The geometry
of the rupture plane is illustrated between these two sections. The subducted
topographic anomaly which lies beneath the coastal ranges at around 36°S disrupts
the regular megathrust interface; however, we cannot tell whether it is still fully
coupled to the downgoing plate. The red star denotes the hypocentral location of
the mainshock. White lines along the interface show the coseismic slip distribution
(Moreno et al., 2012).
Ch(%e+ 7
ANATOMY OF A MEGATHRUST: THE
2010 M8.8 MAULE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE VONE IMAGED USING SEISMIC
TOMOGRAPHY
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Figure 5.1: Geotectonic characteristics and simplified geological map of the
central Chilean margin. Morphotectonic units are from Glodny et al. (2007) and
the geological is map redrawn after Sernageomin (2003), Melnick and Echtler
(2006a) and Vásquez et al. (2011). The red box in the inset map gives the location
of the study area. Labels show the names of the locations referred to in this
chapter.
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F**!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e, %e($ +*$ Ch!e, %he US ('&
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E"+*e !'%(e& e!$*$e%e+ !' %he +"%"+e (+e( %* +e)*+&(%e+h*)6 e!$!)!%. The I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6De*$e'% 4IMAD5 ! )*$*e& * 10 %h+ee>)*$*'e'%#+*(&#('& !'%+"$e'% *' %he )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) 4F!3"+e 7.25. M*%%(%!*' e+e &e*e& !%h!' *'e $*'%h (%e+ %he e(+%h-"(6e.
S%(%!*' )*/e+(3e e(6e& #e%ee' A+! ('& Z"'e 2010, !%h $('%(%!*' ()%!/e "'%! Se%e$#e+ 2010. O'h*+e &(%( (*'e,h*e/e+, ! !'")!e'% *+ ())"+(%e !$(3!'3 %he *Jh*+e +e3!*',he+e $*% )*e!$!) ('& (%e+h*)6 ()%!/!% *))"++e&. F*+%"'(%e,(%e+ %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e, UK ('& T(!('ee !'%!%"%!*' &e*e&%* e(+(%e OBS 'e%*+6 !' %he +"%"+e (+e( 4F!3"+e 7.25. The
T(!('ee &e*$e'% ! )*$*e& * 1 OBS !'%+"$e'% %h(%e+e !'!%!( ()%!/e +*$ 17%h Z" %* 8%h A"3"% 2010. The %(%!*'e+e %he' $*/e& '*+%h(+& !' ( e)*'& %(3e +*$ 1%h A"3"% %*%h Se%e$#e+. The UK &e*$e'% h(& 10 OBS !'%+"$e'%*Jh*+e * %he A+(")* Pe'!'"( +*$ A"3"% 2010 %* M(+)h 2011.
1.1.C(%(*3"e ee)%!*', *'e% %!$e ('& !'!%!( e/e'%*)(%!*'
F*+ ( e>+e*/e& %*$*3+(h $*&e, e +e-"!+e ( "'!*+$*"+)e>+e)e!/e+ &!%+!#"%!*' ()+* %he +"%"+e (+e( %* e'"+e %h(%+e*"%!*' ! e/e' %h+*"3h*"% %he $*&e. D"e %* %he "'e/e'(%e+h*)6 &!%+!#"%!*', e "e& ( e% * )+!%e+!( %* ee)% %he e/e'%&(%(e%. F+*$ (' ("%*$(%!) )(%(*3"e 4R!e%#+*)6 e% (., 20125, e?+% )h*e e/e'% !%h (+3e $(3'!%"&e 4Ml .05 * %h(% $('
)e(+ *'e% (+e +e)*+&e& %h+*"3h*"% %he 'e%*+6. Se)*'&, e"#&!/!&e& %he (+e( !'%* $(e+ 2700 6$2 #*)6 ('& ee)%e& ('e-"( '"$#e+ * e/e'% !' e()h, e'"+!'3 (' e/e' e/e'%&!%+!#"%!*'. Th!+&, e ee)%e& e/e'% %h(% e+e *)(%e& !%h!'e()h OBS 'e%*+6 &"+!'3 %he!+ *e+(%!*'( e+!*&. F*+%"'(%e,#*%h %he '*+%he+' ('& *"%he+' OBS 'e%*+6 e+e !$"%('e*"()%!/e *+ 17 &( 422081000105 %he+e*+e, ( ( ?'( %e,e )h*e e/e'% *)(%e& #e%ee' %hee %* 'e%*+6 &"+!'3 %h!%!$e.
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Figure 5.2: Map of the Maule segment along the South Central Chile margin
coloured by bathymetry/topography. The main rupture characteristics of the
Maule earthquake are shown. The purple star shows the epicentre of the
mainshock (Hayes et al., 2013) and the blue contours represent coseismic slip
distribution (> 6 m) in 2 m intervals (Moreno et al., 2012). Triangles correspond
to seismic stations used in the velocity inversions. Black crosses indicate the
horizontal grid nodes used in the 3-D inversion and red circles show the
preliminary locations of 669 earthquakes used in the velocity inversions. Thick
black lines show the location of cross-sections that are shown in this chapter.
1
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Thee )+!%e+!( +e"%e& !' (' !'!%!( )(%(*3"e * 10 e/e'%. <e$('"( &e%e+$!'e& *'e% %!$e * P> ('& S>(/e *+ %heee/e'% "!'3 %he SD[ *%(+e 4h%%:&*+ee.e).!/.()."6:8080&;5.B(e& *' *'e% %!$e "')e+%(!'%!e, e (!3'e& e()h *#e+/(%!*' (e!3h% ( **: <e!3h% 0 4^ 0.0 5 <e!3h% 1 40.00.10 5
<e!3h% 2 40.100.20 5 <e!3h% = 40.201.00 5 <e!3h% 4 1.00 5.U!'3 %hee *'e% %!$e, e *)(%e& %he e/e'% !'!&e %he *'e>&!$e'!*'( 41>D5 /e*)!% $*&e * H(#e+('& e% (. 42005 "!'3HYPO1PC 4<. H. K. Lee ('& (&e, 1875. <e +ee)%e& e/e'% !%h(' (!$"%h( $(;!$"$ (!$"%h( 3( 4GAP5 * 20 ('& !%hee+ %h(' 12 P>(/e ('& S>(/e *#e+/(%!*'. <e (* +ee)%e&( *#e+/(%!*' !%h e!3h% * = ('& . A!'3 %hee )+!%e+!(+e&")e& %he !'!%!( &(%(e% # , e(/!'3 ( h!3h>-"(!% )(%(*3"e* e/e'% 4F!3"+e 7.25, )*$+!!'3 =8,000 P>(/e ('& 1=,000 S>(/e *'e% %!$e.
7.7e*)!% !'/e+!*' %+(%e3<e "e& ( %(33e+e& /e*)!% !'/e+!*' )he$e 4e.3. C*!'3 e% (.,2012 H(#e+('& e% (., 2005 !' h!)h e !'/e+%e& *+ 1>D $*&e,**e& # ( )*(+e 2>D $*&e, ( ?'e 2>D $*&e, ('& ?'( ( =>D$*&e. S")h ( %+(%e3 e'"+e %h(% ( $**%h +e3!*'( /e*)!%$*&e !' %he %+e')h>e+e'&!)"(+ &!+e)%!*' )(' #e e%(#!he&!%h*"% /e*)!% (+%e()% 4+*$ %he 1>D $*&e5 !' **+ +e*/e&+e3!*', h!)h $( (Je)% e/e'% *)(%!*'. E%(#!h!'3 ( 2>D $*&e!%h +e!(#e e(+%h-"(6e *)(%!*' ! (' !$*+%('% %e #e*+e+e*/!'3 (' =>D 4%+e')h>(+(e5 /e*)!% /(+!(%!*'. A% e()h %e,
e )h*e &($!'3 /("e +*$ %+(&e>*J )"+/e * &(%( /(+!(')e/e+" $*&e )*$e;!% 4e.3. E#e+h(+%>Ph!!, 185. The!'/e+!*' (+($e%e+ "e& (% e()h %(3e (+e "$$(+!e& !' T(#e7.1.
1.1.71>D !'/e+!*'
<e ee)%e& e/e'% *)(%e& !'!&e %he 'e%*+6 4GAP ^ 1805,e(/!'3 2 e/e'% *+ %he 1>D !'/e+!*'. <e !'/e+%e& *+ P>(/e/e*)!% 4v p5 ('& S>(/e /e*)!% 4v s5 "!'3 ELEST 4K!!'3 e% (.,15. ELEST +e-"!+e %h(% ( %(%!*' (+e *)(%e& !%h!' %he
"e+$*% (e+. H*e/e+, %he 3+e(%e% %(%!*' ee/(%!*' ! 2.2 6$('& &eee% OBS %(%!*' !e 7. 6$ #e* e( e/e ( $*&e !%h(' 8 6$ %h!)6 "e+$*% (e+ ! !$+()%!)(. <e 'e3(%e& %h!+*#e$ # (&*%!'3 %he %+(%e3 * H"e' e% (. 415, e%%!'3%(%!*' ee/(%!*' %* e+* ('& (*!'3 %(%!*' %e+$ %* (#*+#%e$(%!) *'e% e++*+. <e 6e% %(%!*' &($!'3 * !' %he 1>D!'/e+!*' %* e'"+e %h(% !%e %e+$ ())*"'%e& *+ %(%!*' ee/(%!*'('& +e3!*'( 2>D /e*)!% /(+!(%!*'. F*+ %he 1>D !'/e+!*', e%e%e& 2000 !'!%!( $*&e %h(% e+e 3e'e+(%e& # +('&*$e+%"+#!'3 %he /e*)!% * e()h (e+ !' *"+ %(+%!'3 $*&e
4H(#e+('& e% (., 2005. I' e()h !'/e+!*', e "e& (v
pv
* 1.,( &e%e+$!'e& +*$ <(&(%! &!(3+($ ('(!. F+*$ %he 2000!'/e+!*', e ee)%e& %he $*&e !%h %he *e% +**% $e('
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-"(+e +e!&"( ( *"+ #e% v p $*&e ('& %he' !'/e+%e& *+ ( 1>D v s $*&e.
Inersion step
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g ;$<
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ts
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Min. "7$odel
> 7 180 2v p: 100
v s: 100.= 10
0.= 10
0
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27 10 180 78
v p:10000
v pv s:===
.10 =1 .22 71
*7 Ane 1 8 210
v p: =000
v pv s:===
.10 28 .21 8
37$odel
1 8 210 v p: ===
v pv s: 0.0 12 .0 22
2inal 37$odelwith
stationcorr.
1 8 210
v p: ===
v pv s: 0
S%(%!*':100
.0 11 .08 20
Table 5.1: Summary of inversion parameters used at each step. GAP = minimum
azimuthal gap.
The #e%>?%%!'3 1>D $*&e 4F!3"+e 7.=(5 h( * v p * 7.1 6$ (%h(* &e%h, !')+e(!'3 %* .1 6$ (% 7 6$ &e%h. e*)!%!e *3+e(%e+ %h(' 6$ (+e +e()he& (% 20 6$ &e%h. The "e+$*%(e+ * %he $!'!$"$ 1>D $*&e ! **+ )*'%+(!'e& &"e %* %he()6 * h(* e/e'% ('& e;e)%e& /e*)!% %+")%"+e &!Je+e')e#e%ee' %he *Jh*+e ('& *'h*+e (+e(. e*)!%!e !' %he"e+$*% (e+ (+e 0.8 6$ *e+ %h(' %he $*&e * H(#e+('&e% (. 42005, ( +e"% * %he 3+e(%e+ ($*"'% * *Jh*+e*#e+/(%!*' !' *"+ %"&.
=
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Figure 5.3: Results of the 1-D velocity model inversion. a) 1-D velocity models
showing the range of starting models, range of inverted models (grey shading), and
the preferred velocity model (red line). b) Map of 1-D station delay terms. The
reference station is indicated by the black triangle.
S%(%!*' &e( (+e !$*+%('% *+ 3e'e+(%!'3 ())"+(%e 1>D e/e'%*)(%!*' ! %he "#"+()e h( !3'!?)('% 2>D /e*)!% /(+!(%!*'.<e ?'& (+3e 'e3(%!/e &e( *+ #*%h P>(/e 4 >=.0 5 ('& S>(/e 4 >2. 5 (% OBS %(%!*' *)(%e& *Jh*+e * %he %+e')h (;!4F!3"+e 7.=#5. The P>(/e %(%!*' %e+$ !')+e(e %*(+& %he$(3$(%!) (+), !%h %(%!*' %he+e h(/!'3 %he (+3e% P>(/e &e(
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4^ 1. 5. The+e ! (* ( %+e')h>(+(e /(+!(%!*' !' *'h*+e P>(/e%(%!*' %e+$, !%h /("e $*+e *!%!/e %*(+& %he *"%h. I')*'%+(%, S>(/e &e( (+e (+3e ('& *!%!/e (% %(%!*' *' %he)*'%!'e'%( he 4" %* 2. 5. The %e$(%!) %+e')h>e+e'&!)"(+/(+!(%!*' !' %(%!*' &e( $(!' +e"% +*$ &!!'3 %+")%"+e !'
%he "#"+()e, ('& %* ( ee+ e;%e'%, %(%!*' ee/(%!*' &!Je+e')e.
1.1.2>D ('& =>D %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*'
F*+ %he 2>D ('& =>D %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*', e "e& SIMUL20004E#e+h(+%>Ph!! ('& M!)h(e, 18 Th"+#e+, 18=5. Th! (3*+!%h$!$"%('e*" !'/e+% *+ e!$!) /e*)!% ('& h*)e'%+((+($e%e+ "!'3 (' !%e+(%!/e &($e& e(% -"(+e $e%h*& !%"e ( &!+e)% !'/e+!*' *+ v pv s %* ())*"'% *+ %he +e&")e& '"$#e+* h!3h>-"(!% S>(/e *#e+/(%!*' )*$(+e& %* P>(/e*#e+/(%!*'. e*)!%!e (+e !'/e+%e& *' ( +e)%('3"(+ 3+!& * '*&e
!%h !'e(+ B>!'e !'%e+*(%!*'. I' e()h !'/e+!*', e &!& '*%!'/e+% *+ %(%!*' )*++e)%!*' ('& 6e% h*)e'%+e ?;e& *+ %he ?+%%h+ee !%e+(%!*'.<e ?+% !'/e+%e& *+ ( )*(+e 2>D $*&e, !' h!)h ( =>D 3+!& ("e&, #"% /e*)!% '*&e !' %he (*'3>%+!6e &!+e)%!*' e+e 6e%?;e&, eJe)%!/e *+$!'3 ( 2>D !'/e+!*'. The 3+!& *+ 2>D !'/e+!*'h(& ( "'!*+$ h*+!*'%( 3+!& ()!'3 * 27 6$ ('& 10 6$ ()!'3!' &e%h. Be'e(%h %he *"%e+ +!e ('& %+e')h, e !'6e& /e+%!)((&()e'% '*&e (% &e%h * 17 6$ *+ 3+e(%e+ &"e %* &!$!'!he& +()*/e+(3e. L!'6!'3 '*&e 4Th"+#e+ ('& E#e+h(+%>Ph!!, 15
(* *+ )*(+e+ '*&e ()!'3 !' (+% * %he $*&e. <!%h*"%!'6!'3 '*&e, e *"'& %h(% %he !'/e+!*' !'%+*&")e& * /e*)!%(+%e()% !' %h! (+% * %he $*&e, #!(!'3 e(+%h-"(6e &e%h#e'e(%h %he *"%e+ +!e. F*+ %he ?'e 2>D ('& =>D !'/e+!*', e "e&( $!'!$"$ h*+!*'%( 3+!& ()!'3 * 1 6$ ('& ( $!'!$"$/e+%!)( ()!'3 * 8 6$. F*+ %he =>D !'/e+!*', e !'%+*&")e& ( e%* '*&e !' %he %+e')h>(+(e &!+e)%!*', e()h 77 6$ ((+%,+*/!&!'3 1= '*&e %* !$(3e /e*)!% /(+!(%!*' !' %he %+e')h>(+(e &!+e)%!*' 4F!3"+e 7.25. Thee '*&( ()!'3 (* *+ ( ?'e++e*"%!*' !$(3e %h(' %h(% * *"+ %*$*3+(h!) $*&e +ee'%e& !'Ch(%e+ F*"+.
F*+ %he )*(+e 2>D !'/e+!*', e "e& e/e'% !'!&e %he 'e%*+64GAP ^ 1805 %* e%(#!h %he $(!' /e*)!% %+")%"+e. N*'e%hee,( %e% h*e& %h(% he' %he )*e% %(%!*' e+e *)(%e& $*+e%h(' 0 6$ +*$ (' e(+%h-"(6e, !% &e%h ( **+ )*'%+(!'e&.
Th! ?'&!'3 ( !$*+%('% *+ e/e'% *)(%e& !' #e%ee' %he %*OBS 'e%*+6 4Che' e% (., 182 F+*h!)h e% (., 1825. The+e*+e,e *' )h*e e/e'% %h(% h(& %he!+ )*e% %* %(%!*' (% ('e!)e'%+( &!%(')e * e %h(' 0 6$. Thee )+!%e+!( +e"%e& !' ()(%(*3"e * 78 e/e'% *+ %he )*(+e 2>D !'/e+!*'. O')e %he$(!' /e*)!% %+")%"+e ( e%(#!he&, e "#e-"e'% +e(;e&%he %(%!*' &!%+!#"%!*' 4GAP ^ 2105 *+ %he ?'e 2>D !'/e+!*' %*!$+*/e +( )*/e+(3e (% %he e&3e * %he 3+!&.
T* !$+*/e %he (%e+( !$(3!'3 )((#!!% * *"+ !'/e+!*', e
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(!e& (' e;%+( $**%h!'3 %e)h'!-"e. <e e+*+$e& %*(&&!%!*'( !'/e+!*', e()h h!%!'3 %he h*+!*'%( '*&e *)(%!*' #( %h!+& * %he '*&( ()!'3, ('& )()"(%!'3 %he (/e+(3e /e*)!% * %hee. F*+ %he =>D !'/e+!*', e (* )(++!e& *"% %h! (/e+(3!'3 !'%he %+e')h>(+(e &!+e)%!*'. S")h (' (/e+(3!'3 %e)h'!-"e h( #ee'
"e& !' *)( e(+%h-"(6e %*$*3+(h %"&!e 4e.3. C*!'3 e% (.,2012 e.3. H(#e+('& e% (., 2005.
7.I'/e+!*' +e*"%!*'
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O"+ ?+% +e*"%!*' %e% *)"e& *' %he " $*&e +e*"%!*' $(%+!;4MRM5. N*&e !%h 3**& +( )*/e+(3e h(/e (+3e &!(3*'(ee$e'% * %he MRM. N*&e !%h **+ )*/e+(3e h(/e $(&!(3*'( ee$e'% * %he MRM &"e %* %he!+ &ee'&e') *''e!3h#*"+!'3 3+!& *!'%. Th! eJe)% ! 6'*' ( $e(+!'3. <ee%!$(%e& %he $(3'!%"&e * $e(+!'3 # )()"(%!'3 %he +e(&"')%!*' 4SF5, h!)h (ee %he +(%!* #e%ee' *J>&!(3*'( ('&&!(3*'( %e+$ 4T**$e ('& F*"3e+, 185. T* ())"+(%e /!"(!e%he &!+e)%!*' ('& !e * $e(+!'3 * '*&e, e )*'%*"+e& e()h +** %he MRM (% %he 0 /("e * !% )*++e*'&!'3 &!(3*'( ee$e'%.A ('*%he+ +e*"%!*' %e%, e ('(e& %he e'!%!/!% * *"+/e*)!% $*&e %* %he e/e'% )(%(*3"e e ()h!e/e& %h! #e+*+$!'3 ( #**%%+( +e($!'3. C*$(+e& %* *+$( MRM('(!, #**%%+( +e($!'3 ! "e" #e)("e '*!e !
!'%+!'!)( )*'%(!'e& !%h!' %he &(%(e%. C(/e+% e% (. 420005 "33e% %h(% ")h e/e'%>#(e& +e($!'3 h*"& +*&")e !$!(++e"% %* +e($!'3 !'&!/!&"( !)6. <e +('&*$ +e($e& %hee/e'% )(%(*3"e, *+$!'3 ( )(%(*3"e * 7=0 e/e'% 480 * *"+*+!3!'( )(%(*3"e5. O')e %he 7=0 e/e'% e+e )h*e', e+('&*$ )h*e &"!)(%e e/e'%, e'"+!'3 %he )(%(*3"e ( *%he ($e !e ( *+ %he ()%"( !'/e+!*' 478 e/e'%5. U!'3 %he($e !'/e+!*' *+6@*, %he /e*)!% $*&e e+e %he' %*+e& ('&%he +*)e +ee(%e& 100 %!$e.A ( ?'( (e$e'% * !$(3!'3 )((#!!%, e )(++!e& *"%+e%*+!'3 +e*"%!*' %e%. B &e!3'!'3 '%he%!) /e*)!% $*&e,
e (ee& %he )(()!% * *"+ &(%(e% %* +e*/e %he 3e*$e%+('& ($!%"&e * /e*)!% ('*$(!e. <e )()"(%e& '%he%!) %+(/e%!$e "!'3 %he %+"e *"+)e>+e)e!/e+ 3e*$e%+. T* +e@e)% %he %+"e-"(!% * *"+ *#e+/(%!*', G("!(' '*!e ( (&&e& %* %he %+(/e%!$e !%h ( %('&(+& &e/!(%!*' &ee'&!'3 *' *'e% %!$e"')e+%(!'%!e 40.00.20 Se)%!*' 7..25. <e %he' !'/e+%e& %he%+(/e %!$e "!'3 %he ($e *+6@* * *"+ +e( !'/e+!*'. <e&e!3'e& %he '%he%!) /e*)!% $*&e !%h %* *#e)%!/e !' $!'&.F!+%, e e;($!'e& he%he+ *"+ !'/e+!*' )*"& )*'%+(!' %he3e*$e%+ ('& ($!%"&e * h!3h /e*)!% #*&!e !'3 (*'3 %he
(%e !'%e+()e %h(% e !&e'%!?e& !' Ch(%e+ F*"+. Se)*'&, e%e%e& he%he+ e )*"& +e*/e (%e+( /(+!(%!*' * v pv s !' %he"#&")%!'3 *)e('!) )+"%. O"+ !'"% $*&e (* )*$+!e& %he $(!'
