Post on 11-Apr-2017
transcript
Seminar Presentation on
Seismic Retrofitting Techniques
Submitted to-Mr. S.C.VermaCivil Engg. DepartmentCOER
Submitted By:-Neeraj RanaCivil Engg.-4th yearSection – E (T2)Roll No.- 55
IntroductionEarthquake creates great devastation in terms of life,
money and failures of structures.
Earthquake Mitigation is an important field of study froma
long time now.
Seismic Retrofitting is a collection mitigation techniquesfor
Earthquake Engineering.
It is of utmost importance for historic monuments, areas prone
to severe earthquakes and tall or expensive structures. 1
Seismic RetrofittingDefinition
It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms.
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When is Seismic Retrofitting Needed ?
The two circumstances are:-
Earthquake damaged buildings, and
Earthquake-vulnerable buildings(with no exposureto
severe earthquakes)
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Retrofit Performance ObjectivesPublic safety only: The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that
the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passersby, and
that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic
conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring
tear-down and replacement.
Structure survivability:
remaining safe for exit,
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The goal is that
the structure, while may
require extensive repair (but
not
replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for
occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to
bridges.
Retrofit Performance Objectives (Contd.)
Structure functionality: Primary structure undamaged and the
structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application.
Structure unaffected: This level of retrofit is preferredfor
historic structures of high cultural significance.
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Need of Retrofitting in ExistingEarthquake Vulnerable Buildings
Buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in later years;
Buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes,butdeficiencies exist in the design and/or construction;
Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments and architectural buildings;
Important buildings whose services are assumed to be essential just after an earthquake like hospitals;
Buildings, the use of which has changed through the years;
Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.6
Problems faced by Structural Engineers are :-
Lack of standards for retrofitting methods
Effectiveness of each methods varies a lot depending upon
parameters like type of structures, material condition,
amount of damage , etc.
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Basic Concept of RetrofittingThe aim is at (CEB1997):-
Upgradation of lateral strength of the structure;
Increase in the ductility of the structure
Increase in strength and ductility
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Earthquake Design PhilosophyUnder minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the
building that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be
damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain
repairable damage;
Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may
sustain repairable damage, while the other parts of the building
may be damaged such that they may even have to be replaced after
the earthquake; and
Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain
severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not
collapse.9
Classification of Retrofitting Techniques
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Some Conventional ApproachesAdding New Shear Walls
Frequently used for retrofitting of
non ductile reinforced concrete frame
buildings.
The added elements can be either cast‐in‐place
or precast concrete elements.
New elements preferably be placed atthe
exterior of the building.
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Not preferred in the interior of the structure to
avoid interior mouldings.
Fig: Additional Shear Wall
Some Conventional Approaches (Contd.)Adding Steel Bracings
An effective solution when large openings are required.
Potential advantages for the following reasons:
higher strength and stiffness,
opening for natural light,
amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized
adds much less weight to the existing structure
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Adding Shear Walls and Bracings
Fig: Effect of Adding Shear Walls and Bracings
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Adding Steel Bracings
Fig: RC Building retrofitted by steel bracing
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Some Conventional Approaches (Contd.)
Jacketing (Local Retrofitting Technique)
Most popular method for strengthening of building columns
Types-1. Steel jacket, 2. Reinforced Concrete jacket, 3.
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite(FRPC) jacket
Purpose for jacketing:
To increase concrete confinementTo increase shear strengthTo increase flexural strength
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Jacketing
Fig: Column Jacketing
Fig: Beam Jacketing
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Retrofit of Structures using InnovativeMaterials
Current research on advanced materials has mainly concentrated
on FRP composites.
Studies have shown that externally bonded FRP composites can
be applied to various structural members including columns,
beams, slabs, and walls to improve their structural performance
such as stiffness, load carrying capacity, and ductility.
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Effectiveness of FRPC as a RetrofittingMaterial
Fig: A 3-D Model of a Building
(a) Wall Stresses before Retrofitting
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(b) Afterinstallation of Steel Window frames
(c) Additional FRP Retrofitting
Fig: A Retrofit Application combining Conventional and Composites Retrofitting
Base Isolation (or Seismic Isolation)Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known
as base isolation.It is the most powerful tool for passive structuralvibrationcontrol technique
Fig: Base Isolated Structures
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Concept of Base IsolationSignificantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the Damping so that the Response is Significantly Reduced.
