SEMANTIC GROUP 2

Members: 1. Ani Istiana2. Avi Marina3. Cut Hafizahrani4. Mufadilla Santy5. Romy Mardian

SEMANTICSPokok Bahasan: Lexical SemanticsLexical Relations

1. homonymy2. Polysemy 6. Reversiveness3. Synonymy 7. Converseness4. Hyponymy 8. Markedness5. Antonymy 9. Polarity.

Sub Pokok bahasan

Homonymy

Homonyms are unrelated senses of the

same phonological word. Some authors

distinguish between homographs, sense of

the same written word, and homophones,

sense of the same spoken word.

(Saeed)

Example:

1. lap ‘circuit of a course’ and lap ‘part of body when sitting down’.

2. of the same cateogry, but with different speeling: e.g the verbs ring and wring.

3. of different categories, but with same spelling: e.g the verb keep and the noun keep.

4. of different categories, and with different spelling: e.g not, knot.

Polysemy

When multiple senses of the same

phonological word is related.

(Saeed)

Example:

hook. 1. a piece of material, usually metal, curved or bent and used to suspend, catch, hold,

or pull something. 2. short for fish-hook. 3. a rap or snare.

hooker. 1. a commericial fishing boat using hooks and lines instead of nets. 2. a sailing boat of the west of Ireland formerly used for cargo and now for pleasure sailing and racing.

SYNONYM * Saeed

Synonyms are different phonological words with the same or very similar meanings. * Kreidler

When used in predications with the same reffering expression, the predications

have the same truth value.* Is a word that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word.* Words that have the same similiar meaning

HYPONYM

• SaeedIs a relation of inclution. Hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word.

• KreidlerAny lexeme that can be subtituted for a hyponym is also a hyponym.

• When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another

Antonymy ( Saeed )Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning Simple antonyms (complementary pairs, binary pairs)

the positive of one implies the negative of the other dead/alive, pass/fail, hit/miss

Gradable antonyms The positive of one does not necessarily imply the negative of the

other hot/cold (intermediate terms warm, cool) Usually relative: thick pencial, thin girl Examples: clever/stupid, near/far, interesting/boring

Reverses Movement in opposite directions Examples: push/pull, come/go, ascend/descend, up/down,

left/right The two directions of a reversible process: inflate/deflate,

expand/contract, fill/empty Converses (relation opposites)

Converses describe a relation (between two entities) from different viewpoints.

Examples: won/belong to, above/below, employer/employee

Reversiveness

The characteristic reverse terms is :describing movement, where one term

describes movement in one direction, , and;the other the same movement in the opposite

direction,

(Saeed)

Example :

- push and pull(on a swing door),

- come/go, go/ turn, ascend/descend.

- (go) up/down, (go) in/ out, (turn) right/left.

- inflate/deflate, expand/contract, fill/empty or knit/unravel

According to Cruse

Directional opposites The main types of directional opposite are opposite directions, antipodals, and reversives.

Opposite directionsOpposite directions defines a potential path for a body moving in a straight line, a pair of lexical items denoting opposite directions indicate potential paths..

For example; north : south, up : down, forwards : backwards

Antipodals

Antipodal comes next in which one term represents an extreme in one direction along some salient axis, while the other term denotes the corresponding extreme in the other direction. For example:- if we go up as far as we can while remaining within the confines of some spatial entity we reach its top, and in the other direction the lower limit is the bottom, - then front with back, floor with ceiling, nose with tail, and head with toe,

ReversivesReversives are those pairs of verbs which denote motion or change in opposite directions. Like antipodals they may involve literal motion, as in:

Rise: fall (e.g. in water level), advance: retreat, ascend: descend, arrive:depart, enter: leave, mount:dismount,

Relation Pairs (Converseness) Refers to the pair of words that display symmetry in their meaning.

[If X gives Y to Z, then Z receives Y from X] relationship between certain semantics features can reveal knowledge about antonyms.Consider:A WORD THAT IS [+MARRIED] IS [-SINGLE]A WORD THAT IS [+SINGLE] IS [-MARRIED]Other e.g relational pairsBuy >< sellPush >< pullCommand >< serveGive >< takeTeach >< learnJohn buys a book from merry of course merry sells a book for john X y z z y x

Markedness In linguistics, markedness is a phenomenon that applies to a relationship between two or more words. Experts speak of this as an asymmetry that helps linguists to understand how various languages are used. This evaluation of words and phrases applies to both grammatical and semantic differences, and also involves some evaluation of phonology of words.

Many of the most basic examples of markedness involve some opposite words that mirror each other in specific ways. For example, a set of words where one or the other consists of a prefixed form of its companion can be said to illustrate markedness. A common example is the set of words

“happy” and “unhappy.” In this example, the word “unhappy” is said to be marked by its prefix that establishes it as the opposite of the word “happy.” It’s interesting to compare another set of words, “happy” and “sad,” where no marking phenomena is observed because neither of these are defined by their opposites.In the above example, the prefix “un” marks the word. Other prefixes used to mark words include “dis-,” “pre-,” and “ir-.” All of these can set up similar examples where the opposite form of a word gets the prefix.

Polarity Polarity has two types ; linguistic polarity and natural polarity. For each has negative and positive polarity.

e.g : happy >< unhappy = sad“Happy” is positive polarity, “Unhappy “ is negative polarity with linguistic polarity is aspect and then

“Sad” is negative polarity with natural polarity is aspect.Polarity sometime say is isame as impartiality, why??? See example below :a. Are you clean your room???b. Are you dirt your room?? “a and b” are impartial example.

* We of course use “a” to make a statement or question. “a” is identified as positive polarity and “b” is identified as negative polarity with natural aspect. But we also can say : c. Are you unclean your room??. “c” is identified as negative polarity with linguistic aspect. Sometime we use afixes for make negative word but somewords have their opposites meaning without affixes in their opposites.

THANK YOU