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&*$(!' * %he Ce'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e !&e'%!?e& !' Ch(%e+F*"+ ('& +*$ e(+!e+ %"&!e 4e.3. H(#e+('& e% (., 2005. The ?'(=>D $*&e "e& ( !'"% *+ %he +e%*+!'3 +e*"%!*' %e% ! h*' !'F!3"+e 7. 4v p5 ('& F!3"+e 7.7 4v pv s5.
1.1.82>D $*&e +e*"%!*'MRM ('(! * %he 2>D v p $*&e 4F!3"+e 7.(5 h* %h(% $*%'*&e h(/e (+3e &!(3*'( ee$e'% ('& $$e%+!) +e*"%!*'6e+'e. Th! ?'&!'3 !'&!)(%e %h(% !' $*% (+%, %he $*&e ! e+e*/e& " %* %he %+e')h ('& &*' %* &e%h * 800 6$ #e'e(%h%he Ce'%+( De+e!*'. C*$(+e& %* *"+ %*$*3+(h!) $*&e !'Ch(%e+ F*"+, %he !')"!*' * OBS &(%( &+($(%!)( !$+*/e!$(3!'3 +e*"%!*' * %he $(+!'e *+e(+). Be'e(%h %he $(3$(%!)(+), (% &e%h * 200 6$, &!(3*'( ee$e'% (+e $( !%h (+3e('& e*'3(%e +e*"%!*' )*'%*"+, !'&!)(%!'3 **+ +e*"%!*'.
Re*"%!*' ! (* **+ e% * %he %+e')h, #e'e(%h %he *"%e+ +!e.
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Figure 5.4: (left) Synthetic 3-D v p input model and (right) corresponding inversion
results for the restoring resolution test. Locations of the five cross-sections are shown
in Figure 5.2. Black crosses indicate inversion nodes and white dots show the
locations of the 669 earthquakes used. The thick grey line gives regions of the model
with good resolution. Areas with reduced resolution are faded; regions with no
resolution are left blank. The location of the coastline is denoted by the white triangle.
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Figure 5.5: (left) Synthetic 3-D v p / vs input model and (right) correspondinginversion results for the restoring resolution test. Locations of the five trench-
perpendicular cross-sections are shown in Figure 5.2. White dots indicate the
locations of the 669 earthquakes used in the tomographic inversion. In cross-
section B-B’, we include a low v p / vs anomaly in the subducting oceanic
lithosphere; the inversion is not able to fully recover this anomaly.
F+*$ %he +e"% * %he #**%%+(!'3 %e% 4F!3"+e 7.5, v p ! e)*'%+(!'e& %h+*"3h*"% %he $*&e 4A vp ^ 0.01 6$5, !'&!)(%!'3 %h(%%he $*&e ! !'e'!%!/e %* %he e/e'% ee)%!*' )+!%e+!(. O/e+(, %he
)*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) 4100 6$ &e%h5 ! %he #e%>+e*/e& (+% *%he 2>D v p $*&e. The +e%*+!'3 +e*"%!*' %e% !'&!)(%e %h(% %he!e * +e*/e& e(%"+e /(+!e !%h &e%h &"e %* %he !++e3"(+*"+)e>+e)e!/e+ &!%+!#"%!*'. F*+ e;($e, e (+e "'(#e %*")!e'% +e*/e ( %h!' * /e*)!% %+")%"+e (% 7080 6$ &e%h,")h ( %h(% !$(3e& (% %he #(e * %he )*'%!'e'%( $('%e #H(#e+('& e% (. 42005. Th! **+ +e*"%!*' (% 3+e(%e+ &e%h !&"e %* %he ()6 * !'%e+$e&!(%e &e%h (%e+h*)6 #e'e(%h %heCe'%+( De+e!*' ('& $(3$(%!) (+) 4F!3"+e 7.25.F*+ %he 2>D v pv s $*&e, SF /("e (+e h!3he+ ('& +e*"%!*' 6e+'e(+e (+3e+ %h(' !' %he v p $*&e 4F!3"+e 7.#5. Th! ! !6e &"e %**"+ &(%(e% )*$+!!'3 ee+ S>(/e %h(' P>(/e*#e+/(%!*', ('& ee+ S>(/e *#e+/(%!*' (% (+3e+ e!)e'%+(
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&!%(')e. S*$e /e+%!)( $e(+!'3 ! +ee'% (% h(* ('& &ee'*&e #e'e(%h %he $(+!'e *+e(+), #"% */e+(, %he e>+e*/e&(+e( (+e )*$(+(#e %* %h(% * %he v p $*&e 4F!3"+e 7.5. The$(;!$"$ A vp$vs ! 0.0 4F!3"+e 7.5.B(e& *' %he )*$#!'e& !'%e++e%(%!*' * +e"% +*$ *"+ +e*"%!*'
%e%, SF /("e * e %h(' 2.1 ('& .2 +e+ee'% e>+e*/e&(+e( !' %he 2>D v p ('& v pv s $*&e, +ee)%!/e. L(%e+(, e (+e(#e %* +e*/e %he "#&")%!'3 *)e('!) !%h*he+e +*$ %he %+e')h%* 80 6$ &e%h #e'e(%h %he $(3$(%!) (+). B*%h %he $(+!'e ('&)*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) (+e e +e*/e&.
Figure 5.6: Resolution estimate of the 2-D velocity model based on analysis of the
MRM. Black crosses indicate the location of inversion nodes. The different colours
surrounding each node represent the SF value. The black circles show diagonal
elements of the resolution matrix. Green lines represent the 70% contour line of the
resolution kernel. The coastline is given by the black triangle.
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Figure 5.7: Results of the bootstrap-resampling test showing the spatial
distribution of velocity standard deviation in the 2-D model. The coastline is given
by the black triangle.
1.1.=>D $*&e +e*"%!*'
F+*$ %he +e%*+!'3 +e*"%!*' %e% 4F!3"+e 7.5, %he =>D !'/e+!*' !
(#e %* ())"+(%e +e)*/e+ %he h(e ('& ($!%"&e * %he !'"%('*$(!e. I' %he )*'%!'e'%( $('%e, v p ! */e+e%!$(%e& # 1=('& /e*)!%!e !' %he h(* $(+!'e *+e(+) (+e =0 %** (%.A$!%"&e * h!3h /e*)!% ('*$(!e !' %he "#&")%!'3 )+"% (+ee +e)*/e+e&. L!6e!e, *+ v pv s, %he !'/e+!*' ! (#e %* +e)*/e+$*% e(%"+e * %he !'"% $*&e, #"% ! '*% (#e %* " +e)*/e+(%)he * h!3h v pv s !' %he "#&")%!'3 !%h*he+e 4F!3"+e 7.75. I'%he Ce'%+( De+e!*', h(* $(+!'e *+e(+) ('& )*'%!'e'%($('%e, v pv s /("e (+e e;(33e+(%e& # (+*"'& 2.MRM ('(! * %he =>D $*&e 4F!3"+e 7.85 h* %h(% %he e>+e*/e& (+e( !' e()h )+*>e)%!*' ! !$!(+ %* %h(% * %he 2>D v p
$*&e. N*&e !' %he *"%he+'$*% )+*>e)%!*' h(/e %+*'3$e(+!'3 #e'e(%h %he $(3$(%!) (+). The *Jh*+e +e3!*' ! **++e*/e& (% =S &"e %* %he ()6 * OBS )*/e+(3e %he+e. I' %he'*+%h, h*e/e+, '*&e (+e e +e*/e& " %* %he %+e')h &"e %*&e'e+ OBS )*/e+(3e. A*'3 %he *'h*+e *+e(+), +e*"%!*' ! #e%!' %he '*+%h he+e %he+e ! (#"'&('% )+"%( e!$!)!%. A%h*"3h !%+e*"%!*' ! *e+, v pv s ('*$(!e (+e +e( 4( h*' # %he+e%*+!'3 +e*"%!*' %e%5 #"% ('*$(!e )*"& #e (/e+(3e& */e+ (&!%(')e 3+e(%e+ %h(' %he '*&e ()!'3 4E#e+h(+%>Ph!! e% (.,20075. O/e+(, SF /("e * e %h(' 2.1 !'&!)(%e 3**& +e*"%!*' !'%he =>D v p $*&e. The +e*/!'3 )((#!!% * %he =>D v pv s $*&e !!$!(+ %* %h(% * %he v p $*&e, !%h SF /("e * e %h(' .1!'&!)(%!'3 3**& +e*"%!*'.
101
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Figure 5.8: Resolution estimate of our 3-D velocity model based on analysis of theMRM. Features are plotted in the same way as Figure 5.6. Locations of the five
cross-sections are shown in Figure 5.2.
7.Re"% ('& &!)"!*'
1.1.10 De)+!%!*' ('& !'%e++e%(%!*' * /e*)!%$*&e
The 2>D $*&e ! h*' *' ( )+*>e)%!*' !' F!3"+e 7.. The =>D$*&e ! &!(e& *' /e+%!)( ('& h*+!*'%( e)%!*' !' F!3"+e7.10 ('& 7.11, +ee)%!/e. Fe(%"+e &e)+!#e& !' %h! e)%!*')*++e*'& %* (#e !' %he ?3"+e.
102
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Figure 5.9: 2-D velocity model plotted on a cross-section orientated
perpendicular to the trench. Crosses indicate grid nodes and white circles give the
2-D locations of events from the tomographic inversion. Based on analysis of the
MRM and the characteristic model tests, limits of well-resolved areas are given
by the thick grey line. Regions with diminished resolution are faded; unresolved
regions are left blank. Labels refer to the following features that are discussed in
the text: mf = marine forearc; oc = oceanic crust; cf = upper forearc crust; cd =
Central Depression; cm = continental mantle. The thick black line indicates the
location of our calculated plate interface. The purple star denotes the hypocentral
location of the Maule earthquake (Hayes et al., 2013). The location of the
coastline is denoted by the white triangle.
Subducting oceanic lithosphere The $*% +*$!'e'% e(%"+e * %he /e*)!% $*&e ! (' e(%>&!!'3 %+")%"+e !%h h!3h v p 4.8.0 6$5, 4(#ee& Woc95. Th!e(%"+e (* h( ( %+*'3 v p 3+(&!e'% ('& ee/(%e& v pv s * 1.801.874P*!*'9 +(%!* * 0.280.25 (*'3 %he $(!' #('& * e!$!)!%.
Thee /e*)!%!e (+e !' (3+ee$e'% !%h +e/!*" %"&!e !' %he (+e(4e.3. C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 2008 H(#e+('& e% (., 2005 ('&!'&!)(%!/e * e!%he+ h&+(%e& *)e('!) )+"%( $(%e+!( 4e.3. H()6e+('& A#e+, 2005 *+ h!3h *+e @"!& +e"+e. B(e& *' /e*)!%)*'%*"+ (*'e ('& %he h!3h v pv s ('*$(, e (+e "'(#e %* %+()e%he *)e('!) !%h*he+e %* &e%h * $*+e %h(' 70 6$, !'&!)(%!'3%h(% %he )+"% h( ( *e+ *+e +e"+e *+ ! e h&+(%e& (% %hee
&e%h. F+*$ *"+ %*$*3+(h!) !$(3e, e (+e "'(#e %* &e%e+$!'e%he e;()% *)(%!*' * %he *)e('!) M*h*. A"$!'3 ( 6$ %h!)6
10=
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)+"% 4e.3. C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 20085, %he $!&>*e+ *)e('!)$('%e h( v p * .88.7 6$ ('& ( * v pv s * 1.01.4P*!*'9 +(%!* * 0.20.25, "33e%!'3 !% ! '*% h&+(%e&.
Marine forearc
The *Jh*+e *+e(+) +e3!*' 4(#ee& W#f 95 h( * v p 4.7.276$5 ('& ( h!3h v pv s * 1.2.2. The *)(%!*' * ")h /e*)!%!e !)*'!%e'% !%h e&!$e'% ('& $e%(>e&!$e'% !' %he +*'%( +!$('& *"%e+ e&3e, +ee)%!/e. Th! v pv s )*++e*'& %* ( P*!*'9+(%!* * 0.=10.=. T"! e% (. 420085 +e(%e ")h /("e %**/e++e"+e& e&!$e'% !' ( *+e +e"+e $*&e *+ %he N('6(!())+e%!*'(+ +!$. Be'e(%h %he )*(%!'e, ( %+*'3 h*+!*'%( v p 3+(&!e'% +e+ee'% %he #*"'&(+ #e%ee' %he *"%e+ e&3e ('&%he "e+ )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+). S%"&!e ?'& !$!(+ /e*)!%!e !' %he$(+!'e *+e(+) *"%h * %he M("e e3$e'% 4C*'%+e+( Ree e% (.,2008 H(#e+('& e% (., 2005 ('& !' *%he+ "#&")%!*' *'e
4C*!'3 e% (., 2012 Re'e+ e% (., 2005. O/e++e"+e& @"!&)*"& +e"% +*$ e!%he+ &eh&+(%!*' * %he *)e('!) )+"% 4e.3.K*&(!+( e% (., 2005 *+ %he $e)%!%e>!!%e %+('!%!*' (% 100170C4M**+e ('& S(Je+, 20015. B(e& *' ( %he+$( $*&e *+ S*"%hCe'%+( Ch!e 46e+ e% (., 20115, %he %e$e+(%"+e * %h! h(e%+('*+$(%!*' )*!')!&e !%h %he e(%(+& !$!% * %he +*'%(+!$.
Continental forearc The "e+ )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) 4(#ee& Wcf 95 #e'e(%h %he C*(%(C*+&!e+( h( ( $*&e+(%e v p * 7.7.0 6$ ('& +e&")e& v pv s *1.1 4P*!*'9 +(%!* * 0.25, )*'!%e'% !%h ( 3+('!%!))*$*!%!*' 4Ch+!%e'e', 15. Th! !'%e++e%(%!*' ! "*+%e&# %he !&e+e(& *"%)+* * 3+('!%e ()+* %he C*(%( C*+&!e+(4F!3"+e 7.15 %h(% !6e e;%e'& %h+*"3h %he "e+ )+"% 4G+*d e% (.,20085. S")h /e*)!%!e )*"& (* )*++e*'& %* $e%(#(!%e ('&$e%(3+e()6e )*$*!%!*' * %he <e%e+' ('& E(%e+' Se+!e,+ee)%!/e 4Ch+!%e'e', 1 K+()6 e% (., 2005. I' %heh(* )+"% 4^ 10 6$ &e%h5, * v p 4^ 6$5 )*++e*'& %*e&!$e'% !' %he Ce'%+( De+e!*' 4(#ee& Wcd95.I' %he *e+ *+e(+), +*$!'e'% h!3h v p ('*$(!e 4.8.0 6$5 !e
#e'e(%h %he )*(% 4F!3"+e 7.10 ('& 7.115. O'e ! *)(%e& (% =S4he+e(%e+ )(e& %he C*#-"e)"+( ('*$( (#ee& WC)95 %he *%he+%* %he '*+%h (% =S 4he+e(%e+ +ee++e& %* ( %he P!)h!e$"('*$( (#ee& WP)95. B(e& *' %he .7 6$ v p )*'%*"+, %heC*#-"e)"+( ('*$( ! " %* 0 6$ !&e ('& 20 6$ %h!)6,!'%e+e)%!'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e (% !% #(e. Th! ('*$( +e+ee'%( !3'!?)('% /e*)!% !')+e(e * 8 +e(%!/e %* %he !'"% 2>D $*&e.
The $(e+ P!)h!e$" ('*$( !e "+%he+ (#*/e %he (%e!'%e+()e. C+")!(, #*%h ('*$(!e h(/e ( !3h% ee/(%e& v pv s *1.81 4P*!*'9 +(%!* * 0.285 ('& ( %+*'3 *!%!/e !3'(%"+e !'%he *+e(+) B*"3"e+ 3+(/!% ?e&, he!'3 %* )*'%+(!' %he!+
)*$*!%!*'. Se)!?)(, %he+e ! ( $*&e+(%e *!%!/e )*++e(%!*'#e%ee' 3+(/!% ('& v p !' %he *e+ *+e(+) 4F!3"+e 7.115.
10
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Figure 5.10: 3-D velocity model plotted along five cross-sections, of which the
locations are labelled on the far right and shown in Figure 5.2. Labels refer to the
following features that are discussed in the text: PA = Pichilemu anomaly; CA =
Cobquecura anomaly. Resolution limits are defined in the same way as Figure 5.9.
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F i g u r
e 5 . 1 1 : a ) 3 - D v p m o d e l p l o t t e d
a s d e p t h s e c t i o n s . L a b e l s r e f e r
t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f e a t u r e s t h a t a
r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e t e x t : m f = m
a r i n e f o r e a r c ;
o c =
o c e a n i c c r u s t ; c f = u p p e r f o r e a r c c r u s t ; c d = C e n t r a l D e p r e s s i o
n ; P A = P i c h i l e m u a n o m a l y ; C
A = C o b q u e c u r a a n o m a l y . R e s
o l u t i o n l i m i t s
a r e
d e f i n e d i n t h e s a m e w a y a s F i g u r e 5 . 9 . ( b ) F o r e a r c B o u g u e r g
r a v i t y a n o m a l y ( C h a p t e r F o u r )
o v e r l a i n b y c o n t o u r s o f v p m o d
e l a t 2 5 k m
d e
p t h . C o n t o u r s a r e g i v e n f o r v p i n t h e r a n g e 7 . 2 5 – 8 . 0 0 k m / s . I n s e t : s c a t t e r p l o t s h o w i n g t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n f o r e a r c B o u g u e r g r a v i t y
.
10
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I'%e++e%(%!*' * %he e!$!) /e*)!%!e ('& 3+(/!% !3'( (*)!(%e&!%h %he C*#-"e)"+( ('& P!)h!e$" ('*$(!e )e(+ !'&!)(%e&e'e, "%+($(?) $(%e+!(. <e(6>e+e'%!'!e& e+!&*%!%e 4^205 (% %hee &e%h )(' e;(!' %he /e*)!%!e 4Ch+!%e'e',2005. Se+e'%!'!e& e+!&*%!%e (% %he #(e * %he )*'%!'e'%(
*+e(+) )*"& +e+ee'% ( "#&")%e& *)e('!) %**3+(h!) h!3h, ")h( ( e($*"'%. I'%e(&, *"+ !$+*/e& /e*)!% $*&e !'&!)(%e %h(%%he C*#-"e)"+( ('*$( ! (+3e+ ('& e!$!)( (%e+ %h('+e/!*" h*' !' Ch(%e+ F*"+. G!/e' %hee ?'&!'3, e ?'& (e($*"'% !'%e++e%(%!*' e ("!#e. De'e $(%e+!( !' %he *e+*+e(+) )*"& #e ( &eee+ $('!e%(%!*' * %he P((e**!) 3+('!%e#(%h*!%h h*e/e+, %he ee/(%e& v pv s +"e *"% %he *!#!!% *+e!&"( !'%+"!/e $(%e+!( !'3 (% !% #(e 4H"e' e% (., 2000Re'e+ e% (., 2005.
The "+()e +*e)%!*' * %he "%+($(?) #*&!e )*++e*'&+e(*'(# e !%h %he *)(%!*' * T+!(!) !'%+"!*' 4F!3"+e 7.1('& 7.115. S*"%h * =.7S, ( '*%(#e (#e')e * h!3h /e*)!%#*&!e 4H(#e+('& e% (., 2005 ! )*'!%e'% !%h ( ()6 * T+!(!)!'%+"!*' !' %h! +e3!*' 4F!3"+e 7.15. I' )*'%+(% %* %he P((e**!)3+('!%e, %hee !'%+"!*' )*'%(!' ( %+*'3e+ $('%e *"+)e!3'(%"+e 4-"e e% (., 20115, *!# +e(%!'3 %* %he "'&e+!'3"%+($(?) #*&!e. The T+!(!) !'%+"!*' e+e e$()e& &"+!'3e;%e'!*' 4-"e e% (., 20115 )("e& # e!%he+ (# &e%()h$e'%4P(+(&( e% (., 15, (%he'*he+!) "e!'3 4F+('ee ('&S(e%%!, 20015 *+ (# %eee'!'3 4-"e e% (., 20115. I% !("!#e %h(% (' * %hee $e)h('!$ )*"& h(/e e$()e&
$('%e $(%e+!( #e'e(%h %he (')!e'% /*)('!) (+). Re$'('% * %h!$(%e+!( )*"& '* !e (% %he #(e * %he +ee'%>&( *+e(+).I'%e++e%!'3 %he e$()e$e'% $e)h('!$ +e*'!#e *+ %hee#*)6 * $('%e $(%e+!( &ee'& *' %he!+ +e3!*'( e;%e'%.A%h*"3h (+3e *"%)+* * T+!(!) !'%+"!/e +*)6 h(/e #ee'$(e& '*+%h * %he M("e e3$e'% 4F!3"+e 7.15, %he &* '*%e;%e'& *"%h * %he M("e e3$e'%. G!/e' %he &!)+e%e '(%"+e *%hee #*)6, !% ! *!#e %h(% %he %e)%*'!) +*)e +e*'!#e *+%he!+ e$()e$e'% ( $*+e *)(!e& ('& !$!%e& %* %he )e'%+(Ch!e +e3!*'. U'&e+%('&!'3 %he %+")%"+e ('& e%+**3 * ")h*)(!e& #*)6 * $('%e $(%e+!( !' %he *e+ *+e(+) )+"% )*"&
+*/!&e )*'%+(!'% *' %he 3e'e! * (+) $(3$( ('& )*"& he&!3h% *' *)(!e& (# +*)ee, ")h ( (# $e%!'3.