Fig: Spectral Response for a Typical Base Isolation System
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Types of Base IsolationsBase isolation systems which uses Elastomeric Bearings
Base isolation systems with Sliding System
Fig: Elastomeric Isolators
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Elastomeric Base Isolation SystemsThis is the mostly widely used Base Isolator.The elastomer is made of either Natural Rubber or Neoprene.The structure is decoupled from the horizontal components ofthe earthquake ground motionA layer with low horizontal stiffness isintroduced
between the structure and the foundation.
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Fig: Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators
Sliding Base Isolation Systems
It is the second basic type of isolators.
This works by limiting the base shear across the isolator
interface.
Fig: Metallic Roller Bearing
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Spherical Sliding Base IsolatorsThe structure is supported by bearing pads thathave curved surface and low friction.During an earthquake, the building is free to slide on thebearings.
Fig: Spherical Sliding Base Isolator24
Friction Pendulum Bearing
It increases the natural time period of oscillation bycausing the structure to slide along the concave inner
These are specially designed base isolators which workson the principle of simple pendulum.
surface through the frictional interface.It also possesses a re-centering capability.
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Fig: Cross-section of Friction Pendulum Bearing
Friction Pendulum Bearing (Contd.)Typically, bearings measure 3 feet in dia., 8 inches in height and weight being2000 poundsBenicia Martinez Bridge, California is one of the largest bridges to date to undertake a seismic isolation retrofit.Largest seismic isolation bearings, measuring 13 feet in diameter, and weighing 40,000 pounds. They have a lateral displacement capacity of 53 inches, a 5 million pound design dead plus live load, and a 5 second period.
Fig: Bearing used in Benicia Martinez Bridge (left) and Benicia Martinez Bridge (right)26
Effectiveness of Base Isolation
Fig: A 3-D Model of a building in SAP2000
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Effectiveness of Base Isolation
Fig: Comparison Stresses in Z direction for Fixed Base (left) and Isolated Base (right)
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Effectiveness of Base Isolation
Fig: Comparison of Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction for Fixed Base(left) and Isolatedbase (right)
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Advantages of Base IsolationIsolates Building from ground motion
Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure.
Minimal repair of superstructure.
Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.
Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.
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Disadvantages of Base IsolationExpensive
Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting
Challenging to implement in an efficient manner
Allowance for building displacements
Inefficient for high rise buildings
Not suitable for buildings rested on soft soil.
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Codes and Guidelines for Base Isolation
International Code Council, Uniform Building Code, Vol. 2, USA,
1997.
International Building Code, IBC 2006.
NZS1170.5:2004, Structural Design Actions, Part 5:
Earthquake Actions – New Zealand, Standards New Zealand.
FEMA-273, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation
of Buildings(1997).
FEMA-274, NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings(1997).
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Seismic DampersSeismic Dampers are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures.It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion ofbuildings.Types:- Viscous Dampers (energy is absorbedby silicone-
based fluidpassing between piston-cylinder arrangement),
Friction Dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other), and
Yielding Dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield).
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Viscous Dampers
Fig: Cross-section of a Viscous Fluid Damper
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Tuned Mass Damper(TMD)It is also known as an active mass damper (AMD) or harmonic absorber.It is a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitudeof mechanical vibrations.Their application can prevent discomfort, damage,or outright structural failure.They are frequently used in power transmission, automobiles and tall buildings.
Fig: TMD in Taipei 101
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Tuned Mass Damper(TMD) (Contd.)Taipei 101 has the largest TMD sphere in the world and weighs 660 metric tonnes with a diameter of 5.5 metre and costs US$4 million (total structure costs US$ 1.80 billion).
Fig: TMD in Taipei 101
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Fig: Some Energy Dissipation Devices
Energy Dissipation Devices
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Indian Codes for Earthquake DesignIS: 1893-2002 (part-1) Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1 :
General Provision and Buildings) - Code of Practice
IS: 4326-1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings – Code of
Practice
IS: 13920-1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to
Seismic Forces – Code of Practice
IS: 13935-1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings – Guidelines
IS: 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonary
Buildings - Guidelines
IS: 13827-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings – Guidelines
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ConclusionSeismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures.It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology.But, the expertise needed is not available in the basic level.The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be achieved through a detailed nonlinear analysis.Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for a particular structure.Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code ofpractice for professionals related to this field.
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