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e ?;e& %he h(*e% (+% * %he !'%e+()e %* %he %+e')h (% 6$&e%h 4e.3. C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 20085. I' =>D, e **e& (!$!(+ *+6@* +**e& # H(e ('& <(& 42005. <e ?'& %h(%*"+ +e/!e& !'%e+()e 3e*$e%+ )*++e*'& %* %he $e(' &e%h *%h+"% $e)h('!$ (%e+h*)6 4A3"+%* e% (., 2012 H(e e% (.,201=5. B +*e)%!'3 %h! !'%e+()e %h+*"3h *"+ =>D /e*)!% $*&e,e )(' (e %he /e*)!% %+")%"+e * %he (%e !'%e+()e. T*())*"'% *+ #*%h h*)e'%+e ('& /e*)!% "')e+%(!'%!e, ee%!$(%e %he e++*+ !' (%e !'%e+()e /e*)!%.A &e)+!#e& (#*/e, e &e?'e& %he 3e*$e%+ * %he (%e !'%e+()e
!%h (%e+h*)6 h*)e'%+e. E++*+ !' %hee *)(%!*' )*"& e(& %*( **+ &e?'e& (%e !'%e+()e. F"+%he+$*+e, !')e %he (%e!'%e+()e +e+ee'% ( h(+ &!)*'%!'"!% !' h!)( +*e+%!e, !%! ( +e3!*' * %+*'3 /e*)!% 3+(&!e'%. C*'e-"e'%, !% ! *!#e%h(% (' !>&e?'e& (%e !'%e+()e $( )("e !3'!?)('% &e/!(%!*'+*$ *"+ )()"(%e& (%e !'%e+()e /e*)!%. F"+%he+$*+e, e()h '*&e! !6e %* )*'%(!' ( $( /e*)!% e++*+ &"e %* '*!e !' %he &(%(e%4F!3"+e 7.5. T* ())*"'% *+ %hee !'%+!'!) /e*)!% e++*+, e "e&*"+ 2>D #**%%+( +e($!'3 +e"% 4ee Se)%!*' 7..25. T*e%!$(%e "')e+%(!'%!e !' (%e !'%e+()e e!$!) /e*)!%, ee+%"+#e& *"+ 2>D !'%e+()e 3e*$e%+ # _= 6$ &e%h 4%he
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%* 0.0=. B(e& *' %hee +e"%, *"+ !'%e++e%(%!*' * %hee3$e'%(%!*' !' e!$!) /e*)!%!e !%h &e%h (*'3 %he M("e$e3(%h+"% 4F!3"+e 7.125 +e$(!' !%h!' *"+ e%!$(%e&
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"')e+%(!'%!e.A))*"'%!'3 *+ %hee "')e+%(!'%!e, %he /e*)!% %+")%"+e * %he(%e !'%e+()e +e3!*' h* ( )e(+ *'(%!*' * e!$!) +*e+%!e!%h &e%h 4F!3"+e 7.125. G!/e' %he ()!'3 * '*&e !%h &e%h,*"+ $*&e +e+ee'% %he (/e+(3e (%e !'%e+()e /e*)!% */e+ (
%*%( %h!)6'e * 8 6$. The+e*+e, (' %h!' 4^ 6$ %h!)65 */e*)!% (e+ (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e 4e.3. H(#e+('& e% (.,2005 (+e "'!6e %* #e !$(3e&. A*'3 %he h(*e% (+% * %he(%e !'%e+()e, #e'e(%h %he +*'%( +!$, v p ! +e(%!/e * 4.6$5 ('& v pv s ! h!3h 41.82.075. Be'e(%h %he *"%e+ e&3e, v p h(+ !')+e(e !%h &e%h 40.0= 6$ e+ 6$5 ('& v pv s &e)+e(e %* 1.8. Be'e(%h %he *e+ *+e(+) )+"%, v p %( $*+e)*'%('% (% .7 6$, #"% +e()he " %* 8.0 6$ he+e %he (%e!'%e+()e !'%e+e)% %he C*#-"e)"+( ('& P!)h!e$" ('*$(!e4F!3"+e 7.125. A% &e%h * 6$, v p &e)+e(e %* . 6$.Be'e(%h %he Ce'%+( De+e!*', v p "+%he+ !')+e(e %* 8.7 6$('& v pv s &e)+e(e %* 1.8. The+e*+e, %he 'e;% *3!)( %e ! %*)*'!&e+ he%he+ %h! e3$e'%e& /e*)!% %+")%"+e * %he (%e!'%e+()e !'@"e')e $e3(%h+"% #eh(/!*"+.
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F i g u r e 5 . 1 2 : S e i s m i c v e l o c i t i e
s a l o n g t h e p l a t e i n t e r f a c e f r o m
t h e 2 - D m o d e l a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e p t h f o r ( a ) v p a n d ( b ) v p / v s . G
r e y s h a d i n g
h o w s o u r e s t i m a t e d u n c e r t a i n t y . ( c ) H i s t o g r a m o f p l a t e i n t e r f a c e a f t e r s h o c k e a r t h q u a k e d e p t h s a n d n o r m a l i s e d c o s e i s m i c s l i p d i s t r i b u t i o n .
T r e n c h - p e r p e n d i c u l a r s l i p p r o f i l e s t r a v e r s e t h e n o r t h e r n s l i p a s p e r i t y . A f t e r s h o c k h y p o c e n t r e s a r e r e l o c a t e d f r o m t h e c a t
a l o g u e o f
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1.1.11 C*++e(%!'3 $e3(%h+"% #eh(/!*"+ !%h (%e!'%e+()e /e*)!% %+")%"+e
Preseis#ic coupling of the #egathrust B(e& *' %he *)6!'3 $*&e * M*+e'* e% (. 420105, %he M("e$e3(%h+"% #e*+e %he 2010 e(+%h-"(6e ( %+*'3 )*"e& 405 #e'e(%h %he *"%e+ e&3e, he+e %he (%e !'%e+()e h($*&e+(%e v p 4.27 6$5 ('& ee/(%e& v pv s * 1.88 4F!3"+e 7.1=(5.
The !'%e+()e ( (* %+*'3 *)6e& 4 05 #e'e(%h %he )*(%,(% %he #(e * %he C*#-"e)"+( "%+($(?) #*&. F*+ %he A+(")*e'!'"( +e3!*', M*+e'* e% (. 42015 !&e'%! ( )*++e(%!*'#e%ee' e(6 *)6e& +e3!*' * %he !'%e+()e ('& ee/(%e& v pv s &"e %* h!3h @"!& +e"+e. <e (* *#e+/e ( %+*'3 )*++e(%!*' 4r >0.15 *+ %he +e3!*' *"%h * =S. H*e/e+, e &* '*% ?'& ")h( )e(+ )*++e(%!*' *+ %he h*e +"%"+e *'e. Th! ?'&!'3 !'&!)(%e
%h(% ()%*+ )*'%+*!'3 +ee!$!) *)6!'3 $( )h('3e ()+* %heM("e e3$e'%.
&ucleation and rupture of the Maule earth4ua+e The M("e e(+%h-"(6e '")e(%e& !' ( +e3!*' * h!3h v p 4.2 6$5('& %+*'3 &!>(+(e v p 3+(&!e'%, (% %he e+!he+ * %heC*#-"e)"+( ('*$( 4F!3"+e 7.1=#5. Th! !'e+e')e ! !' !'e !%h
T((+( 420105, h* h* %h(% +"%"+e (*'3 %he A'&e(' $(+3!'3e'e+( '")e(%e (% %he e&3e * *+e(+) &e'!% ('*$(!e. A *)(!')+e(e !' %+e (% %he e&3e %he C*#-"e)"+( ('*$( )*"& h(/ee& %* *'e% * %he +"%"+e.
F**!'3 '")e(%!*', $*% )*e!$!) ! *))"++e& (*'3 %he (%e!'%e+()e #e'e(%h %he *"%e+ e&3e, he+e e ?'& $*&e+(%e v p 4.7 6$5 ('& ee/(%e& v pv s 41.85, 4F!3"+e 7.12 ('& 7.1=#5.C*e!$!) ! ( $!'!$( #e'e(%h %he +*'%( +!$ 4v p ^ .276$ v pv s 1.875 ('& )*'%!'e'%( $('%e e&3e 4v p .7 6$v pv s ^ 1.85. C*e!$!) ! ( +e&")e& #e'e(%h %he *+e(+) he+ev p .27 6$. B*%h h!3h ! (e+!%!e )*++e*'& %* e(6e+ v p 3+(&!e'% !%h &e%h. Th! h*$*3e'e*" /e*)!% %+")%"+e ! (+%&"e %* %he ()6 * h!3h v p ('*$(!e #e'e(%h %he )*(% !' %heC*'%!%")!X' ('& A+(")* +e3!*'. The+e*+e, !% ! *!#e %h(% !*)(!(%!*' &"+!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e ( (Je)%e& # %he+ee')e * *'3>!/e& $(?) #*&!e !' %he *e+ *+e(+). O/e+(,%he+e ! %+*'3 'e3(%!/e )*++e(%!*' #e%ee' v p ('& )*e!$!) !*+ %he &*'>&! *+%!*' * %he +"%"+e 4F!3"+e 7.15.
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F i g u r e 5 . 1 3 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f ( t o p ) v p a n d
( b
o t t o m ) v p / v s a l o n g t h e p l a t e i n t e r f a c e r e g i o n
c o m p a r e d w i t h b e h a v i o u r o f t h e M a u l e
e g a t h r u s t o v e r t h e s e i s m i c c y c l e . L a b e l s r e f e r
t o t h e f e a t u r e s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e t e x t a n d a r e
d e f i n e d i n t h e c a p t i o n o f F i g u r e 5 . 1 0 . a )
C o n t o u r s o f p r e s e i s m i c l o c k i n g o f t h e
e g a t h r u s t ( M o r e n o a n d R o s e n a u , 2 0 1 0 ) ( b l u e
l i n e s ) a r e f o r l o c k i n g o f g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 7 a n d
g i v e n i n i n t e r v a l s o f 0 . 1 . ( b ) M
a i n s h o c k
e
p i c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n f r o m H a y e s e t a l . ( 2 0 1 3 ) .
C o s e i s m i c s l i p d i s t r i b u t i o n ( M o r e n o e t a l . ,
2 0 1 2 ) p l o t t e d a s f o r F i g u r e 5 . 2 . W h i t e c i r c l e s
g i v e t h e l o c a t i o n o f h i g h f r e q u e
n c y e n e r g y
r e l e a s e d u r i n g t h e M a u l e e a r t h q
u a k e ( K i s e r
a n d I s h i i , 2 0 1 1 ) . ( c ) C o n t o u r s o f
a f t e r s l i p > 1
( Y . N . L i n e t a l . , 2 0 1 3 ) , ( b l u e l i n e s ) p l o t t e d
i n 0 . 2 m i n t e r v a l s . G r e y c i r c l e s s h o w t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e l o c a t e d p l a t e
i n t e r f a c e
a f t e r s h o c k s e i s m i c i t y
.
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Figure 5.14: a) Scatter plot showing the relationship between coseismic slip and
plate interface vp for 20–40 km depth. The correlation coefficient, r , and a best-
fitting line (black) are shown. Three groups of vp - coseismic slip character are
given by the coloured rectangles. (b) Points remapped to check whether the
correlation is spatially correlated by adopting the approach of Moreno et al.
(2014). This test shows that the pattern of correlation is laterally continuous,
showing a spatial relationship between vp and coseismic slip for the down-dip part
of the rupture.
A% h(* &e%h (*'3 %he ("% 4^ 1 6$5, )*e!$!) ! (+e&")e& # 70 4Y. N. L!' e% (., 201=5. A% %hee &e%h, v p h(+&e)+e(e ('& v pv s (#+"% !')+e(e %* $*+e %h(' 2 4F!3"+e 7.125.C*$(+!*' * ! !%h e!$!) /e*)!% (% h(* &e%h "33e%%h(% */e++e"+e )*'&!%!*' 4S!'e! e% (., 2005 ('& *>+!3!&!%$(%e+!( (% %he #(e * %he +*'%( +!$ !'h!#!%e& !. The$e)%!%e>!!%e %+('!%!*' $( )*'%+!#"%e %* %h! */e++e"+e 4M**+e('& S(Je+, 20015 ('& !'@"e')e %he %+('!%!*' #e%ee' /e*)!%>
%+e'3%he'!'3 ('& /e*)!%>e(6e'!'3 +!)%!*'( #eh(/!*"+ 4S(Je+('& M(+*'e, 200=5.F*+ %he h!3h +e-"e') (+% * %he +"%"+e 4K!e+ ('& Ih!!, 20115,%he+e ! ( %+!6!'3 /!"( )*++e(%!*' !%h /e*)!% %+")%"+e (*'3 %he(%e !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e 7.1=#5. The *)(%!*' * h!3h +e-"e')e'e+3 +ee(e (e(+ %* %e &*' (+*"'& %he h!3h /e*)!%('*$(!e, !%h $*% e'e+3 )*$!'3 +*$ &eee+ +e3!*' * %he(%e !'%e+()e %h(% h(/e !'%e+$e&!(%e v p ('& ee/(%e& v pv s. H!3h+e-"e') e'e+3 +ee(e &"+!'3 (' e(+%h-"(6e )(' #e )("e& #"&&e' )h('3e !' +"%"+e ee& *+ ! 4M(&(+!(3(, 15. B(e&*' )*e!$!) ! &!%+!#"%!*' 4M*+e'* e% (., 20125, e +**e %h(%
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%he P!)h!e$" ('*$(. I% ! ("!#e %h(% %+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!%!' %he *e+ *+e(+) !'@"e')e& %he &!%+!#"%!*' * (%e !'%e+()e('& h(* )+"%( e!$!)!% **!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e.
T*$*3+(h!) !$(3e +*$ Z((' (* h* ( !$!(+ +e(%!*'h!#e%ee' )+"%( h!3h /e*)!%!e ('& (%e+h*)6 e!$!)!% 4K(%* e%(., 201= 2010#5. S!3'!?)('% (%e+! *))"++e& !' +e3!*' *!'%e+$e&!(%e (%e !'%e+()e v p 4.2.7 6$5 ('& ee/(%e& v pv s 41.821.85 4F!3"+e 7.1=5. Th! ?'&!'3 "33e% %h(% (%e+!**!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e $( h(/e #ee' )*$*!%!*'(&+!/e'.
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Figure 5.15: Comparison between manually determined hypocentral locations
from our tomographic inversion (from onshore and offshore seismic stations) with
those based on automatic onset time determination (from onshore seismic stations
only); (Rietbrock et al., 2012).
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Figure 5.16: Relocated and corrected aftershock locations from the full 2010
catalogue corrected for systematic mislocations. Events with a minimum of 12 P-
wave and 12 S-wave observations are shown. Features are plotted in the same way
as Figure 5.10.
7.8De%h>/(+!'3 +"%"+e +*e+%!e ('& ("%%+")%"+e
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Ch(%e+
SEISMIC SOURCE IMAGING USING FULL><AEFORM ANALYSIS
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#+e(6 '*% %he e'%!+e *"+)e +"%"+e +*)e *+ !'%e+$e&!(%e ('&%+*'3 e(+%h-"(6e 4Mw 7.75, 4K"#* e% (., 20025.A $*+e (&/(')e& $e%h*& * &e%e+$!'(%!*' ! %* !'/e+% *+ %hee!$!) $*$e'% %e'*+ 4he+e(%e+, MT5, h!)h )(' !e& !'*+$(%!*'*' *"+)e *!%!*' ('& %!$!'3, $(3'!%"&e, *)( $e)h('!$, ( e
( )*'%+(!'% *' e;%e'&e& +"%"+e, ! +e-"!+e&. The MT ! '*+$()()"(%e& "!'3 e!$!) (/e*+$ ('(!. I' %h! )h(%e+, e&e)+!#e %he %he*+ * MT ('& %he!+ &e)*$*!%!*'. <e %he'*"%!'e (' !'/e+!*' *+6@*, (!'3 (+%!)"(+ (%%e'%!*' %* %he%!$e>&*$(!' $e%h*& %h(% ! "e& !' Ch(%e+ Se/e' ('& E!3h%. <eh* he+e %h(% $*% ">(/e*+$ MT !'/e+!*' ("$e 1>D%+")%"+( $*&e. A &e%(!e& !' +e/!*" )h(%e+, ")h $*&e(+e !'(+*+!(%e *+ "#&")%!*' *'e, he+e %he+e (+e %+*'3(%e+( /(+!(%!*' !' e!$!) /e*)!%!e. S"#e-"e'%, e &e)+!#eh* %he $e%h*& * !$"(%!'3 ">(/e*+$ !' ( =>D %+")%"+($*&e ('& %he !$!)(%!*' *+ "'&e+%('&!'3 e(+%h-"(6e MT ('&"#"+()e /e*)!% %+")%"+e.
.1M*$e'% %e'*+ %he*+A e!$!) *"+)e )(' #e &e)+!#e& ( %* *+)e ()%!'3 !' **!%e&!+e)%!*' ('& e(+(%e& # ( $( &!%(')e. Th! )*'?3"+(%!*' !6'*' ( ( !'e(+ &!*e. S")h !'3e )*"e (! %* +e+ee'% +e(e!$!) *"+)e ('& (+e #e%%e+ &e)+!#e& # *+%h*3*'( !'e(+&!*e !' ( =>D )**+&!'(%e %e$: ( e!$!) MT. The )*'&!%!*' *e+* 'e% $*$e'% $e(' %h(% %he MT $(%+!; ! $$e%+!) 4 mij=¿
m ji 5, +e&")!'3 %he '!'e ee$e'% %* !; 4( h*' # %he 3+ee&>
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(%e+h*)6, "+()e ("%!'3 *+ +"%"+e &!+e)%!/!% (+e 'ee&e& %*&e%e+$!'e %he ()%!/e ('e 4Z*% ('& He++$('', 185. The *!'% (% h!)h %he MT (+e )()"(%e& ! *$e%!$e ("$e& %*%he e(+%h-"(6e h*)e'%+e 4!.e. %he +"%"+e '")e(%!*' *!'%5. B*/!'3 *+ %he *"+)e *!%!*' ('& *+!3!' %!$e * (+3e+e(+%h-"(6e, D!e*'6! e% (. 415 *"'& &!)+e(')!e #e%ee'%he *)(%!*' 3!/e' # %he MT, ('& %h(% * %he h*)e'%+e. I% ()*')"&e& %h(% MT (+e e'!%!/e %* %he +"%"+e centroid: %he*)(%!*' ('& %!$e * 3+e(%e% !. Th", %he centroid #o#enttensor 4CMT5 3!/e ( e!3h%e& $e(' *!%!*' * %he *"+)e !' ()e('& %!$e. Ce'%+*!& %!$e $( #e (+*;!$(%e& ( h( * %he *"+)e
&"+(%!*' 4U&f( e% (., 2015.
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MT, h!)h )(' #e e;(!'e& ( e-"!/(e'% *+)e 4e.3. Z*% ('&
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( 6.3 )
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The &e/!(%*+!) (+% )(' #e "#e-"e'% &e)*$*e& !' $('&!Je+e'% (. O'e $e%h*& &e)*$*e !'%* $(*+> ('& $!'*+>)*"e h*e/e+, $*+e )*$$*' "e& ! &e)*$*!%!*' !'%*co#pensated linear vector dipole 4CLD5 ('& double:couple 4DC5)*$*'e'%:
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e(+%h-"(6e !% ! &e?'e& ( ( "&&e' )h('3e !' he(+ $*&""'*+$( %* %he ("% ('e, !%h*"% /*"$e )h('3e. A CLD!')+e(e, %he -"(&+('% &!%+!#"%!*' * %he *)( $e)h('!$#e)*$e $*+e &!%*+%e&.
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2#+V.=2001 ( 6.6 )
2.# =100(1−2 1) ( 6.7 )
MT !%h ( &e(+%"+e +*$ "+e DC ("%!'3 $( +*/!&e !'!3h% *'e)!( +"%"+e he'*$e'( 4F+*h!)h, 1 Z"!(' e% (., 185.Se/e+( h!)( e;('(%!*' * * DC h(/e #ee' +**e&, e%$(' %"&!e "33e% %h(% '*'>DC )*$*'e'% $( #e (+%!?)!(('& +e-"!+e )(+e" !'%e++e%(%!*'. Ph!)( *+!3!' * '*'>DCe(+%h-"(6e !')"&e "'%e(& @"!& @*, %e'!e> ('& he(+>("%!'3
*' )"+/e& %+")%"+e 4e.3. Z"!(' e% (., 185. N*'>DC e(+%h-"(6e%!)( *))"+ !' /*)('!) ('& 3e*%he+$( (+e(, ( e ( !' &ee4 170 6$5 (+% * "#&")%e& (# 4F+*h!)h, 2005 &"e %*)*$e; +"%"+e $e)h('!$. N*'>DC e(+%h-"(6e $( (* +e"%+*$ !$"%('e*" +"%"+e *' $*+e %h(' *'e ("% 4F+*h!)h, 200V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 2008)5, 4ee Se)%!*' ..5, (%h*"3h $"%!e "#>e/e'% !%h (+(e ("% ('e, ! &!+e)%!*' *+ !'%e+$e&!(%e%+e (;e $( '*% (( !e& ( * DC *+ ( !'3e e/e'%4Z"!(' e% (., 185. M*+e*/e+, A&($*/ ('& fe'i 420105 (+3"e%h(% '*'>DC )*$*'e'% * $*&e+(%e%+*'3 e(+%h-"(6e $(
)*$e +*$ %he +(&!(%!*' &!+e)%!/!% eJe)% * e;%e'&e& +"%"+e.E(+%h-"(6e !%h * DC )(' +e"% +*$ he%e+*3e'e!% ('&('!*%+* * %he h*% $e&!"$ )*e %* %he *"+)e 4A&($*/( ('&S!e', 2010 Z"!(' e% (., 185.V(h+(&'!6 e% (. 42008)5 &e$*'%+(%e %h(% he' %he %!$!'3 *+*!%!*' "e& !' (' MT )()"(%!*' ! !')*++e)%, DC )(' %(6e/!+%"( (' /("e. A%e+'(%!/e, h!3h CLD )*$*'e'% $( (+!e&"e %* e++*+ *+ '*!e !' %he *#e+/e& (/e*+$, (' !')*++e)%E(+%h $*&e, *+ '*'>!'e(+ (/e +*(3(%!*' eJe)%. F*+ $"%!e+"%"+e, DC )(' #e &ee'&e'% *' %he $*$e'% +(%!* #e%ee'"#>e/e'%. DC $( (* #e &ee'&e'% *' %(%!*' )*/e+(3e
4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 2008)5.F!'(, ('*%he+ &e)*$*!%!*' %h(% ! )*$$*' "e& )*'/e+% %he
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MT !'%* ("% ('e 3e*$e%+!e. A6! ('& R!)h(+& 41805 &e+!/e&+e(%!*'h! #e%ee' %+!6e, ϕ , &!, δ ('& +(6e, 3 * (he(+ &!*)(%!*' *"+)e 4("% ('e5 ( )((+ e!$!) $*$e'%,
M 0 , ('& !'&!/!&"( MT )*$*'e'%, mij :
M 11=− M 0(sin
δ cos
3sin 2
ϕ +sin 2
δ sin
3sin
2
ϕ )( 6.8 )
M 12=− M 0(sin δ cos 3 cos2ϕ +0.5 sin 2 δ sin 3 sin 2ϕ ) ( 6.9 )
M 13=− M 0(cos δ cos 3 cos ϕ + sin 2 δ sin 3 sin ϕ ) ( 6.10 )
M 22=− M 0(sinδ cos 3 sin 2ϕ −sin 2δ sin 3 cos2ϕ ) ( 6.11 )
M 23=− M 0(cos δ cos 3 sin ϕ −cos2 δ sin 3 cos ϕ ) ( 6.12 )
M 33= M
0sin 2δ sin 3 ( 6.13 )
.=M*$en% %e'*+ !'/e+!*'O'e ( * )()"(%!'3 MT ! %* "e e!$!) (/e ($!%"&e 4e.3.fe'i ('& M!e/, 20085, h!)h (+e !'e(+ "')%!*' * MT)*$*'e'%, )*'%(!'!'3 $*+e !'*+$(%!*' %h(' *(+!%!e (*'e. The!'he+e'% +*#e$ !%h "!'3 ($!%"&e ! %he!+ e'!%!/!% %*%+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!%!e !' %he "#"+()e. A$!%"&e +(%!* 4PS,PSH *+ SHS5 +e&")e %hee eJe)% ('& )(' (* */e *+ '*'>DC$e)h('!$ 4e.3. H(+&e#e)6 ('& She(+e+, 2002 Ze)h"$%*/ ('&fe'i, 2007 S'*6e, 200=5. H*e/e+, ($!%"&e +(%!* (+e '*'>!'e(+ "')%!*' * %he MT, $(6!'3 !'/e+!*' &!)"% 4Z"!(' e% (.,185.<(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' ! (&/('%(3e*" */e+ *(+!% ('& ($!%"&e$e%h*& #e)("e !% &*e '*% +e-"!+e e+e)% (!$"%h( )*/e+(3e4V(h+(&'!6 ('& C"%X&!*, 2012(5 ('& +e(%!/e e $e("+e$e'%(+e +e-"!+e& %* 3e'e+(%e %(#e *"%!*' 4C($" e% (., 1
D+e3e+ ('& B. S(/(3e, 15. <(/e*+$ )(' #e "e& %* )()"(%e*"+)e>%!$e "')%!*', *"+)e *!%!*' ('& %!$!'3, ( e ( */!'3*+ e;%e'&e& +"%"+e ('& %!$e>&ee'&e'% $e)h('!$ 4Z"!(' e%(., 185. F">(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' )(' #e )(++!e& *"% !' e!%he+ %he%!$e> 4e.3. He++$('' e% (., 20115 *+ +e-"e')>&*$(!' 4e.3.R*$('*!), 1825. D!Je+e'% %e * e!$!) (/e )(' #e "e&!' %he !'/e+!*', !')"&!'3 #*& (/e, "+()e (/e ('& +ee*)!(%!*'. H*e/e+, ( '*%e& # Z"!(' e% (. 4185, %he $e%h*&! !$!%e& # %he ())"+() * !reens functions 4GF5, %he !$"e+e*'e * %he "#"+()e. Fe $e%h*& e;!% %h(% (* GF %* #e)()"(%e& !' )*$e; %+")%"+( $*&e, * $*% (/e*+$!'/e+!*' "e * +e-"e')!e 4e.3. ^ 0.1 H5 %* 'e3(%e %+")%"+(he%e+*3e'e!%.
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A ?+% !&e'%!?e& # G!#e+% 41=5, %he +e(%!*'h! #e%ee'ee$e'% * GF ('& %he MT (* %he !'/e+!*' * "+()e&e*+$(%!*' *#e+/(%!*'. G+*"'& &!()e$e'%, xs (t ) ! !'e(++e(%e& %* %he MT )*$*'e'%, # = ('& GF, !i= !' %he **!'3+e(%!*'h!:
x$ ( t )=∑n=1
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d=Gm ( 6.15 )
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+e-"e')>&*$(!', E-'. .17 ! 3!/e' e(+(%e *+ e()h +e-"e')('& d )*'%(!' %he +e( ('& !$(3!'(+ (+% * %he &!()e$e'%e)%+(. Ge'e+(, G ! ( n 46 $(%+!; )*'%(!'!'3 GF )()"(%e&"!'3 a priori %+")%"+( $*&e, ('& m ! ( /e)%*+ )*'%(!'!'3 %he!; 4*+ !' %he )(e * &e/!(%*+!) !'/e+!*', ?/e5 MT ee$e'% 4e.3.
Z*% ('& He++$('', 185. The MT +*#e$ ! */e+>&e%e+$!'e&!')e *#e+/(%!*' %!)( e;)ee& %he '"$#e+ * "'6'*' MT(+($e%e+. Th", E-'. .17 ! 3e'e+( */e& "!'3 e(% -"(+e!'/e+!*':
G
(¿¿ T G)−1
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dm=¿
( 6.16 )
I'/e+!*' )he$e *%e' */e *+ " CMT *"%!*' !')e MT)*$*'e'% %!)( %+(&e>*J !%h *)(%!*' 4D!e*g6! ('&<**&h*"e, 18=5. I' %he **!'3 e)%!*', e &e)+!#e %he e(%-"(+e CMT !'/e+!*' )he$e %h(% ! "e& !' Ch(%e+ ('& 8 *%h! %he!.
.T!$e>&*$(!' ">(/e*+$ $*$e'% %e'*+
!'/e+!*'CMT !'/e+!*' )*'!% * e/e+( %(3e, *+ e;($e, %he )(+e"ee)%!*', +*)e!'3 ('& ('(! * e!$!) +e)*+&, h!)h (+e!$*+%('% *+ *#%(!'!'3 %(#e *"%!*'. A' !'%e+()%!/e 3+(h!)((+*()h ! *'e ( %* )(++ *"% %hee %(6. The+e*+e, S*6* ('&V(h+(&'!6 42005 &e/e*e& %he ISOLA>GUI *%(+e ()6(3e, (MATLAB 3+(h!)( "e+ !'%e+()e h!)h "e %he F*+%+(' )*&e *V(h+(&'!6 e% (. 420075 *+ CMT !'/e+!*'. ISOLA (&(% %he K!6")h!('& K('($*+! 4115 MT !'/e+!*' $e%h*& *+ *)( ('& +e3!*'((/e*+$ (!)(%!*'. I' %h! e)%!*', e &e)+!#e ('& e;(!' %he%+(%e3 * %!$e>&*$(!' ">(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' "!'3 ISOLA 4(
"$$(+!e& !' F!3"+e .15. <e ?+% e;(!' !% "(3e *+ !'3e*!'%>*"+)e (+*;!$(%!*' !' Se)%!*' ..=. ISOLA )(' (* #e
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"e& *+ e;%e'&e& +"%"+e ('& $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !%"(%!*',h!)h ! "#e-"e'% &!)"e& !' Se)%!*' ...ISOLA h( #ee' "e& !' ( !&e +('3e * %e)%*'!) e%%!'3. E;($e* !% "e *+ (+3e +"%"+e !')"&e %he 2011 M .0 T*h*6">O6!,
Z((' 4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 20115, %he 2010 M .2 (', T"+6e
4V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015 ('& %he M .= L9A-"!(, I%( 4G(*/!)('& V(h+(&'!6, 20125 e(+%h-"(6e. The (3*+!%h$ h( (* #ee'(!e& %* $(!'%e+$e&!(%e !e& e(+%h-"(6e 4e.3. A3"+%* e% (.,2012 S*6* e% (., 2012 V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 2008#5 ('&$!)+*e(+%h-"(6e 4F*%f6*/ e% (., 20105.
..1P+e>+*)e!'3, ?%e+!'3 ('& %(%!*' ee)%!*'
The +e!(#!!% * CMT !'/e+!*' $(!' &ee'& *' %he -"(!% ('&($*"'% * (/(!(#e (/e*+$, ( e ( %(%!*' )*/e+(3e (!'/e+!*' h*"& #e3!' !%h )(+e" ('(! * (/e*+$ 4F!3"+e
.15. D(%( (+e )!e& *+ )*'%(!' 3!%)he h*"& #e +e$*/e&4D!e*g6! e% (., 1815. F"+%he+$*+e, (/e*+$ h*"& #e)he)6e& *+ %he 'e(+>?e& eJe)% * e+$('e'% &!()e$e'%, %!%!'3('& +*%(%!*' 4V(h+(&'!6 ('& Pej!'3e+, 20105. Thee &!%"+#(')e)(' #e (+%!)"(+ %+*'3 (% * +e-"e')!e 4M(e+)6!' e% (.,20115. Signal:to:noise ratio 4SNR5 h*"& (* #e (ee& %*e'"+e %h(% !3'( (+e '*% &*$!'(%e& # '(%"+( *+ !'%+"$e'%('*!e !%h!' %he +('3e * +e-"e')!e )*'!&e+e&. D"+!'3 +e>+*)e!'3, !'%+"$e'% +e*'e ! +e$*/e& ('& *#e+/e&(/e*+$ (+e )*'/e+%e& %* &!()e$e'%. L!'e(+ %+e'& ('& %he
%+()e $e(' (+e (* +e$*/e& 4F!3"+e .15.
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Figure 6.1: Schematic workflow of time-domain moment tensor inversion using the
ISOLA software package, showing the steps required and selection of parameters.
The 'e;% %e ! %* #('&( ?%e+ (/e*+$. The ($!%"&e+e*'e * %he ?%e+ ! &e'*%e& # *"+ +e-"e')!e: f 2, f 0, f =, f ,
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&e?'!'3 ( )*!'e %(e+ (% !% e&3e, ('& ( @(% +e*'e #e%ee' f 0 ('& f 6 4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 2008)5. The +e-"e') +('3e "e& &ee'&*' e/e+( ()%*+ ('& h*"& #e )(+e" !'/e%!3(%e& %* e'"+e (+e!(#e MT *"%!*' 4F!3"+e .15. The '*!e e/e * %he (/e*+$,&e%e+$!'e& %h+*"3h SNR ('(!, !$!% %he *e% "(#e
+e-"e') 4f 2, f 0<. V(h+(&'!6 ('& C"%X&!* 42012(5 h* %h(% MT*"%!*' (+e $*+e %(#e he' (/e*+$ )*'%(!' * +e-"e')!3'( 4^ 0.07 H5. S!$!(+, %he h!3he% "(#e +e-"e') 4f 6, f 9< !(* '*!e>&ee'&e'%, ee)!( *+ e(6e+ e/e'%, h*e(/e*+$ $( #e )*'%($!'(%e& # %he $!)+*e!$!) '*!e e(6 !'%he +e-"e') +('3e 0.20. H. The "e+ +e-"e') !$!% (*&ee'& *' e!)e'%+( &!%(')e ('& %he ())"+() * GF 4e.3.V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015. I' %he )(e * ( *!'%>*"+)e(+*;!$(%!*' ('& ( &e%( $*$e'%>+(%e "')%!*', %he "e+#('&( )"%>*J 4f 6, f 9< h*"& #e *e+ %h(' %he )*+'e+ +e-"e'),
f c * %he e(+%h-"(6e 4he+e 5 c1
τ , !' h!)h τ ! %he *"+)e&"+(%!*'5. I f 9 D f c, ( *"+)e !%h ?'!%e &"+(%!*' h*"& #e "e&. T*)*$!)(%e %he $(%%e+ "+%he+, 5 c $( #e %(%!*'>&ee'&e'% &"e%* &!+e)%!/!% eJe)%.
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h!)h %e'& %* h(/e +e(%!/e h(* &e%h 4^ =0 6$5. T(6!'3 %he%(%!*' )*/e+(3e %* ( $*+e e;%+e$e )e'(+!*, *+6e+ h(/e (*!'/e%!3(%e& MT !'/e+!*' "!'3 %h+ee>)*$*'e'% (/e*+$+e)*+&e& (% ( !'3e %(%!*' 4D+e3e+ ('& He$#e+3e+, 1=V(h+(&'!6 ('& C"%X&!*, 2012(5. Thee %"&!e *"'& %h(% !'3e>%(%!*' MT !'/e+!*' ! $*+e ())"+(%e he' * +e-"e') !3'((+e (/(!(#e, #"% *"%!*' $( ()6 %(#!!%.
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I' %h! e)%!*', e &e)+!#e %he 3e'e+( (3*+!%h$ "e& !' ISOLA %*)()"(%e !'3e *!'%>*"+)e MT *"%!*'. ISOLA )(' */e *+e!%he+ %he " MT 4DC CLD ISOTROPIC5, %he &e/!(%*+!) MT 4DC CLD5 *+ *+ ( "+e>DC )*'%+(!'e& *"+)e 4F!3"+e .15. TheK!6")h! ('& K('($*+! 4115 $e%h*& ! (&*%e&, !' h!)h, %he MT4#+=5 ! +e+ee'%e& # %he "$ * !; ee$e'%(+ %e'*+, Mn 4?/e"+e>DC *"+)e ('& *'e e;*!/e *"+)e T(#e .15, e()h
e!3h%e& # an:
mkj=∑n=1
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x (+e ( "')%!*' * %he )"$"(%!/e "$ * & $*$e'%>+(%e %e'*+,M )*'/*/e& !%h (%!( &e+!/(%!/e * GF:
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%* )*'%+(!' %he 3+!& %* ( 3!/e' ('e 4e.3. Q"!'%e+* e% (., 201V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015.
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F*+ $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*', ISOLA )(' %(6e %* &!Je+e'%(+*()he. The ?+% $e%h*& ! iterative deconvolution 4ID5. ID*+6 # %e$(%!)( 3+!& e(+)h!'3 */e+ ( e% * *!'%>*"+)e*' ( 3!/e' ('e %* $!'!$!e %he L2 $!?% #e%ee' *#e+/e& ('&'%he%!) (/e*+$ 4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 20075. E()h *!'%>*"+)e, Mi
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")h ( %he "#&")%!*' $e3(%h+"% ('& %he )*'%!'e'%( M*h* 4eeCh(%e+ T*5. I'%e(&, nite:ele#ents 4FE5 $( #e (/*"+e& &"e %*%he!+ @e;!#!!% !' h*'*"+!'3 3e**3!)( &!)*'%!'"!%!e (%h*"3h %he!+)()"(%!*' )*$e (% ( h!3h )*$"%(%!*'( )*%.I' %h! %he!, e "e %he spectral:ele#ent #ethod 4he+e(%e+,
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I' %h! %he!, e "e %he SEM>#(e& *%(+e ()6(3e, SPEC@EM6FCartesian 4e.3. Pe%e+ e% (., 20115 %* $*&e (/e*+$ +*$e(+%h-"(6e !' %he )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e. S!$"(%!*' (+e)()"(%e& "!'3 (' ())"+(%e %+")%"+( $*&e #(e& *' %he =>D v p ('& v pv s $*&e &e)+!#e& !' Ch(%e+ F!/e. I' SPECFEM=D, e!$!)*"+)e (+e &e?'e& # %he!+ !; MT )*$*'e'%, %!$e h!%, )e'%+*!&*)(%!*' ('& h( &"+(%!*' * %he *"+)e>%!$e "')%!*'. A%%e'"(%!*'! )()"(%e& # (' e$!+!)( +e(%!*'h! %h(% ! +e(%e& %* v s 4Oe'e% (., 2005.
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20085, h!)h "e ( P%h*' !'%e+()e %* e'& $eh!'3 )*$$('&!' (+(e. Th! )*&e )(' 3e'e+(%e he;(he&+( $ehe %h(% h*'*"+"+()e %**3+(h ('& 3e**3!)( &!)*'%!'"!%!e. I' %h! %he!, ee% $eh ee$e'% %* %+!!)(%e (#*/e 0 6$, (' (/e+(3e &e%h *+%he M*h* !' )e'%+( Ch!e 4Ch(%e+ F*"+ ('& F!/e5. Th! ?'e+
()!'3 (* ())"+(%e !$"(%!*' !' (+e( * * v s, ")h ( %he$(+!'e *+e(+), ('& 3+e(%e+ ee$e'% ()!'3 !' h!3h v p +e3!*' (%&e%h %* +e&")e )*$"%(%!*'( e;e'e # (*!'3 ( (+3e+ %!$e%e. I' %h! %he!, %he "e+ $eh "+()e ! #(e& *' h!3h>+e*"%!*' $*&e * %**3+(h ('& #(%h$e%+ *+ %he )e'%+(Ch!e $(+3!'. <e "e %he 0 $ +e*"%!*' Sh"%%e R(&(+
T**3+(h!) M!!*' &!3!%( ee/(%!*' $*&e ('& %he =0 Ge'e+(B(%h$e%+!) Ch(+% * %he O)e(' 4GEBCO5 &(%(e%.
.S"$$(+ Th! )h(%e+ h( &e)+!#e& ('& e;(!'e& ( &e%(!e& *+6@* *">(/e*+$ MT !'/e+!*' %h(% )()"(%e e!%he+ !'3e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' *+ $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' *+ )*$e;+"%"+e. The (%%e+ $e%h*& *+$ %he #(! * %he **!'3)h(%e+, h!)h *)"e *' &e%(!e& *"+)e +*)ee * (+3e"#&")%!*' e(+%h-"(6e. S!'3e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*' * $(e+e(+%h-"(6e ! !$e$e'%e& %* +*/!&e !'&ee'&e'% e/!&e')e *+()%!/e ("%!'3 (&()e'% %* %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e 4Ch(%e+Se/e' ('& E!3h%5. M(' $e%h*& (+e (/(!(#e %* $e("+e$*&e!'3 ('& &(%( "')e+%(!'%!e, h!)h h*"& #e "e& %* (e%he %(#!!% * MT *"%!*'. I'%e++e%!'3 '*'>DC e(+%h-"(6e
+e$(!' ( )h(e'3e: *'>3*!'3 &e#(%e h* h* '*'>DCe(+%h-"(6e )(' #e (%%+!#"%e& %* #*%h ("%!'3 )*$e;!% ('&(+%e()% &"e %* ("$%!*' "e& !' (/e*+$ $*&e!'3.
The+e*+e, %he !'%e++e%(%!*' * )*$e; MT +e-"!+e )(+e")*'!&e+(%!*'.R*"3h %**3+(h ('& %+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!% )(' %+*'3 (Je)%(/e*+$ * e(+%h-"(6e %h(% (+e +e)*+&e& (% %he "+()e. T*!"%+(%e %h! *!'%, (/e*+$ #(e& *' +e(!%!) =>D %+")%"+e )('!$+*/e (/e*+$ ?% !' MT !'/e+!*' # $*+e %h(' 70 4R($*>M(+%f'e ('& M)Me)h(', 20015. =>D eJe)% (+e !6e %* #e+*$!'e'% !' ( "#&")%!*' *'e, e% '* "#!he& %"&!e h(/e
!'/e%!3(%e& %h! %*!). A&/(')e$e'% !' %h! ?e& ! +*#(# !$!%e&&"e %* e/e+( ()%*+, !')"&!'3 %he ()6 * h!3h>-"(!% #+*(&#('&&(%(, %he h*+%(3e * e>)*'%+(!'e& /e*)!% $*&e, ('& %heh!3h )*$"%(%!*'( )*% * =>D !$"(%!*'. The )e'%+( Ch!e"#&")%!*' *'e +*/!&e ( '(%"+( (#*+(%*+ %* (e =>D (/e+*(3(%!*', &"e %* %he (/(!(#!!% * ( &e%(!e& %+")%"+( $*&e4( +ee'%e& !' Ch(%e+ F*"+ ('& F!/e5 ('& e;%e'!/e #+*(&#('&+e)*+&!'3 * (%e+h*)6 **!'3 %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e. I' %he**!'3 )h(%e+, e &e$*'%+(%e h* ">(/e*+$ !$"(%!*')(' #e "e& h* h* MT *"%!*' * *Jh*+e "#&")%!*'
e(+%h-"(6e $( #e #!(e&. <e (* "e =>D !$"(%!*' %*e%(#!h h* %+e ! %+('e++e& +*$ (%e !'%e+()e ! %*
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(&()e'% ("% !' %he "e+ (%e. I' Ch(%e+ E!3h%, e (* (eh* ">(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' )(' #e "e& %* +*/!&e (&&!%!*'()*'%+(!'% *' "#"+()e /e*)!% %+")%"+e.
Ch(%e+
SEISMIC SLIP ON AN UPPER PLATE NORMAL FAULT DURING A LARGE
SUBDUCTION MEGATHRUST RUPTURE Th! )h(%e+ ! +*$ ( (e+ %h(% h( #ee' +e"#$!%%e& (%e+*!%!/e +ee+ee )*$$e'% *+ "#!)(%!*'h( #ee' "#!he& !'&ature !eoscience. The $('")+!% ( ?+% "#$!%%e& *' Z"'e 1,2017 ('&, ())e%e& *+ "#!)(%!*' *' Se%e$#e+ 2=, 2017, ('&"#!he& *'!'e *' N*/e$#e+ 1, 2017. The ! )"++e'% !' +e/!e4+e"#$!%%e& *' A"3"% 11, 20175 !%(e+ ! +!%%e' # S%ehe'H!)6 4$(!' ("%h*+5 ('& A'&+e( R!e%#+*)6 4U'!/e+!% * L!/e+**5.
Th! +ee(+)h ( %he +!$(+ *)" * $ PhD +ee(+)h &"+!'3
Se%e$#e+ M( 201 Z"'e 2017. The Me%h*& e)%!*' ('&S"e$e'%(+ I'*+$(%!*' * %he "#$!%%e& $('")+!% (+e!')*+*+(%e& !'%* %he $(!' #*& * %h! )h(%e+. Th! +ee(+)h (%he +!$(+ *)" * $ PhD +*e)% &"+!'3 Z" 201 Z"'e 2017.
The (!$ * %h! )h(%e+ ! %* (e * ( *"+)e )*$e;!% * ($e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e # e+*+$!'3 $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e!'/e+!*' * *)( +e)*+&e& e!$!) (/e*+$ 4Ke A!$ 25. <e(* "e !$"(%!*' * =>D (/e +*(3(%!*' %* (e *!#e#!(e !' *"+)e $e)h('!$ (+($e%e+. The +e"% !"%+(%e h*! *' %he (%e !'%e+()e +e*'& %* %+")%"+( he%e+*3e'e!% !'%he "e+ (%e (% h*+% %!$e)(e.
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M('")+!% (#%+()%
U'&e+%('&!'3 %he &!%+!#"%!*' * ("% ! &"+!'3 (+3e "#&")%!*'
*'e e(+%h-"(6e ! /!%( *+ -"('%!!'3 ())"$"(%!*' ('& +ee(e* %e)%*'!) %+ee &"+!'3 %he e!$!) ))e. S! !'/e+!*' (+e%!)( )*'%+(!'e& %* ( !'3e 6'*' ("% ('e. H*e/e+, !$( *))"+ *' $"%!e ("% &"e %* %+e %+!33e+!'3, +e"%!'3 !'he'*$e'( ")h ( e(+%h-"(6e &*"#e%. <h!e ")h he'*$e'((+e +e*+%e& *+ ("% !%h!' %he "#&")%!'3 (%e, %he+e (+e '*&*)"$e'%e& )(e * +(!& %+e %+!33e+!'3 +*$ %he (%e!'%e+()e %* ("% !' %he */e++!&!'3 (%e. B ('(!'3 *)( e!$!)(/e*+$, e h* %h(% (' Mw .1 e(+%h-"(6e !' %he Ch!e"#&")%!*' *'e, ("$e& %* h(/e ( !$e $e)h('!$ * (%e!'%e+()e %h+"%!'3, ( )*$*e& * %* +"%"+e *' e(+(%e
("%. <!%h!' 12 e)*'&, ( (%e !'%e+()e %h+"% e/e'% %+!33e+e& ((+3e +"%"+e *' (' "e+ (%e '*+$( ("% =0 6$ ((. Th!)*'?3"+(%!*' * ( (+%!%!*'e& +"%"+e ! )*'!%e'% !%h '*+$(("%!'3 !' %he e'"!'3 (%e+h*)6 e-"e')e. O"+ +e"% +*/!&e'e e/!&e')e *+ !'%('%('e*" %+!33e+!'3 * e!$!) ! !' %he"e+ (%e )("e& # ( (%e !'%e+()e +"%"+e. The "e+ (%e+"%"+e ( $(6e& +*$ %eee!$!) (/e*+$ ('& '*% +e*+%e&!' 3*#( $*$e'% %e'*+ *"%!*'. O"+ ?'&!'3 *e 'e)h(e'3e *+ +e(>%!$e %"'($! (+'!'3 %e$ !' %he &e%e)%!*'* h(* "e+ (%e +"%"+e.
.1I'%+*&")%!*'A +e)e'% "))e!*' * (+3e 4Mw 85 e(+%h-"(6e !' )!+)"$>P()!?)"#&")%!*' *'e h( *)"e& (%%e'%!*' *' %he +e(%!*'h!#e%ee' h!)( +*e+%!e ('& %+e &!%+!#"%!*' (*'3 %he$e3(%h+"% (%e !'%e+()e. Se!$!) +"%"+e (*'3 %he $e3(%h+"%)(' #e /!ee& ( $**%h ('& (%!( /(+!'3 (%)he * ! *' (!'3e ("% !' %h! )(e, %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e 4e.3.M*+e'* e% (., 20125. The ("% 3e*$e%+ "e& !' e(+ )*e!$!)! $*&e ! "'&e+!''e& # )e'%+*!& $*$e'% %e'*+ 4CMT5*"%!*' *%e' +e*+%e& # e(+%h-"(6e $*'!%*+!'3 (3e')!e.
A%h*"3h $*+e *h!%!)(%e& ! !'/e+!*' "e )"+/e& ("% #(e&*' +e3!*'( "#&")%!*' 3e*$e%+ 4e.3. H(e e% (., 20125, ! !'e(+ (( (!3'e& %* ( !'3e ("%.A' (%e+'(%!/e +"%"+e )*'?3"+(%!*' ! ! *))"++!'3 *' e(+(%e("% &"e %* %(%!) *+ &'($!) %+!33e+!'3 +*)ee 4F+ee&, 2005,+e"%!'3 !' he'*$e'( ")h ( &*"#e% 4e.3. A$$*' e% (., 20085.A &*"#e% ! %he *))"++e')e * %* 'e(+# e(+%h-"(6e !%h !$!(+$(3'!%"&e. The %!$e &e( #e%ee' +"%"+e )(' +('3e +*$$*'%h 4e.3. A$$*' e% (., 20085 %* e)*'& 4L( e% (., 201=5.M(' &*)"$e'%e& )(e * "#&")%!*' *'e &*"#e% !'/*/e%+!33e+!'3 #e%ee' %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e ('& &ee>+**%e&("% !' %he &*'3*!'3 (%e 4A$$*' e% (., 2008 L( e% (.,2010#5. A%h*"3h %he !$!)(%!*' *+ %"'($! h((+& (+e
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!3'!?)('%, %he+e (+e '* +e*+%e& )(e * +(!& %+!33e+!'3 +*$ %he(%e !'%e+()e %* %he "e+ (%e, he+e %he+e (+e )*$e; ("%!'3'e%*+6 4A"&!' e% (., 2008 Me'!)6 e% (., 2005. T* +e*/e%+!33e+e& ("%!'3 !' ")h )(e, &e'e *)( e!$!) *#e+/(%!*'(+e 'ee&e&. A +e3!*' !%h ( "!%(# &e'e 'e%*+6 *
e!$*$e%e+ ! %he )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e (%e+ %he Mw 8.8M("e e(+%h-"(6e !' 2010. The e'"!'3 (%e+h*)6 e-"e')e ()(%"+e& !' &e%(! # %he I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6De*$e'% 4e.3. Be)6 e% (., 201 R!e%#+*)6 e% (., 20125.
Briginti$e;U(C<
Longitude ;=<
Latitude;=<
7epth
;$<!e%.
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d20:20:17 >=.82 >=8. =
Th! %"&37
relocated
20:20:17 >=.= >=8.7 2=
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20:20:11 >=. >=8.= 18
Ce'%+*S!$*X3!)*
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U#?#EIC
20:20:1 >=.== >=8.= 2USGS>NEIC
420115
?2'
?EB2B 20:20.1 >2.== >=8.2= 12
GFV>GEOFON
420115Table 7.1: Hypocentral estimates for the Araucania earthquake.
He+e, e *)" *' %he (+3e% !'%e+(%e (%e+h*)6 * %he M("ee-"e')e: %he Mw .1 A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e %h(% *))"++e& *' 2
Z('"(+ 2011 (% 20:20:18 UTC 4T(#e .15. B(e& *' CMT *"%!*'&e+!/e& +*$ %eee!$!) (/e*+$ 4F!3"+e .1 T(#e .25, %heA+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e (e(+ %* #e ( W%+(!3h%*+(+&9 (%e!'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 e/e'% 4E6%+$ e% (., 2012 U'!%e& S%(%eGe**3!)( S"+/e N(%!*'( E(+%h-"(6e I'*+$(%!*' Ce'%e+, 20115.
I% e!)e'%+e( +e3!*' !e %h(% ()%e& ( ( #(++!e+ &"+!'3 %he 10Mw .7 (&!/!( 4M*+e'* e% (., 2005 ('& 2010 Mw 8.8. M("e4M*+e'* e% (., 2012 R!e%#+*)6 e% (., 20125 e(+%h-"(6e 4F!3"+e.15. M*+e*/e+, %he "e+ (%e !' %h! (+e( ! he(/! ("%e&4Me'!)6 e% (., 200 M*+e'* e% (., 20125. The+e*+e, %he A+(")('!(e(+%h-"(6e ! (' !&e( )('&!&(%e %* e;($!'e *!#e )*''e)%!*'#e%ee' %he (%e !'%e+()e ('& "e+ (%e ("%.
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Figure 7.1: Location map of the Araucania earthquake. Stations used for moment
tensor inversion are labelled by their corresponding station code. Other stations
are used for hypocentre relocation only. Shading indicates rupture areas of great
earthquakes in 1960 (Moreno et al., 2009) and 2010 (Moreno et al., 2012). Inset:
Regional plate tectonic setting.
I' %h! )h(%e+, e "e ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*' * +e3!*'(e!$!) &(%( 4S*6* ('& V(h+(&'!6, 200 V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 20075.C*$(+e& %* $*+e )*'/e'%!*'( ! !'/e+!*' (*'3 +e>&e?'e&("% ('e 4M*+e'* e% (., 20125 ('& !'3e *!'%>*"+)e CMT!'/e+!*' 4E6%+$ e% (., 20125, e )(' +e%+!e/e !'&!/!&"()e'%+*!& %!$e ('& (* $"%!e ("%!'3 %e *' ( 3+!& * %+!(*!'%>*"+)e. A &e%(!e& "'&e+%('&!'3 * =>D )+"%( /e*)!%%+")%"+e 4Ch(%e+ F*"+ ('& F!/e5 e'"+e +e!(#e (/e*+$!'/e+!*'. S'%he%!) %e% h* %h(% e )(' ())"+(%e +e*/e (+('3e * e;%e'&e& *"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*' !%h *Jh*+e +"%"+e "!'3*'h*+e e!$!) %(%!*'. A' !'/e+!*' * *#e+/e& (/e*+$+e/e( %h(% %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e ( )*$*e& * %*+"%"+e: %he ?+% &"e %* %h+"%!'3 *' %he (%e !'%e+()e %hee)*'&, ee/e' e)*'& (%e+, *))"++e& &"e %* ! *' (' "e+(%e '*+$( ("%.
.2M(!'h*)6 h*)e'%+e +e*)(%!*'<e $('"( !)6e& P> ('& S>(/e *'e% %!$e (% #*%h *'h*+e ('&*Jh*+e %(%!*' (% ^ 170 6$ &!%(')e 4F!3"+e .15. The *'e% %!$ee+e %he' !'/e+%e& *+ %he h*)e'%+( *)(%!*' !'!&e *"+ *)( =>D
/e*)!% $*&e 4Ch(%e+ F!/e5. O"+ +e*)(%e& h*)e'%+e !e(+*;!$(%e h(( #e%ee' %he )*(%!'e ('& I( M*)h(, =0
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6$ %* %he '*+%h * %he USGS )e'%+*!& ('& 3CMT *"%!*' 4F!3"+e.1, T(#e .15. The h*)e'%+( &e%h * 2= 6$ ! )*'!%e'% !%h%he *)(%!*' * %he "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e, #(e& *' *"+!'&ee'&e'% e%!$(%e * +e3!*'( (# 3e*$e%+ 4Ch(%e+ F!/e5. The(+3e &!)+e(') !' %he CSN 4Ce'%+* S!$*X3!)* N()!*'(5 *)(%!*'
4=0 6$ +e(%!/e %* *"+ =>D +e*)(%!*'5 ! &"e %* =>D e!$!) /e*)!%/(+!(%!*' %h(% )(''*% #e ())*"'%e& *+ "!'3 ( 1>D /e*)!% $*&e"!'3 *'h*+e %(%!*' *'. Th! $!*)(%!*' ! (* &e$*'%+(%e&# *"+ *' *)(%!*' "!'3 ( 1>D /e*)!% $*&e 4T(#e .15.
Centroid Mo$ent tensor !e%.
Long. ;=<
Lat.;=<
7epth
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odalplane "
odalplane *
@7C
Mw
!egional CM(
>=.= >=8.7 2=
=7181
18= 8 .0
/hisstudy
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>=.=7 >=8.= 2 1111
7118
.1USGSNEIC
420115
?lo&alCM(
>=.8 >=8.1 1
0071=
1888 .1
E6%+$e% (.
420125
Table 7.2: Single point-source CMT solutions for the Araucania earthquake. Nodal
planes are described by strike/dip/rake (°).
.2.1D(%( ee)%!*' ('& +*)e!'3
F*+ %he (/e*+$ !'/e+!*' * %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e, e "e&#+*(&#('& ('& %+*'3>$*%!*' %(%!*' %h(% e+e *)(%e& *'h*+e!%h!' (' e!)e'%+( &!%(')e * 200 6$ +*$ %he A+(")('!(e(+%h-"(6e. <e "e& (/e*+$ +*$ %(%!*' %h(% h(/e ( h!3h!3'(>%*>'*!e +(%!* 4 105 !' %he +e-"e') +('3e 0.010.10 H4F!3"+e .25. D"e %* %he )*e +*;!$!% * *$e %(%!*' %* %he
e(+%h-"(6e, e e;)"&e& (/e*+$ +e)*+& %h(% e+e e!%he+)!e&, h(& *'3 e+!*& &!%"+#(')e, *+ !'%+"$e'% %!% eJe)%.
Thee -"(!%>)*'%+* )he)6 +e"%e& !' ( e% * e/e' %(%!*'4!')"&!'3 %* %+*'3>$*%!*' %(%!*'5 *)(%e& '*+%h ('& e(% * %heA+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e 4F!3"+e .15.
10
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Figure 7.2: Signal-to-noise ratio analysis for stations used in the single and
multiple point-source inversions. The dashed vertical lines denote the approximate
frequency range used.
.2.2I'/e+!*' (3*+!%h$
I%e+(%!/e &e)*'/*"%!*' 4ID5 4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 20075 ! "e& *+ %he$"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*' * &e/!(%*+!) $*$e'% %e'*+. ID*+6 # !'/e+%!'3 *+ %he #e%>?%%!'3 *)( $e)h('!$ ('& %!$!'3* *"+)e *+ ( +e)+!#e& e% * *!'% %* $!'!$!e %he L2 $!?%#e%ee' *#e+/e& ('& '%he%!) (/e*+$. A 3+!& e(+)h ! %he'e+*+$e& %* ee)% %he *"+)e *!%!*' %h(% +*&")e %he h!3he%)*++e(%!*' #e%ee' *#e+/e& ('& '%he%!) (/e*+$. The ?+%!'/e+!*' e;(!' %he ">(/e*+$ "!'3 ( !'3e *"+)e, %he'%he%!) * h!)h (+e %he' "#%+()%e& +*$ %he *#e+/e&(/e*+$. The +e$(!'!'3 (/e*+$ (+e %he' "e& %* !'/e+% *+"#e-"e'% "#>e/e'% 4V(h+(&'!6 e% (., 20075. A%e+ %he +e%+!e/(
* e()h "#>e/e'%, R ! )()"(%e& ('& $('"( (ee& %*e'"+e %h(% $"%!e "#>e/e'% (+e +e-"!+e& # %he &(%( ('& %he(/e*+$ (+e '*% *e ?%%!'3 )*++e(%e& '*!e.F*+ $*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*', e "e %he *%(+e ()6(3e, ISOLA4S*6* ('& V(h+(&'!6, 2005. I' %he !'/e+!*', %he $*$e'%>+(%e *%he *"+)e ! +e)+!#e& ('& ! *"'& # $('"( e(+)h!'3 *+ %he*"+)e e'3%h %h(% +*&")e %he $(;!$"$ R. I %he $*$e'%>+(%e* %he *"+)e ! h*+%e+ %h(' %he $!'!$"$ !'/e+%e& e+!*&, %he' %he*"+)e )(' #e +e+ee'%e& # ( &e%( "')%!*'. T* 'e3(%e (+%!()%+*&")e& # ID, e (* %e% %he %(#!!% * *"+ $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' "!'3 '*'>'e3(%!/e e(% -"(+e 4he+e(%e+, NNLS5!'/e+!*' 4V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015. I' %he NNLS (+*()h, %he&*"#e>)*"e *)( $e)h('!$ (% e()h *"+)e ! +e)+!#e&. A%
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e()h %+!( *!'%>*"+)e *!%!*', %he $*$e'% +(%e ! +e+ee'%e& #( e% * h!%e& %+!('3e. The e!3h% * e()h %+!('3e ! %he'!'/e+%e& *+ "!'3 NNLS. I' %h! )h(%e+, e "e *'e>e)*'& %+!('3eh!%. The $*$e'% * e()h *"+)e )(' #e )*'%+(!'e&, h!)h%(#!!e %he !'/e+!*', (%h*"3h %he e;()% /("e * %*%( $*$e'%
&*e '*% &+($(%!)( !'@"e')e *"+)e %!$!'3 *+ *!%!*'4Q"!'%e+* e% (., 2015. The !'/e+!*' ! e+*+$e& *' #('&(>?%e+e& &!()e$e'%(/e*+$. The eJe)% * &!Je+e'% 1>D /e*)!% $*&e ( %e%e&%he ?'( *"%!*' e+e )()"(%e& "!'3 ( /e*)!% $*&e(+*+!(%e *+ %he )*(%!'e * *"%h>)e'%+( Ch!e 4F!3"+e .=5. <e('(e& %he eJe)% * &(%( e++*+ ('& !$e+e)% G+ee'9 "')%!*'# %e$(%!)( +e$*/!'3 !e)e * &(%( +*$ %he !'/e+!*'4()66'!?'35. <he+e "#"+()e %+")%"+e ! )*$e;, +e$*/( *)e+%(!' %(%!*' $( h(/e ( (+3e eJe)% *' %he ?'( *"%!*' 4S*6*('& V(h+(&'!6, 201=5. B(e& *' %he ('(! * !3'(>%*>'*!e +(%!*4F!3"+e .25, e "e& ( *e+$*% +e-"e') !$!% * 0.02 H%h+*"3h*"% %h! )h(%e+. The "e+ +e-"e') !$!% ( &ee'&e'%*' %he *"+)e (+($e%e+!(%!*' "e& 4!'3e *+ $"%!e *"+)e5.
Figure 7.3: 1-D velocity models tested in this study based on our local
tomographic model (Chapter Five). Model B (Coastline) was used for the final
source solutions.
.=S'%he%!) %e%
.=.1Re*/!'3 )((#!!% * $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e
Be*+e !'/e+%!'3 %he +e( &(%(, e %e%e& %he e+*+$(')e * *"+!'/e+!*' %+(%e3, ('& !% (#!!% %* +e*/e $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e
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# !$"(%!'3 e/e+( &!Je+e'% *"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*'. <e %he'!'/e+%e& %hee '%he%!) (/e*+$ ( #*%h !'3e ('& $"%!e*!'%>*"+)e $*&e. He+e, e &e)+!#e %he +e"% "!'3 !%e+(%!/e&e)*'/*"%!*' 4ID5. B(e& *' 3*#( CMT *"%!*' 4F!3"+e .1, T(#e.25, e ("$e& %h(% %he )("(%!/e ("% ('e ( %he h(*,
e(%(+& &!!'3 "#&")%!'3 (%e !'%e+()e. <e &e!3'e& ( 2>D3+!& * %+!( *!'%>*"+)e %h(% !e !' %he ($e *+!e'%(%!*' ( %he$e3(%h+"% ("% 4F!3"+e .5, ())*+&!'3 %* +e3!*'( (%e !'%e+()e3e*$e%+ 4Ch(%e+ F!/e5. The ('e * %+!( 3+!& *!%!*' (e%h+*"3h %he h*)e'%+e * %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e.
1=
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Figure 7.4: Synthetic source recovery tests for different source configurations (A-D). The
number above each beach ball represents the input and recovered centroid time of each
source. For the single-source inversion, focal mechanisms are coloured by %DC. For the
multiple source inversion results, focal mechanisms are coloured by the Kagan angle
(minimum rotation angle) with respect to the corresponding input beach ball.
G!/e' %he e')*"+(3!'3 +e"% +*$ %he %(%!*' )*/e+(3e %e%, *"+'e;% %e ! %* )*'!&e+ he%he+ )e+%(!' *"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*' $(#!( +e%+!e/( * MT (+($e%e+. P+e/!*" &*)"$e'%e& e;($e *"!'3 ISOLA %* +e*/e $"%!e "#>e/e'% ("$e& ( ?;e& *)($e)h('!$ 4Q"!'%e+* e% (., 201 V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015. T*(&/(')e %hee +e/!*" %"&!e, *"+ *#e)%!/e !' %h! )h(%e+ ! %*(e *"+)e )*$e;!% &"e %* %+!33e+!'3 *' 'e(+# ("%.
The+e*+e, e %e%e& ( )*$#!'(%!*' * "#>e/e'% ("%!'3 %e. O"+*"+ $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e )e'(+!* ('& )*++e*'&!'3 +e"% (+e
"$$(+!e& !' F!3"+e . ('& T(#e .=.
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F*+ $*% * %hee )(e, %he !'/e+!*' +e*/e %he %!$!'3 * %he%* "#>e/e'% %he +e(%!/e $*$e'% * %he *"+)e ! (*+e)*/e+e&. H*e/e+, *+ !'3e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*', %he+e)*/e+e& $*$e'% +ee(e &*e '*% (( e-"( %he "$ * #*%h!'"% "#>e/e'%. Th! &!)+e(') ! (+%!)"(+ '*%!)e(#e he+e
#*%h "#>e/e'% (+e +e/e+e ("%!'3 4C(e A ('& B5, h!)h (*+e"% !' ( *e+ /(+!(')e +e&")%!*' 4R5. I$*+%('%, ((+% +*$he+e %he *Jh*+e "#>e/e'% ! (+3e+ ('& +"%"+e e(+!e+ 4C(eD5, %he &*"#e>)*"e e+)e'%(3e 4DC5 +*$ %he !'3e>*"+)e!'/e+!*' ! h!3h, *%e'%!( $(6!'3 *"+)e )*$e;!% 4R!/e+(('& K('($*+!, 2015. I' %h! )(e, %he +e%+!e/e& $e)h('!$ ! $*%!$!(+ %* %he ?+% "#>e/e'%. <e e)"(%e %h(% %he +e"% $()*$e +*$ %he )*$e; "e+*!%!*' * h!3h ($!%"&e *'3 e+!*&(/e +*$ %hee %* e/e'% he' %he (++!/e (% %he %(%!*'. Th!+e"% *))"+ &"e %* %he "'e/e' &!%+!#"%!*' * %(%!*' ('& $e('%h(% e $( '*% #e (#e %* +e*/e ( &*"#e% !'/*/!'3 ( (+3e+*Jh*+e +"%"+e *))"++!'3 #e*+e ( $(e+ e/e'% %h(% ! *)(%e&)*e+ %* %he %(%!*'. B(e& *' R ('& "#>e/e'% +e%+!e/(e+*+$(')e, %he #e% *"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*' *+ *"+ 'e%*+6 ! %he)(e * ( %h+"% e/e'% **e& # ( $(e+ e;%e'!*'( +"%"+e"+%he+ *Jh*+e 4C(e C5.
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R e c o v e r e d S o u r c e s
M u l t i p l e - s o u r c e i n v e r s i o n S
u b - e
v e n t I I
R o t .
a n g l e 1 1 1 2
1
M e c h .
5 / 3 / 9 7
1 / 5 9 / 9 0
1 / 5 9 / - 8 9
2 1 0 / 1 1 / - 6 1
t ( s )
2 0
2 0
2 0
1 9
P o s . 3
3 1 6
1 6
3 2
S u b - e v
e n t I
R o t .
a n g l e 3 3 2 1
2
M
e c h .
4 / 9 / 9 6
3 5
1 / 8 / 8 6
0 / 9 / 9 2
1 7 8 / 3 9 / - 9 9
d t ( s )
1 0 1 0 1 0 4
P o s . 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
S i n g l e - s o u r c e
i n v e r s i o n %
D C
9 0
9 7
9 9
7 2
M e c h .
2 9 / 1 2
/ 1 8
4 / 8 9 / - 9 7
1 5 / 1 9 / 1 1 1
2 1 8 / 9 / - 4 9
d t ( s )
1 2
1 0
1 0
1 9
P o s
4 1
3 3
3 3
3 2
I n p u t s o u r c e s
S
u b - e v e n t I I
M e c h .
3 5 7 / 1 0 / 9 0
0 / 6 0 / 9 0
0 / 6 0 / - 9 0
3 5 7 / 1 0 / 9 0
P o s 1 6 1 6 1 6 3 3
S u b - e v e n t I
M e c h .
3 5 7 / 1 0 / 9 0
3 5 7 / 1 0 / 9 0
3 5 7 / 1 0 / 9 0
0 / 6 0 / - 9 0
P o s . 3
3 3 3
3 3
1 6
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( t = 1 0 s )
: R e s
u l t s
y n t h
e t i c
C a s e A B C D
.=.2Re(%!/e "')e+%(!'% e%!$(%e
A ( e)*'& '%he%!) %e%, e -"('%! %he +e(%!/e "')e+%(!'% !'*"+)e $e)h('!$ )("e& # +e&")e& (!$"%h( )*/e+(3e *' %he)((#!!% * %he !'/e+!*' %* +e*/e *"+)e *)(%e& (+ *Jh*+e.He+e, e 3e'e+(%e& 1>D '%he%!) *+ ( +('3e * !'3e>*"+)e("%!'3 %e *)(%e& *Jh*+e 4T(#e .5. <e "e& ( %** !' ISOLA%* )()"(%e %he*+e%!)( "')e+%(!'% !' G+ee'9 "')%!*'. S")h ('
"')e+%(!'% e%!$(%e ! +e(%!/e #e)("e &(%( /(+!(')e ! "'6'*'.H*e/e+, +e(%!/e "')e+%(!'%!e )(' #e )()"(%e& #e%ee' %* e%* %(%!*' )*'?3"+(%!*'. A 7D e++*+ e!*!& ! )*$"%e& ('& ($e(' K(3(' ('3e 4K(3(', 115 ! 3!/e', +*/!&!'3 (' e%!$(%e *%he e++*+ !' *)( $e)h('!$ (+($e%e+, !%h +ee)% %* %he #e%>?%%!'3 *"%!*'. <e )*$"%e& "')e+%(!'%!e *+ %* )e'(+!*: *'e"!'3 %he +e( %(%!*' )*/e+(3e 4F!3"+e .15, %he *%he+ "!'3 ('e%*+6 !%h e+e)% (!$"%h( &!%+!#"%!*'. The +e"% +*$ %h!%e% (+e h*' !' T(#e .. <e *"'& %h(% e++*+ "!'3 %he ()%"(%(%!*' )*/e+(3e (+e *' 12= 3+e(%e+ %h(' %h*e "!'3 (e+e)% 'e%*+6 "')e+%(!'%!e (+e $(e+ he' ( '*&( ('e%+!6e !' %he ($e &!+e)%!*' ( %he 'e%*+6 4'*+%h>e%5. Thee+e"% !$ %h(% e )(' %+"% %he *)( $e)h('!$ * *Jh*+ee!$!) *"+)e "!'3 *"+ %(%!*' &!%+!#"%!*'.
The +e3!*'( CMT *"%!*' +*/!&e ( 3**& ?% %* %he *#e+/e&(/e*+$ (% $*% %(%!*' 4F!3"+e .75. The )e'%+*!& !e )*e %**"+ +e*)(%e& e!)e'%+e !% $e)h('!$ ! )*'!%e'% !%h %he%eee!$!) GCMT ('& USGS *"%!*' 4F!3"+e .1, T(#e .25,!'&!)(%!'3 %h+"%!'3 (*'3 %he (%e !'%e+()e. A h!3h &*"#e>)*"ee+)e'%(3e 4DC5 !'&!)(%e& # %he 3*#( 485 ('& *"+ +e3!*'(*"%!*' 4875 "33e% ( !$e ("%!'3 %e. <he' e !')+e(e%he "e+ +e-"e') !$!% %* 0.0 H, (/e*+$ /(+!(')e+e&")%!*' 4R5 h(+ &e)+e(e ('&, (% %he "e+ !$!% * 0.08 H,e '*%!)e %* )e(+ (++!/( !' %he *#e+/e& (/e*+$ 4F!3"+e .,F!3"+e .5. <e (* ?'& %h(% ( %he "e+ +e-"e') #('&( )"%>*J !')+e(e, DC 3+(&"( &e)+e(e. Th! %+e'& )*'%!'"e "'%!(+*"'& 0.07 H, (#*/e h!)h DC #e)*$e h!3h. The+e*+e, %he'e;% %e ! %* )*'!&e+ he%he+ ( )*$e; *"+)e )(' #e +e*/e&"!'3 h!3he+ +e-"e') (/e*+$ ('& ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e(+($e%e+!(%!*'.
1
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Input %ocal$echanis$ at
source position"8
;striediprae<
2ocal $echanis$uncertainty ;$eanagan angle D=<
@ Error due to actualstation conAguration!eal
stationconAguration
Ideal station
conAguration
0101700 .8 =.1 17
000700 .8 =.81 2
07700 .27 =. 12
00700 7.22 =.8 =8
0007>00 .8 =.81 2
=127>11 7.=0 =. =
0000180 7.=2 =.8 =8
070180 7.=8 =.88 =
Table 7.4: Relative uncertainty estimates of different faulting styles for a single
point-source offshore (source position 16). Uncertainties are calculated for both
our actual station distribution (Figure 7.1) and a network of ideally distributed
stations.
.M"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*'<e ?+% )(++!e& *"% ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*' "!'3 ID, !'h!)h %he &e/!(%*+!) $*$e'% %e'*+ $e)h('!$ * #*%h *"+)ee+e (*e& %* /(+. A %*>*!'%>*"+)e $*&e ! ( *3!)(
+*3+e!*' (' Mw e(+%h-"(6e ! !6e )*$*e& * '* $*+e%h(' %* %* %h+ee (%)he * ! 4V(h+(&'!6 ('& S*6*, 2015. The3+!& * *!'% *"+)e ( 6e% %he ($e ( *+ %he !'3e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*'. F*+ %he *"+)e>%!$e "')%!*', e *"'& %h(% !%h!')+e(!'3 e'3%h * %he %+!('3e, %he %*%( $*$e'% 3+(&"(!')+e(e, h!e he+e( R ('& DC * e()h *"+)e +e()he ($(;!$"$ (% 18 4F!3"+e .85. <e %he+e*+e ?;e& %he %+!('3ee'3%h * e()h *"+)e %* 18 *+ %he ID $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e!'/e+!*', (%h*"3h %he *!'%>*"+)e $e)h('!$ +e$(!' )*'!%e'%*+ &!Je+e'% %+!('3e e'3%h, "33e%!'3 ( %(#e *"%!*'.
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Figure 7.5: Single source inversion results. a) Comparison between the observed
(black) and synthetic (red) waveforms. Waveforms are filtered in the frequency
range 0.02–0.04 Hz. Station names are shown on the right and the components are
labelled at the top. Numbers next to waveforms denote corresponding variance
reduction. b) Grey beach balls show solution variability based on jackknifing tests,
labelled with the station removed in each inversion. The coloured grid represents
the correlation between waveforms for each trial point-source position
(numbered). Solutions that lie within 90% of the maximum VR are plotted in
black. The highest correlation solution is plotted in red. The red star denotes the
epicentre of the Araucania earthquake.
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Figure 7.6: Double-couple percentage (%DC) and variance reduction (VR) of the
single point-source versus frequency. A transition occurs at 0.057 Hz, where VR
suddenly decreases because the waveforms cannot be explained by a single point-
source alone. This change is illustrated by representative waveforms at low and
high frequencies.
C*$(+e& !%h %h(% * "!'3 %he ?+% *"+)e (*'e 4R 0.75,!'%+*&")%!*' * %he e)*'& *"+)e !3'!?)('% !')+e(e %he
(/e*+$ ?% 4F!3"+e .(5 # =0 4R 0.=5, I' *+&e+ %* %e% %he%(%!%!)( /(!&!% * ?%%!'3 %he (/e*+$ "!'3 %he e)*'& "#>e/e'%, e (e %he !3'!?)(')e * %he /(+!(')e +e&")%!*' "!'3%he @ %e%. S!$!(+ %e% h(/e #ee' +e/!*" )(++!e& *"% *+$"%!e *!'%>*"+)e $*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*' 4A&($*/( e% (.,2008 S!6!', 185.E()h $*&e ! )h(+()%e+!e& # %he /(+!(')e #e%ee' '%he%!) ('&*#e+/e& (/e*+$:
,
[¿¿i−$ i ]2
/=∑ ¿
( 7.1 )
he+e ('& S +e+ee'% %he *#e+/e& ('& '%he%!) &(%(,+ee)%!/e.
170
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F i g u r e 7 . 7 : C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e
o b s e r v e d ( b l a c k ) a n d s y n t h e t i c
( r e d ) w a v e f o r m s a t h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s ( 0 . 0 2 – 0 . 0 8 H z ) s o l u t i o n
u s i n g a s i n g l e
.
171
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Figure 7.8: Correlation (black line) and total moment (red dashed line) of the
multiple point-source solution as a function of triangle length using iterative
deconvolution. Beach balls above and below the line give the best-fitting
mechanism for Events I and II, respectively.
<e %he+e*+e &e?'e %he +(%!*:
% = / (model 2) / (model 1)
( 7.2 )
h!)h ! )*$(+e& !%h %he @ %e% /("e (% &!Je+e'% )*'?&e')ee/e ('& *+ &!Je+e'% &e3+ee * +ee&*$, dof ., he+e
do5 = N − M . N )*++e*'& %* %he '"$#e+ * &(%( *!'%, ('& M! %he '"$#e+ * +ee (+($e%e+ 4M 7 *+ ( &e/!(%*+!) !'/e+!*'5.D(%( (% * +e-"e')!e (+e )e(+ )*++e(%e&, #"% e ("$e %h(%%he &(%( (+e "')*++e(%e& he' %he (/e*+$ (+e ($e& !%h!'%he %"&!e& e+!*& +('3e 4D+e3e+ ('& <**&, 20025 4 12 #(e&*' *"+ *( ?%e+ )*+'e+5. M*$e'% %e'*+ (+e )()"(%e& */e+ (%!$e !'&* %h(% ! 27. !' e'3%h. B(e& *' *"+ * ( ?%e+)*+'e+ +e-"e'), %h! %!$e !'&* +e&")e %* 1. , h!)h +e"%!' 77 &(%( *!'% *+ e()h )*$*'e'%. F*+ ( %h+ee )*$*'e'%('& e/e' %(%!*', e %h" h(/e ( %*%( * 1=70 &e3+ee *+ee&*$. The /(+!(')e +(%!*, @ #e%ee' *"+ !'3e ('& %*>*!'%>*"+)e $*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*' e-"( 1.281, h!)h ! $")h3+e(%e+ %h(' %he )+!%!)( @ /("e * 1.0 (% ( )*'?&e')e e/e *.7. C*'e-"e'%, e (+3"e %h(% %he !'%+*&")%!*' * ( e)*'&*!'%>*"+)e ! %(%!%!)( !3'!?)('% !%h ( h!3h )*'?&e')e.
F("%!'3 %e (% e()h %+!( *!'%>*"+)e *!%!*' (+e )*'!%e'%,!%h h(+ )*++e(%!*' $(;!$( 4F!3"+e .#5. B(e& *' *"+ +e"%,e )(' )*'?&e'% !&e'%! %he **!'3 +e$(+6(#e e-"e')e *
e/e'%, h!)h )(' #e +e3(+&e& ( ( )*e>()e& &*"#e% 4CSD5,#*%h !' %!$e ('& ()e. Sh*+% (%e+ '")e(%!*', E/e'% I 4Mw .85
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+"%"+e& %he $e3(%h+"% #e'e(%h %he )*(%. N* $*+e %h(' %e/ee)*'& (%e+, E/e'% II 4Mw .5 +"%"+e& %* %he *"%h>e% (% (h(*e+ &e%h ('& !%h (' *#!-"e '*+$( ("%!'3 $e)h('!$. A( %e% * *"%!*' %(#!!%, e e+*+$ ()66'!?'3 %e% # +e$*/!'3*'e %(%!*' (% ( %!$e +*$ %he !'/e+!*'. The +e"% * %hee %e%
(+e h*' !' T(#e .7 ('& &e$*'%+(%e +e$(+6(# )*'!%e'%)e'%+*!& *!%!*' ('& *)( $e)h('!$ *+ E/e'% I ('& II. The ()66'!?'3 %e% %he+e*+e !'&!)(%e %h(% %he ee)%e& $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' ! '*% &ee'&e'% *' *'e !'3e (/e*+$.F"+%he+$*+e, ( %h+ee>*!'%>*"+)e (+*;!$(%!*' &!& '*%$e('!'3" !$+*/e %he (/e*+$ ?% 4R 0. = !')+e(e !'R )*$(+e& !%h %* *!'%>*"+)e5.S!')e ID !'/e+% *+ %he ?+% *!'%>*"+)e #e*+e "#e-"e'%)()"(%!'3 %he e)*'& *"+)e, e )(++!e& *"% ( %e% %* &e%e+$!'ehe%he+ E/e'% II ! &ee'&e'% *' %he )h*e' *)(%!*' ('& ("%!'3%e * E/e'% I. N*+$(, e ())e% %he *"+)e *!%!*' %h(%+*&")e %he h!3he% (/e*+$ )*++e(%!*'. H*e/e+, *+ %h! %e%,e ?;e& %he *!%!*' * E/e'% I ('& )h*e %he )*++e*'&!'3 #e%>?%%!'3 $e)h('!$. <e )(++!e& *"% %he %e% (% ( %+!( *!'%>*"+)e(&()e'% %* P*!%!*' == 4%he #e%>?%%!'3 *!%!*' * E/e'% I5. The+e"% * %h! %e% (+e h*' !' T(#e .. F*+ ( #"% *'e *!%!*' *E/e'% I, %he *!%!*', %!$!'3, ('& $e)h('!$ * E/e'% II +e$(!')*'!%e'% !%h %he )h*e' *"%!*'. <he' E/e'% I ! ?;e& %*P*!%!*' 27, %he MT *"%!*' * E/e'% II (e(+ e %(#e. P*!%!*'27 ! 'e;% %* P*!%!*' 1 4%he *)(%!*' * E/e'% II +*$ ID F!3"+e.5, * %h! &!)+e(') ! e;e)%e& #e)("e %he !'/e+!*' %+!e %*
e;(!' #*%h e/e'% (% P*!%!*' 27 !%h ( !'3e *"+)e. I' "$$(+,e ?'& %h(% %he E/e'% II *"%!*' ! %(#e !%h +ee)% %* %he e;()%*!%!*' ('& $e)h('!$ * E/e'% I.<e "e& NNLS %* %e% %he )e+%(!'% * %he *"%!*' *#%(!'e& # ID.
T* e(+)h *+ %he #e%>?%%!'3 *"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*', e e+*+$e&%* !'/e+!*': *'e !' h!)h %*%( $*$e'% ( )*'%+(!'e& # %heID *"%!*' %he *%he+ !' h!)h $*$e'% ( (*e& %* /(+. <e%e%e& $(' *"+)e *!%!*' ('& ("%!'3 %e *+ E/e'% I ('& II"!'3 NNLS, #"% e *"'& %h(% %he h!3he% R )($e +*$ %he %*>*!'%>*"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*' *"'& !%h ID. U!'3 %he $e)h('!$3!/e' # %he ID *"%!*', e %he' )(++!e& *"% ( 3+!&>e(+)h */e+ (
*!#e )*$#!'(%!*' * %he %*>*!'%>*"+)e *)(%!*' "!'3 %heNNLS. A e;e)%e&, %he $*$e'%>)*'%+(!'e& !'/e+!*' ! $*%!$!(+ %* %he ID *"%!*' 4F!3"+e .105. Ne/e+%hee, #*%h!'/e+!*' +*&")e +e"% )*'!%e'% !%h %he ID *"%!*'.I$*+%('%, %he +e"%!'3 *"+)e>%!$e "')%!*' *#%(!'e& # NNLSh* %h(% #*%h e/e'% h(/e ( !$!(+ %!$e "')%!*' %* %he 18 %+!('3e *"+)e "e& !' ID 4F!3"+e .)<. I' "$$(+, e ?'& '*#!( !' %he +e"% )("e& # %he !'/e+!*' $e%h*&.
.7C*$(+!*' !%h (%e+h*)6 *)(%!*' ('&
$e)h('!$A %h*+*"3h ('(! * (%e+h*)6 ! 'ee&e& #e)("e %he+e (+e '*
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(/(!(#e CMT *"%!*' +*$ 3*#( (3e')!e %he (+3e% +e)*+&e&(%e+h*)6 h(& Mb . 4#(e& *' %he USGS>NEIC )(%(*3"e5. <ee(+)he& )*'%!'"*" (/e*+$ +*$ *)( *'h*+e ('& OBS%(%!*' !' %he =0 &( **!'3 %he $(!'h*)6. T* e'"+e +e!(#e*)(%!*', e +e*)(%e& e/e'% %h(% h(& ( $!'!$"$ * ?/e P>(/e
('& %h+ee S>(/e *#e+/(%!*'. The +e*)(%!*' ( e+*+$e& !' (!$!(+ ( %* %h(% * %he $(!'h*)6 4Se)%!*' .25. The (/e+(3e%('&(+& e++*+ !' &e%h * *"+ (%e+h*)6 +e*)(%!*' ! 1.2 6$. <e(* !'/e+%e& *+ !'3e *!'%>*"+)e $*$e'% %e'*+ *"%!*' *(%e+h*)6 !' %he +e-"e') +('3e 0.070.11 H. The 3+!& e(+)h( )(++!e& *"% */e+ ( +('3e * &e%h, )e'%+e& *' e()h h*)e'%+e*)(%!*'. Ce'%+*!& &e%h e+e 3e'e+( )*'!%e'% !%hh*)e'%+( &e%h. S*"%!*' -"(!% ( %e%e& "!'3 &!Je+e'%)*$#!'(%!*' * %(%!*' ('& /e*)!% $*&e, ( e ()+*)he)6!'3 !%h ?+% $*%!*' *(+!%!e.L*)(%!*' ('& $e)h('!$ * (%e+h*)6 4F!3"+e .115 )*'?+$"*+% *"+ CSD !'%e++e%(%!*'. F+*$ *"+ +e*)(%e& e/e'%, !% !)e(+ %h(% %he+e (+e %* &!%!')% 3+*" * (%e+h*)6 4F!3"+e.11(5. O'e 3+*" ! *)(%e& !' %he )*(%( +e3!*' 4he+e(%e+, G+*"A5 %he *%he+ =00 6$ %* %he *"%h>e% 4he+e(%e+, G+*" B5.G+*" B (%e+h*)6 h(/e h(*e+ &e%h, *)(%e& !%h!' %he$(+!'e *+e(+), " %* 6$ (#*/e %he (%e !'%e+()e 4F!3"+e .11#5.<e *#%(!'e& 1 CMT *"%!*' +*$ %he (%e+h*)6 e-"e')e 4F!3"+e.11<, ( * h!)h h(/e &e%h !' (3+ee$e'% !%h %he!+ h*)e'%+(*)(%!*'. N*+$( ("%!'3 $e)h('!$ &*$!'(%e (%e+h*)6 G+*"B. G+*" A (%e+h*)6 )*$+!e $!;e& ("%!'3 %e, #"%
!'%e+(%e %h+"% ("%!'3 ! $*% )*$$*'.
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Figure 7.9: a) Observed (black) and synthetic (red) waveforms for the best-fitting high
frequency (0.02–0.08 Hz) solution using two point-sources. Station names are
labelled. Numbers alongside each waveform component denote VR. Blue and green
shading denotes the contribution from each event. b) Waveform correlation for each
event as a function of trial point-source position (numbered). The time shifts of
Events I and II are shown. Black beach balls are solutions that lie within 90% of the
best-fitting solution’s (red beach ball) VR. The red star denotes the earthquake’sepicentre. c) Resulting moment-rate function obtained using NNLS.
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.=>D (/e*+$ +*(3(%!*' eJe)%A "!'3 *)(%!*' &!)+e(') #e%ee' E/e'% II ('& (%e+h*)6G+*" B 4F!3"+e .11(5 +(!e %he -"e%!*' * *!#e *)(%!*' #!(!' %he $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e !'/e+!*'. S* (+, e h(/e )*$"%e&
'%he%!) e!$*3+($ # )()"(%!'3 G+ee'9 "')%!*' !' ( 1>D/e*)!% $*&e. H*e/e+, !' %he h(* +e3!*' * "#&")%!*'*'e, %he+e (+e %+*'3 (%e+( /e*)!% 3+(&!e'%, (+%!)"(+ !' S>(/e /e*)!% 4F!3"+e .11#, Ch(%e+ F!/e5. The+e*+e, ( $*+e+e(!%!) /e*)!% $*&e )(' !$+*/e (/e*+$ ?% ('& $(6e *"+)e!'/e+!*' $*+e %(#e.
T* ())*"'% *+ (%e+( /e*)!% /(+!(%!*', e !$"(%e& (/e*+$!' *"+ =>D /e*)!% $*&e 4Ch(%e+ F!/e5 "!'3 %he e)%+( ee$e'%)*&e SPECFEM=D 4K*$(%!%)h e% (., 20105. F*+ %he !$"(%!*', e)*'%+")%e& ( he;(he&+( "'%+")%"+e& $eh 4F!3"+e .125 "!'3%he GEOCUBIT *%(+e ()6(3e 4C((+*%%! e% (., 20085. The (%e+(+e*"%!*' (% %he "+()e ! 7 6$, )*(+e'!'3 (% ( +e?'e$e'% (e+47 6$ &e%h, h!)h ! (' (/e+(3e M*h* &e%h *+ %he +e3!*'4Ch(%e+ F*"+ ('& F!/e5. The $eh h*'*"+ "+()e +e!e ('&#(%h$e%+ %* e'"+e %h(% %**3+(h!) eJe)% *' (/e*+$+*(3(%!*' (+e ())"+(%e !$"(%e&. O"+ $eh &*e '*% )*'%(!'&!!'3 3e**3!)( &!)*'%!'"!%!e !' %he "#"+()e, ")h ( %he*)e('!) M*h*, &"e %* %he ()6 * )*'%+(!'% *' !% 3e*$e%+. Th!$eh h( #ee' &e!3'e& *+ !$"(%!*' %h(% (+e ())"+(%e " %*0.= H, e (#*/e %he $(;!$"$ +e-"e') * *"+ *"+)e!'/e+!*', e'"+!'3 '"$e+!)( %(#e !$"(%!*'.
<e 3e'e+(%e& =>D '%he%!) %h(% e+e #(e& *' *"+ %*>*!'%>*"+)e *"%!*' ('& "e& %hee ( !'"% %* ( $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e!'/e+!*' "!'3 1>D G+ee'9 "')%!*'. <he+e(!e %he *!%!*' *E/e'% I +e$(!' %(#e, e ?'& %h(% %he !'/e+!*' h!% E/e'% II 126$ %* %he *"%h 4+*$ *!%!*' 1 %* 17 F!3"+e .1=5. S!$!(+,he' e !$"(%e %he (/e*+$ +*$ E/e'% II (% %he *)(%!*' *(%e+h*)6 G+*" B 4*!%!*' 15, e ?'& ( !$!(+ *"%h(+& h!%,( !$!e& +*$ %he +e( &(%( !'/e+!*'. The+e*+e, !% ! !6e %h(%E/e'% II *))"++e& 12 6$ '*+%h(+& !%h +ee)% %* %he *+$(!'/e+!*' +e"% * F!3"+e .. Th! +e"% &e$*'%+(%e %he!$*+%(')e * =>D %+")%"+( $*&e %* *#%(!' ())"+(%e *"+)e
(+($e%e+ * *Jh*+e "#&")%!*' e(+%h-"(6e.
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S%(%!*'+e$*/e&
Eent I Eent II
T!$eh!%
45
S*"+)e
*)(%!*'
N*&(
('e 1
MwF*)(
$e)h.
T!$e
h!% 45
S*"+)e
*)(%!*'
N*&(
('e 1
MwF*)(
$e)h.
one 10. == =78 .8 2=. 1 =127>11 .
F2*8 1=.8 ==0=12
.8 2=. 1=1=>
12 .
FC+5 10. == =71=8 .8 2=. 1=20=>
120 .
L++3 10. ==0120=
. 22. 1
=21=0>
12.8
FC+6 10. == ===7 .8 2=. 1=21=>
120 .
L"+" 10. == =2== . 2=. 1 =10>12 .8
FC+* 10. == =27=8 .8 2=. 1 =20=>12 .
F2*5 10. == ===1 .8 22. 1 =20=2>12 .
Table 7.5: Source stability of the multiple point-source solution based on the
results of removing one station at a time from the inversion (jackknifing). These
jackknifing results are compared with the best-fitting solution obtained using all
available stations. Source location refers to the grid position illustrated in Figure
7.9b. Stations are ordered in epicentral distance. These results show the
remarkably consistent mechanisms for both sub-events, indicating independence
from the exact set stations used in the inversion.
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Eent I Eent II
S*"+)e*)(%!*'
T!$eh!%45
N*&(('e 1
M
w
F*)($e)h.
S*"+)e*)(%!*'
T!$eh!%45
N*&(('e 1
M
w
F*)($e)h.
9estAttingsolution
== 10. =708
.8 1 2=. =127>
11.
2iGedlocations%orEent I
1 1=. 112172
.8 1 2=.2 =1=>
1==.
= 11.8 811=
.
8
1 2=.2 =12=>
1=7
.
2 10.0 120122
.8 1 2=.2 =0>
1=.
2 8.8 1=02.8 1 2=.2
=10=>1=
.
27 . ==2107
. 11.2 ===80
0.8
=2 10.==1170
7.8 1 2=.7
=1==>1==
.
= 12. =010=8
.8 1 2=.2 =12>
12.
0 1=.0 ===0
.8
1 2=.2 =172>1==
.
Table 7.6: Dependence of Event II solution on the position and mechanism of
Event I.
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Figure 7.10: Best-fitting solutions (within the 98th percentile) for the two-point-
source, high frequency solution using the moment-constrained NNLS. The colour
of each beach ball indicates the centroid time of each source.
.D!)"!*' ('& )*')"!*'B(e& *' *"+ (%e+h*)6 ('(e ('& =>D (/e*+$ !$"(%!*' !%! '* )e(+ %h(% E/e'% II +"%"+e& *' ( '*+$( ("% (% 'e(+ %he#(e * %he */e++!&!'3 )+"% 4F!3"+e .11, F!3"+e .15. G+*" B(%e+h*)6 (+e *)(%e& )*e %* %he +*$!'e'% M*)h(>!(++!)( ("%*'e 4F!3"+e .115. Th! ("% $( #e +e(%e& %* %+*'3 /e*)!%)*'%+(% !' %he $(+!'e *+e(+) #e'e(%h I( M*)h(, he+e G+*" B(%e+h*)6 (+e *)(%e& 4F!3"+e .15. C+"%( ("%!'3 !' %he +e3!*'! e+/(!/e ('& $( e;%e'& %h+*"3h %he e'%!+e )+"% 4eeE')*"+e 15 4H!)6 ('& N!+e, 2012 Me'!)6 e% (., 2005 !% !("!#e %h(% %he 3e*$e%+ * ("% 'e%*+6 #e)*$e $*+e)*$e; (% %he #(e * %he *+e(+) !%h *!#e )*'"3(%e ("%!'34F!3"+e .15. S!$!(+ ("% e+e *"'& !' %he +"%"+e (+e( * %he
2011 T*h*6" e(+%h-"(6e 4T"! e% (., 201=5, (%h*"3h !' )*'%+(% %*%he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e, %hee e+e *)(%e& )*e+ %* %he +e3!*'
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* 3+e(%e% )*e!$!) !. <e e)"(%e %h(% %hee ("% (+e)*$+e!*'( &"+!'3 %he !'%e+e!$!) e+!*&, #"% ( %+e !'/e+!*')("e& # %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e 4H(+&e#e)6, 20125 $( (/*"+*%e!$!) e;%e'!*'. B(e& *'O' %he #(! * (+*;!$(%e ("%(+e( +*$ )(!'3 +e(%!*' 4B(e+ e% (., 20105, %he %* ("%
('e * E/e'% I ('& II !6e &* '*% !'%e+e)%. The+e (+e e/e+(*!#e $e)h('!$ *+ %he %+!33e+!'3 * ( +"%"+e # ( +e)e&!'3e(+%h-"(6e. D'($!)( %+!33e+e& +"%"+e * %he '*+$( ("% !!6e %he &*$!'('% (!"+e $e)h('!$ 3!/e' %h(% E/e'% II9 )e'%+*!&%!$e )*!')!&e !%h %he ((3e * h!3h ($!%"&e S>(/e (++!/(+*$ E/e'% I, ( h*' # ( =>D (/e*+$ !$"(%!*' 4F!3"+e .175.H*e/e+, e )(''*% )*$e%e +"e *"% %(%!) %+e %+('e+ (%he %+!33e+!'3 $e)h('!$()%!'3 ( ( (+%!( %+!33e+.
T* *"+ 6'*e&3e, %hee +e"% (+e %he ?+% &*)"$e'%e& )(e *(%e !'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 !'%('%('e*" ()%!/(%!'3 ( (+3e +"%"+e!' %he */e++!&!'3 (%e %h+*"3h &'($!) %+!33e+!'3. P(% "#&")%!*'*'e &*"#e% h(/e #ee' !&e'%!?e& # * DC !' %he!+ CMT*"%!*' 4L( e% (., 2010#5. C*'/e+e, !' %he )(e * %heA+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e, %he * +e-"e') !'3e *!'%>*"+)e*"%!*' * #*%h %he 3*#( ('& +e3!*'( CMT *"%!*' &!& '*% !e&( * DC. Th! &!)+e(') ! (* h*' # *"+ '%he%!) %e%. I%! *!#e %h(% %he h*+% %!$e &e( ('& $( &!%(')e #e%ee'E/e'% I ('& II $(6 +"%"+e )*$e;!% !' %eee!$!) CMT*"%!*'.
The+e*+e, e !'/e%!3(%e& he%he+ %he &*"#e>*"+)e )*'?3"+(%!*'* %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e )*"& (* #e &e%e)%e& !' +e3!*'(
(/e*+$. <e )*$(+e& %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e %* *%he+!$!(+>!e& (%e+h*)6 * %he M("e e-"e')e, %he M(+)h 2012Mw .1 C*'%!%")!X' ('& %he M(+)h 2010 Mw . P!)h!e$"e(+%h-"(6e. 3CMT *"%!*' ('& &e%(!e& %"&!e 4R"! e% (., 201=R&e+ e% (., 20125 * %hee e(+%h-"(6e h* %h(% %he *+$e+ ! (%+(!3h%*+(+& (%e !'%e+()e %h+"%!'3 e/e'%, he+e( %heP!)h!e$" e/e'% *))"++e& *' ( '*+$( ("% !' %he */e++!&!'3 (%e.
The+e*+e, e (+e (#e %* &!+e)% )*$(+e ( !$e (%e !'%e+()e%h+"% ('& (' "e+ (%e e/e'% !%h ( )*$e; &*"#e% !'/*/!'3#*%h ("%!'3 %e.
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Figure 7.11: a) Map and b) cross-section showing locations and focal mechanismsof aftershocks (Groups A and B) and mainshock events (labelled EV-I and EV-II).
Faulting style is classified on principal stress orientations (Frohlich, 1992) and
minimum rotation angle with respect to plate interface thrust faulting (Hayes et al.,
2013), accounting for plate interface geometry (black line; Chapter Five). We plot
the revised location of Event II, based on 3-D waveform modelling. Mapped faults
are shown (Melnick et al., 2009; Melnick and Echtler, 2006b); MVFZ = Mocha-
Villarrica fault zone. The cross-section background is from our P-wave velocity
model (Chapter Five). The star denotes the hypocentre of the Araucania
earthquake; the triangle shows the coastline.
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Figure 7.12: 3-D view of the hexahedral mesh used for the 3-D waveform
simulations. This mesh honours surface relief and bathymetry, but does not
contain dipping geological discontinuities at depth.
<e *)"e& *"+ (%%e'%!*' *' %he )*e% e+$('e'% GSN %(%!*'%h(% ( *e+(%!'3 *+ #*%h e(+%h-"(6e, TRQA, !' A+3e'%!'(, h!)h! *)(%e& +*"3h e-"!&!%('% 485 +*$ ( %h+ee e(+%h-"(6e.C*$(+!*' * '*+$(!e& *e+ e)%+( *+ %hee %h+ee e/e'%4F!3"+e .15 +e/e( ( 3+e(%e+ +**+%!*' * h!3h +e-"e') e'e+3+*$ %he A+(")('!( ('& P!)h!e$" e(+%h-"(6e, (+%!)"(+ !' %he+e-"e') +('3e 0.10.2 H. The+e*+e, e e)"(%e %h(% %he(+%!%!*'!'3 * %he A+(")('!( +"%"+e !'%* %he "e+ (%e 3e'e+(%e$*+e h!3h +e-"e') e'e+3 )*$(+e& %* ( !'3e>*"+)e (%e!'%e+()e +"%"+e. I% ! *!#e %h(% h!3he+ +e-"e') +(&!(%!*' !&"e %* ! *' $*+e !$$(%"+e ("% !' %he "e+ (%e )*$(+e& %*%he +e"$(# $*+e $(%"+e $e3(%h+"% ("% 4Ch* e% (., 2005.
Thee )h(+()%e+!%!) $( (!& !%h %he &e%e)%!*' * !$!(+ (%e!'%e+()e > "e+ (%e &*"#e% !' %he "%"+e, (%h*"3h +e-"e'))*'%e'% $( &ee'& *' e/e+( *%he+ *"+)e (+($e%e+, ")h (+"%"+e &"+(%!*'.
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Figure 7.13: Recovery of 3-D synthetic waveforms using the inversion based on 1-D
Green’s functions. In each case, input sources are based on the result from our real
data inversion. On the right, the source position of Event II is placed at source
position 17. In each case, the 1-D inversion results in a systematic southward shift,
as shown by the arrows.
1=
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Figure 7.14: Schematic interpretation of the Araucania earthquake rupture. Plate
interface thrusting (Event I) triggered a rupture along an extensional fault in the
overriding plate (Event II). It is likely that two great earthquakes in 1960 and 2010
brought both faults closer to failure. As shown by ancient submarine landslide
deposits in the area (Geersen et al., 2011b), a larger-scale rupture in the overriding
plate has the potential to act as a tsunamigenic earthquake. Beach balls represent the
focal mechanisms of both mainshock events. The inset shows the interpreted
structure of conjugate normal faulting with the background colour representing v p / vs
(Chapter Five).
CMT *"%!*' +*/!&e& # 3*#( +e*+%!'3 (3e')!e (+e ())e%e&# %he e!$**3!)( )*$$"'!% ('& *+$ %he #(! * !!'/e+!*' ('& e;($!'(%!*' * %he %+e ?e&. CMT (+e, %he+e*+e,( !(+ * e(+%h-"(6e )!e')e, e% *"+ +e"% +e)*$$e'& %he!+)(+e" "e !' %he )(e * ! *' $"%!e ("% ('e. The 'e+e)e&e'% e% # %h! %"& (* +ee'% ( 'e e+e)%!/e *+%"'($! h((+& (e$e'% !' "#&")%!*' *'e. Re/e+e ("% (e ( '*+$( ("% )*"& %he*+e%!)( #e !$$e&!(%e %+!33e+e&# $e3(%h+"% !, )("!'3 (+3e e(@**+ &!()e$e'%. A !&e
/(+!e% * "e+ (%e ("%!'3 h( #ee' !$(3e& !' "#&")%!*'*'e. F*+ e;($e, %ee>&!!'3 '*+$( ("% h(/e #ee'!$(3e& !' %he "e+ (%e (*'3 %he '*+%he+' Ch!e 4/*' H"e'e ('&R('e+*, 200=5 ('& *"%he+' Pe+" $(+3!' 4A"&!' e% (., 20085.F"+%he+$*+e, ( (+3e "e+ (%e +e/e+e ("%!'3 e/e'% +e)e&e&%he 201 Mw 8.2 P!(3"(, '*+%he+' Ch!e e(+%h-"(6e 4G*'e e%(., 20175 ('& #()6%h+"% ("% (+e !&e+e(& !' %he S"$(%+("#&")%!*' *'e 4S!'3h e% (., 20105.
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Figure 7.15: Three-component velocity traces of the simulated seismic wavefield
of Event I ‘seen’ by Event II. The waveform is bandpass filtered at 0.02–0.15 Hz.
The 3-D simulation is generated in the same way as described in Section 7.60; a
receiver is placed at the centroid location of Event II. The known centroid times of
Events I and II are shown. Although we cannot pinpoint the exact nucleation timeof Event II, it is clear that the arrival of high amplitude S-waves from Event I is
coincident with the possible nucleation stage of Event II, based on its source
duration of 18 s.
B(e& *' *"+ 6'*e&3e * e!$!) /e*)!% %+")%"+e !' %he +e3!*'* %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e 4Ch(%e+ F*"+ ('& F!/e5 ('& )(!'3+e(%!*'h! * "#&")%!*' *'e e(+%h-"(6e ("% &!$e'!*'4B(e+ e% (., 20105, e )()"(%e& %he e;e)%e& e(@**+ %(%!)&!()e$e'% +*$ ( +"%"+e !' %he "e+ (%e. A"$%!*' e+e#(e& *' (' (+*;!$(%!*' * &!*)(%!*' ("%!'3 !' (h*$*3e'e*" h(>()e 4Y. O6(&(, 125. L* v s 42.2 6$5 !'%he $(+!'e *+e(+) 4F!3"+e .1 Ch(%e+ F!/e5 )*++e*'& %* ( *e++!3!&!%, ('& he')e ( 3+e(%e+ ! *+ ( 3!/e' ("% (+e( ('& e!$!)$*$e'%. O"+ )()"(%!*' h* %h(% (' Mw .0 +"%"+e !' %he "e+(%e )*"& +e"% !' "#%('%!( /e+%!)( e(@**+ &!()e$e'% *1.2 $. I %h! )e'(+!* e+e )(e& " %* ( (+3e+ +"%"+e 4Mw .75,! *' %he *+e(+) ("% )*"& )("e ( *)(!e& %"'($! *' %he)*'%!'e'%( he, (%h*"3h %he "e+ !$!% * +"%"+e !e !)*'%+*e& # %he %h!)6'e * %he $(+!'e *+e(+)3e*$e%+ ('&
+!)%!*'( +*e+%!e * %hee ("% 4F!3"+e .115. A %"'($! $( #e)("e& # %(%!) /e+%!)( &!()e$e'% *+ %h+*"3h "#$(+!'e
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('&!&e 4F!3"+e .15 h!)h h(/e *))"++e& *)( !' %he (%4Gee+e' e% (., 2011#5.
Figure 7.16: Regional recordings of the M w 7.1 2011 Araucania (plate interface
thrusting and upper plate normal faulting), 2012 M w 7.1 Constitución (plate
interface thrusting only) and 2010 M w 7.1 Pichilemu (upper plate normal faulting
only) earthquakes at the permanent GSN station, TRQA in eastern Argentina. The
left-hand panel shows the normalised frequency (top) spectra and traces for each
component: a) west; b) east; c) vertical. The map in the right-hand panel shows the
location of the three earthquakes, corresponding CMT solutions and the location of
station TRQA.
Ye% !%h*"% *)( %+*'3>$*%!*' !'%+"$e'%, GPS 'e%*+6, *+ )*e!'e)%!*' * +e3!*'( (/e*+$, 'e(+>?e& %+!33e+e& +"%"+e $(#e &!)"% %* &e%e)%. <e e)"(%e %h(% %he ()6 * e/!&e')e *+E/e'% II !' !'3e>*"+)e CMT *"%!*' $( +e"% +*$ !' (+% +*$%he e;()% h*+% %!$!'3 #e%ee' %he %* *"+)e. The+e*+e, e
+e)*$$e'& %h(% %he (#!!% * %eee!$!) CMT !'/e+!*' %* +e*/e&!Je+e'% &*"#e% )*'?3"+(%!*' ! 3!/e' ( " (e$e'%.
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F"+%he+$*+e, %he+e ! ( 'ee& %* +e>e/("(%e CMT *"%!*' *+ (+3ee(+%h-"(6e "!'3 *)( ('& +e3!*'( (/e*+$ !' "#&")%!*'*'e 3*#( %* e;($!'e he%he+ CSD !'/*/!'3 %he "e+ (%e(+e "#!-"!%*"
Ch(%e+ 8
S YNTHESIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTERPLAY BET<EEN MEGATHRUST PHYSICAL HETEROGENEITY AND SEISMIC SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
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F*"+ ('& F!/e. <e )*$(+e& %hee !$(3e !%h %he e!$!)#eh(/!*"+ * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+e *'e %* +e/e( *$e *%he %+")%"+e %h(% 3*/e+' $e3(%h+"% e3$e'%(%!*' !' %he +e3!*'.O"+ +e"%!'3 =>D e!$!) /e*)!% $*&e h!3h!3h% %* (+3e h!3h/e*)!% #*&!e %h(% !e #e'e(%h %he )*(%!'e !' %he +"%"+e (+e(,('& "% (#*/e %he (%e !'%e+()e 4e.3. F!3"+e .1 ('& 7.105. <e)*'?+$e& %he +ee')e * %hee !$(3e& %+")%"+e # %he!&e'%!?)(%!*' * +*$!'e'% +e3!*'( 3+(/!% ('*$(!e 4F!3"+e 7.115.I' *"+ !'!%!( e!$!) /e*)!% $*&e, e !'%e++e%e& %he (+3e% *%hee h!3h e!$!) /e*)!% ('*$(!e ( ( "#&")%e& e($*"'%4Ch(%e+ F*"+5. <e )*"& '*% +e*/e he%he+ *+ '*% %he e($*"'%
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)*(%!'e 4B(++!e'%* ('& <(+&, 10 M*+e'* e% (., 2005 ('& ((+ ( %he )*'%!'e'%( M*h* (%e !'%e+()e !'%e+e)%!*'. The*+e(+) !' %he (&!/!( e3$e'% ! '*% )h(+()%e+!e& # h!3h e!$!)
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!'%e+(%e %h+"% ("%!'3 e/e'% ('& )*$#!'e %hee )(%(*3"e, !% !)e(+ %h(% e;%e'!*'( e/e'% (+e !&e+e(& 4F!3"+e 8.25. F+*$ %he)+*>e)%!*', $*% e;%e'!*'( e(+%h-"(6e (+e *)(%e& !' %he"e+ (%e 4F!3"+e 8.25. The+e*+e, !% ! )e(+ %h(% "e+ (%e'*+$( ("% (+e '*% *' !$!%e& %* +e3!*' !%h *e+ )*"!'3('& &* '*% (e(+ %* *e ()% ( +"%"+e #(++!e+ ( *+ *"%he+'Pe+" 4A"&!' e% (., 20085 ('& '*+%he+' Ch!e 4/*' H"e'e ('&R('e+*, 200= !)%*+ e% (., 20115. N*+$( ("%!'3 e(+%h-"(6e*)(%e& !' %he h(* $(+!'e *+e(+) (#*/e %he +e3!*' * h!3h)*e!$!) ! $( #e ('(*3*" %* %he (+3e e;%e'!*'( %+")%"+e!$(3e& !' %he +"%"+e (+e( * %he 2011 T*h*6" e(+%h-"(6e 4T"! e%(., 201=5. F"+%he+$*+e, he' e ?%e+ *"% (%e !'%e+()e %h+"%e/e'%, !% #e)*$e ((+e'% %h(% "e+ (%e +e/e+e ("% e+e(* ()%!/(%e&, (+%!)"(+ !' %he A+(")* e'!'"( (+e(. Thee$e)h('!$ !$ ( )*$e; (%%e+' * )*'"3(%e +e/e+e ('&'*+$( ("% !' %he "e+ (%e 4F!3"+e 8.25.
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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Figure 8.1: Comparison of our preliminary aftershock moment tensor catalogue
(top left) with those already published for the period ending December 2010(Agurto et al., 2012; Hayes et al., 2013). Solutions from the global CMT project
(Ekström et al., 2012) are also shown (bottom right). Faulting mechanisms are
classified based on the plunge angle of principal stresses (Frohlich, 1992). Reverse
faulting style is chosen from the minimum rotation angle with respect to a
reference solution representing pure plate interface thrusting based on slab
geometry (Chapter Five).
O/e+(, +*$ (!/e "#"+()e !$(3!'3 * ( "#&")%!*' *'e, (&e%(!e& %"& * +"%"+e )*$e;!% (*)!(%e& !%h ( (+3e
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F i g u r e 8 . 2 : M a p a n d c r o s s - s e c t i o n s o f i n t r a p l a t e a f t e r s h o c
k m e c h a n i s m s c o m b i n e d f r o m
t h e d i f f e r e n t c a t a l o g u e s s h o w n
i n F i g u r e 8 . 1 .
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f p o s s i b l e
u p p e r p l a t e f a u l t g e o m e t r i e s a r
e i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s . F A P = f r o n t a l a c c r e t i o n a r y p r i s m ; P A W =
n t l e .
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Figure 8.3: Comparison of the relationship between plate interface structure (left:
v p, centre: v p / vs and megathrust slip for the Maule, Chile and Tohoku, Japan
earthquakes. The Maule profiles are drawn in a similar way to Figure 5.12, using
the coseismic slip model of Moreno et al. (2012). Seismic velocities for theTohoku megathrust come from Yamamoto et al. (2014) and coseismic slip is from
Gusman et al. (2012). The arrows indicate the depth offset in maximum v p / vs and
coseismic slip between both rupture zones.
G!/e' %he &!Je+e')e !' #+*(&>)(e )h(+()%e+!%!) #e%ee' %he)e'%+( Ch!e ('& '*+%h>e(% Z((' "#&")%!*' $(+3!', e ?'& %h!!$!(+!% !' (%e !'%e+()e /e*)!% %+")%"+e "++!!'3. F*+!'%(')e, %he (3e * %he P()!?) (%e (% %he T*h*6" %+e')h ! 1=0M(, he+e( %he N()( (%e *Jh*+e * )e'%+( Ch!e ! 100 M(
*"'3e+ 4e.3. M`e+ e% (., 20085. G!/e' %he (3e &!Je+e')e, ('&he')e, %he+$( &!%!')%!*' * %he )+"% !' %hee %* e;($e, e"33e% %h(% %he %ee v p 3+(&!e'% ! '*% %he+$( )*'%+*e&. A'(%e+'(%!/e e;('(%!*' ! !')+e(!'3 )*'?'!'3 +e"+e, h!)h $(+e"% !' $e%($*+h!) h(e )h('3e * *)e('!) )+"% $(%e+!(")h ( #((% ('& 3(##+*. H*e/e+, %he *)e('!) )+"% ! '*%e;e)%e& %* "'&e+3* $(*+ $e%($*+h!) h(e )h('3e "'%! %hee)*3!%e %+('!%!*' (% (+*"'& 7 6$ &e%h 4e.3. B*%*)6, 201=H()6e+ ('& A#e+, 2005. A'*%he+ $e)h('!$ $( (+!e +*$ *+e+e"+e )h('3e !' *)e('!) )+"%. P+e/!*" %"&!e 4e.3. A"&e% e%(., 200 K(%* e% (., 2010(5 !'e+ h!3h @"!& +e"+e !%h!'
"#&")%!'3 *)e('!) )+"%. M*+e e/!&e')e * %h! !'%e++e%(%!*' !h*' # ee/(%e& v pv s * 1.8= (% 1217 6$ &e%h 4F!3"+e 8.=5v pv s +e$(!' +e(%!/e )*'%('%, !'&!)(%!'3 *+e +e"+e ! h!3h('& )*e %* )*'?'!'3 +e"+e, #(e& *' Ch+!%e'e' 4185 ('&$*&e!'3 * e!$!) +e+()%!*' &(%( # S"&!)h ('& O+)"%% 41805.A e ( *$e !$!(+!%!e, %he /e*)!% +*?e +*$ %hee %*$e3(%h+"% e(+%h-"(6e h* ( +e$(+6(#e &!Je+e')e. A% 18 6$&e%h, v pv s * %he M("e (%e !'%e+()e "&&e' &e)+e(e +*$2.1 %* 1.8=. A !$!(+ &e)+e(e *))"+ !' %he T*h*6" +"%"+e*'e, (%h*"3h (% ( h(*e+ &e%h * 10 6$ 4F!3"+e 8.=5. <e )('
)*++e(%e %h! &!)+e(') ( %* %he /(% &!Je+!'3 +"%"+e %e*+ %hee %* e(+%h-"(6e. M*% )*e!$!) ! $*&e *+ %he
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M("e e(+%h-"(6e h* %h(% %he +"%"+e &!& '*% e;%e'& %* %he%+e')h $*% ! %*e& (% (+*"'& %he ($e &e%h * %h! h(+)h('3e !' v pv s. The ">&! !$!% * +"%"+e ! (* /e+!?e& # %he()6 * (%e !'%e+()e (%e+h*)6 e!$!)!% (% %hee &e%h 4F!3"+e7.125. I' )*'%+(%, !3'!?)('% ! * =0 $ e;%e'&e& %* $")h
h(*e+ &e%h 481 6$5 &"+!'3 %he T*h*6" e(+%h-"(6e 4L( e%(., 2011 O(( e% (., 2011 S!$*' e% (., 20115. The (#*/e ?'&!'3 !'&!)(%e ( &!+e)% +e(%!*'h! #e%ee' h!)(+*e+%!e 4( e;+ee& # e!$!) /e*)!% %+")%"+e5 !%he!$*3e'!) *%e'%!( * %he "#&")%!*' $e3(%h+"%. The "&&e'&e)+e(e !' v pv s ! &!+e)% +e(%e& %* %he ($*"'% * @"!& (%"+(%e&e&!$e'% (% %he #(e * $(+!'e *+e(+) ('& (*'3 %he "#&")%!*')h(''e. Thee &!Je+e')e !6e +e"% +*$ %he e&!$e'%(%!*'%e * e()h $(+3!'. The )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e ! ('())+e%!*'(+ $(+3!' !%h ( %h!)6 %+e')h ? * 2.02.2 6$4G+e/e$ee+ e% (., 200=5 ('& ( e>&e?'e& "#&")%!*' )h(''e%h(% ! " %* 1 6$ %h!)6 4C*'%+e+( Ree e% (., 2008 G+e/e$ee+e% (., 200=5. I' )*'%+(%, %he '*+%h>e(% Z((' "#&")%!*' $(+3!' !e+*!/e, !%h =70 $ * e&!$e'% (% %he %+e')h 4K*&(!+( e% (.,2012 N(6($"+( e% (., 201=5. Th! &!Je+e')e "33e% %h(% ( !&e+/*"$e * */e++e"+e& ('& /e*)!%>%+e'3%he'!'3 e&!$e'%*/e+!e %he M("e $e3(%h+"%. F"+%he+$*+e, %he )*$e%e'% +*)6+($e*+6 ('& #()6%* * M("e +e3!*' ! (% ( 3+e(%e+ &!%(')e+*$ %he %+e')h. The+e*+e, e !'e+ %h(% %he h!)( +*e+%!e *%he T*h*6" $(+3!' (* h(*e+ #+!%%e (!"+e (*'3 %he (%e!'%e+()e, !')+e(!'3 !% %"'($!3e'!) *%e'%!(. F*+ %he )e'%+(
Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e, e(@**+ 3e*&e%!) *#e+/(%!*' 4B`+3$(''('& Ch(&e, 2015 (+e +e-"!+e& %* )*'?+$ %he +!)%!*'()h(+()%e+!%!) * %he h(*e% (+% * %he $e3(%h+"%.
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A &!)"e& !' Se)%!*' .7, %he "e * (/e*+$ !$"(%!*' !'h!3h he%e+*3e'e*" $e&!( )(' !$+*/e *"+ !$(3!'3 * #*%he(+%h-"(6e *"+)e $e)h('!$ ('& "#"+()e %+")%"+e. I'
Ch(%e+ Se/e', e h(/e (+e(& h*' %he /("e * %hee'"$e+!)( !$"(%!*' # &e$*'%+(%!'3 h* %+")%"+(he%e+*3e'e!% )(' #!( *"+)e (+($e%e+ !' $"%!e *!'%>*"+)e$*$e'% %e'*+ !'/e+!*'. The )e'%+( Ch!e "#&")%!*' *'e+e+ee'% (' e;)ee'% %e% #e& *+ "#&")%!*' *'e =>D ">(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' &"e %* %he **!'3 +e(*':
1 The+e ! (' e;)ee'% )*/e+(3e * #+*(&#('& e!$!)!'%+"$e'% +*/!&e& # %he I'%e+'(%!*'( M("e A%e+h*)6De*$e'%.
2 A (+3e &(%(#(e * +e)*+&e& e!$!) (/e*+$ +*$'"$e+*" $*&e+(%e>!e& (%e+h*)6 e;!%.
= A &e%(!e& %+")%"+( $*&e * %he "#"+()e ! (/(!(#e+*$ %he *)( e(+%h-"(6e %*$*3+(h %"&!e &*)"$e'%e& !'
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%h! %he!. Re!(#e $*$e'% %e'*+ *"%!*' (+e (/(!(#e *+ $('
(%e+h*)6 4Se)%!*' 8.1.25.I' %he )*'%e;% * %he *+6 )(++!e& *"% !' %h! +*e)%, )()"(%!'3 %hee'!%!/!% 6e+'e (*)!(%e& !%h (&*!'% *"+)e )(' he h!3h!3h%
%he %+e'3%h ('& *!#e e(6'ee * *"+ =>D /e*)!% $*&e('& $*$e'% %e'*+ *"%!*'. T* $(6e ( +e!$!'(+ (e$e'% * %he *%e'%!( *+ ( &e%(!e&">(/e*+$ %"& !' )e'%+( Ch!e, e 3e'e+(%e& =>D (/e*+$!$"(%!*' *+ (%e+h*)6 * %he M("e e-"e')e. D"e %* e;%e'&e&*"+)e eJe)%, e )(++!e& *"% !$"(%!*' *+ $( %* $*&e+(%e!e& e/e'% 4Mw ^ 7.75 * *"+ $*$e'% %e'*+ )(%(*3"e 4F!3"+e8.1, %* e%5 %* (/*!& e;%e'&e& *"+)e eJe)%. He+e, e +ee'%+e"% +*$ %he !$"(%!*' * *'e * %hee (%e+h*)6 !% *"+)e(+($e%e+ (+e h*' !' T(#e 8.1 ('& !% *)(%!*' ! h*' !'F!3"+e 8..
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Brigin
ti$e
;U(C<
LatitudeLongitu
de
Centroi
d
depth
Mo$ent tensor
Mw
Mrr Mtt M pp Mrt Mrt M pp
EGponen
t
;dyne.c
$<
=00=201008:12:7.
=.7S =.00< 18 6$ .0 >0.10.=
>0.20.=0
1.18
0.2
22
Table 8.1: Source parameters of the test event used for the 3-D waveform
simulation described in this section.
The =>D !$"(%!*' ! )()"(%e& *' ( $eh )+e(%e& "!'3 %heGEOCUBIT *%(+e, ( *"%!'e& !' Se)%!*' .7.2. The $eh !!$!(+ %* %h(% &e!3'e& *+ %he A+(")('!( e(+%h-"(6e 4Se)%!*'
.05 !'%e(&, e "e ( (+3e+ /*"$e %* !')*+*+(%e %he 700 6$*'3 +"%"+e (+e( * %he M("e e(+%h-"(6e. F"+%he+$*+e, e "e (?'e+ $!'!$"$ ee$e'% ()!'3 * 2000 $ 4F!3"+e 8.75, (*!'3%(#e (/e +*(3(%!*' !$"(%!*' %* #e )(++!e& *"% " %*+e(%!/e h!3h +e-"e')!e * 0.7 H.
Figure 8.4: Location and faulting mechanism of the event described in Table 8.1
that has been used to simulate seismic wave propagation the central Chile
subduction zone. Red triangles denote stations with high-quality broadband
recordings of this event (Figure 8.6).
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Figure 8.5: 3-D image of the mesh (as viewed from the south) that is used to
generate the high frequency 3-D waveform simulations inside the entire rupture
zone of the Maule earthquake.
<e %he' )*$(+e '%he%!) %+()e %* %he )*++e*'&!'3 *#e+/e&(/e*+$ %h(% h(/e h!3h !3'(>%*>'*!e +(%!* 4 =5 4F!3"+e 8.5.<e ?'& e;)ee'% ?% (% $(' %(%!*' " %* h!3h +e-"e')!e40.7 H5, h!3h!3h%!'3 %he +e!(#!!% * *"+ =>D /e*)!% $*&e ('&$*$e'% %e'*+ *"%!*' * %h! e(+%h-"(6e. H*e/e+, *+ $('%+()e, %he+e ! ( h(e h!% #e%ee' %he S>(/e * %he +e&!)%e&('& *#e+/e& (/e*+$, he+e %he *#e+/e& S>(/e (++!/ee(+!e+ )*$(+e& %* %he '%he%!). Th! ?'&!'3 !'&!)(%e %h(% *e+S>(/e /e*)!%!e $( #e +ee'% !' %he "#"+()e, h!)h (+e '*%&e)+!#e& # %he *+!3!'( /e*)!% $*&e.
T* !'/e%!3(%e %h! &!)+e('), e "e %he (&*!'% $e%h*& 4e.3. T+*$ e% (., 20075 %* )()"(%e %he /*"$e%+!) e'!%!/!% *+e)!?) e!$!) (+($e%e+ "!'3 ?'!%e>+e-"e') 6e+'e. Thee6e+'e (+e ( "')%!*' * %he !'%e+()%!*' #e%ee' %he e(+%h-"(6e('& (&*!'% (/e?e& %he (%%e+ ! 3e'e+(%e& # )*'!&e+!'3 %!$e>+e/e+e& !3'( (% %he %(%!*' ( *"+)e 4e.3. L!" ('& T+*$,
200 M(3'*'! e% (., 2015. <e )()"(%e (&*!'% %+()e # "!'3 (!$e (/e*+$ $!?% 4T+*$ e% (., 20075, h!)h ! %he -"(+e&&!Je+e')e #e%ee' %he *#e+/e& ('& '%he%!) &(%( 4e.3. K+!)he+e% (., 20175, *+ ( !'&* %(+%!'3 (% %he P>(/e *'e% 4F!3"+e 8.5('& e'&!'3 27 e)*'& (%e+ %he %he*+e%!)( S>(/e (++!/( %!$e.
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Figure 8.6: Representative velocity waveform fits comparing 3-D synthetics with
observed waveforms for the simulated test event. Waveforms are bandpass filtered
at 0.05–0.45 Hz. Locations of these stations are shown in Figure 8.4. Orange lines
indicate P-wave onset times.
The (/e+(3e& ?'!%e>+e-"e') 6e+'e * he(+ $*&"" e'!%!/!% !h*' !' F!3"+e 8.. Be*+e &e)+!#!'3 ('& !'%e++e%!'3 e(%"+e *%he 6e+'e, !% ! !$*+%('% %* %(%e %h(% %he /*"$e%+!) e'!%!/!%h*' !' F!3"+e 8. ! '*% $**%he&, * h!3h +e-"e') @")%"(%!*'&"e %* '"$e+!)( '*!e (+e +ee'%. Ne/e+%hee, *'e * %he $(!'e(%"+e !' %he ee)%e& +e-"e') #('& 40.070.7 H5 ! h!3he'!%!/!% )*e %* #*%h %he +e)e!/e+ ('& %he e(+%h-"(6e *"+)e !'%he )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+). Th! *"+)e>+e)e!/e+ e'!%!/!% (%%e+' !)*$$*' %* ?'!%e>+e-"e') 6e+'e 4M(3'*'! e% (., 2015. H!3he'!%!/!% %* "#"+()e %+")%"+e (% h(* &e%h 4!%h!' %he"e+ 7 6$5 ! !6e ( )*'e-"e')e * %he ()6 * +e*"%!*' !' *"+%*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*', &"e %* %he ()6 * h(* e!$!) *"+)e.
182
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L* +e!&"( e'!%!/!% !' %he )e'%+( )*'%!'e'%( *+e(+) +e"%+*$ %he h!3h +e*"%!*' !' *"+ %*$*3+(h!) !'/e+!*' 4Ch(%e+F!/e5. The *%he+ $(!' e(%"+e * %he 6e+'e ! h!3h +e!&"(e'!%!/!% !%h!' %he "e+ *+%!*' * %he $(+!'e *+e(+). <ee)"(%e %h(% %h! (%%e+' $( #e &"e %* !$!%(%!*' !' *"+ e!$!)
/e*)!% $*&e &"e %* $e(+!'3 )("e& # $*% *"+)e !'3 (*'3%he (%e !'%e+()e. Th! h!3h e'!%!/!% $( $('!e% !%e ( %heh(e *Je% #e%ee' *#e+/e& ('& '%he%!) (++!/( !' F!3"+e 8..O/e+(, %hee +e!$!'(+ +e"% h* %h(% %he "e * " =>D(/e*+$ !'/e+!*' "!'3 $"%!e (%e+h*)6 )*"& he %* +e?'e!$(3e * "#&")%!*' *'e %+")%"+e ('& (%e !'%e+()e +*e+%!e(% (' "'+e)e&e'%e& )(e * !$(3!'3.
Figure 8.7: Unfiltered isotropic sensitivity kernel of shear modulus (normalised),
as viewed from the south, with a vertical slice through the hypocentral region of
the studied event. Elevation exaggeration = 2:1.
Ch(%e+
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE <ORK
Th! %"& e% *"% %* "'&e+%('& %he h!)( ()%*+ %h(% 3*/e+'*$e * %he (+3e% e(+%h-"(6e +"%"+e !' %he *+&. T* !'/e%!3(%e%h! %*!), e *)"e& *' !$(3!'3 h!)( +*e+%!e ('& )*$e;
+"%"+e +*)ee !' %he (+e( * %he 2010 Mw 8.8 M("e e(+%h-"(6e!' Ch!e. He+e, e +e*'& %* %he 6e +*e)% (!$ ('& +ee(+)h
18=
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-"e%!*' *e& !' Ch(%e+ O'e. <e %he' e;(!' *$e * %he 6e)*'%+!#"%!*' *+ %he (&/(')e$e'% * "#&")%!*' *'e e(+%h-"(6e)!e')e, ('& %* (!% *!)$(6e+ !' (e!'3 "%"+e e(+%h-"(6eh((+&. F!'(, "33e%!*' (+e 3!/e' *+ "%"+e )!e'%!?) +*3+e!' %he ?e&.
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/seismic-properties-and-processes-along-the-subduction-plate-interface-the 188/228
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7/25/2019 Seismic properties and processes along the Subduction Plate Interface: the Februrary 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile E…
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C**%, Z.Y., A3"&e*, <., R!#*&e%%!, A., M(+)(!*", B., 2008. O+!3!' *( )+"%( ( ("% ('& !% +e(%!*' %* %he e!$*3e'!) *'e ('&"'&e+(%!'3 (% %he e+*!*'( '*+%h E)"(&*+*"%h C**$#!(*)e('!) $(+3!'. Z. Ge*h. Re. 11=, B12102.&*!:10.1022008ZB0071
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Be++$(', K., D*'e, G., E#e+h(+%>Ph!!, D., F(3e+e'3, A.,E!, S., N!)*, A., M)C(J+e, R., Be(/(', R.Z., He'+, S.,S"%he+('&, R., B(+6e+, D.H.N., L!%)h?e&, N., T*'e'&, Z.,R*#!'*', R., Be, R., <!*', K., P*e+, <., 200. Ch(+()%e+!!'3%he e!$*3e'!) *'e * ( $(*+ (%e #*"'&(+ "#&")%!*'%h+"%: H!6"+('3! M(+3!', Ne Ve(('&. Ge*)he$., Ge*h.,Ge*%. 10, Q1000. &*!:10.102200GC00210
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<('3, K., 2010. Ge*h!). F!'&!'3 ("% !' ("% *'e. S)!e')e=2, 17217=. &*!:10.112)!e')e.11222=
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200=. B(!'m)e'%e+e& (e+!%!e !' 3+e(% "#&")%!*' *'ee(+%h-"(6e: A !'6 #e%ee' !, "#!&e')e, ('& "#&")%!*'e+*!*'\ Z. Ge*h. Re. 108, 270. &*!:10.1022002ZB00202
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<!33e+, P.Z., S)h$!%, M., A+('e&(, M., A)h, G., B(&"h', S., G!ee,P., He!'*h', <.>D., M(+%f'e, E., R!)(&!, E., Re+, P., 1.
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227
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