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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE
MOST MERCIFUL AND THE MOST
BENEFICENT
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Chitosan Based Antimicrobial Films
in Food Application
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Faqir Muhammad Anjum
Muhammad Sajid Arshad2003-ag-1791
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Road Map
1. Introduction
2. Preparation Methods
3. Mechanism
4. Factors Affecting AntimicrobialFilms
5. Conclusions & References
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Introduction
Chitosan Linear polysaccharide
(1,4)-linked 2- amino-deoxy--D-glucan
Deacetylated derivative of chitin
Second most abundant polysaccharide
Advantageous
Nontoxic
Aesthetic appearance
(Vasconez et al., 2009)
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Cont
Barrier properties against pathogens Biodegradable
Biofunctional
Biocompatibility with human tissues Non-polluting
Low cost
(Va sconez et al., 2009)
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Scope & Objective
Reduce economic losses
Preserve food from microorganisms
Incorporate functional substances
Enhance shelf life
Enhance food value(Cutter, 2006)
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Functionality
Functional and specific propertiesSelective properties
Retarding
Organic vapors (aromas, solvents) Water vapor
Solute (lipids, salts, additives, pigments)
Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen)(Tripathi et al., 2008)
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Preparation of chitosan basedantimicrobial films
Solution casting method Cross-linking by
Agylcone geniposidic acid
Blending of ferulic acid
Incorporation of garlic oil
Potassium sorbate and nisin
O-carboxymethylated chitosan blendedwith cellulose
(Mathew & Abraham, 2008)
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Cont
Recently chitosan based antimicrobialfilms
Supercritical (Sc) carbon dioxide Microwave technique
Film formation without addition of any
cross-linker or plasticizer(Tripathi et al., 2008)
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Chitosan film by using supercritical carbondioxide treatment
Chitin (1 g) Colloidalsolution
3N HCl(100 ml)
105 C
3 h
Residues
Centrifugation
Dialyzed
Solvent-exchange
Preparedchitin
Acetone and Ethyl alcohol
Preparation of chitin whiskers
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Cont
Solvent-exchangeproducts
SCFreactor
40C
Pressure
100 Bar
Pressure200 Bar
Reaction time2 h
Flow of CO2
Replace organicsolvents
Supercritical fluid (SCF) drying
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ContPreparation of chitosan/starch film
Sc. CO2treated chitin
150 C
NaOH & Na2CO3
Left over night Residues
Repeatedtwo times
Dialyzed
Solvent-exchange
Acetone andEthyl alcohol
Sc. CO2Sc. CO2treated chitosan
Starch in 3:1
Casted on glass
Chitosan films
(Tripathi et al., 2008)
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Antimicrobial chitosan film by usingmicrowave treatment
ChitosanChitosansolution
1% glacialacetic acid
stirredovernight
Filtered
Preparedstarch solution
Film-forming
solution
Chitosan
solution
StirringMicrowavetreatment
Chitosan film
Room temp.
(Tripathi et al., 2008)
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Chitosan blend film under theaction of irradiation
Chitosan solution prepared in acetic acidsolution with 5:4 ratio
Starch powder mixed with glycerol Homogenously with the above prepared
chitosan solution
15% starch and chitosan semisolid gel-likemixtures
Heating at 100 C for 2 h
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Cont Gel-like mixtures in hot state cold pressed
Prepare wet chitosan films
Wet films irradiated by electron beam (EB)
Wet chitosan films dried to gain chitosanfilms
(Zhai et al., 2004)
Blend bio-based films useful antimicrobialproperties due to the presence of chitosan
(Ferreira et al., 2009)
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Chitosan film enriched with oreganoessential oil
Chitosan stock solution prepared 1.5%chitosan in 1.5% acetic acid
Stirred overnight at room temperature &filtered
Sterilized at 121 C for 15 min
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Cont
Essential oil mixed with Tween 20 &added to the chitosan stock solution
Final film-forming solutions homogenizedat 21,600 rpm for 1 min & poured
Films dried under 5 psi vacuum at 30 C(Chi et al., 2006)
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Mechanism of antimicrobial action ofchitosan
Positively charged amino group of Chitosan Interacts with negatively charged microbial cell
membranes
Leading to Leakage of pertinacious
Intracellular constituents of the microorganisms
(Rabea et al., 2003)
Chitosan acted mainly on the outer surfaceof bacteria
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Cont
Lower conc.
Polycationic chitosan bind to the negativelycharged bacterialAgglutination
Higher conc. Positive charges imparted net positive charge to
the bacterial surfaces keep them in suspension
Chitosan solution at 0.10 mg/mL
Inhibit the growth of Xanthomonas bacteria
(Liet al
., 2008)
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Cont
Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution
against Xanthomonas
Increased with increase of chitosan conc.Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution
at 0.05 mg/mL was enhanced by NaCl
(Li et al., 2008)
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ContAntibacterial activity of chitosan
Investigated by mortality rates E. coli
S. aureus
Inactivation of E. coli by chitosan occurred Separation of the cell wall from its cell
membrane
Destruction of the cell membrane(Chung & Chen, 2008)
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Chitosan-starch solution against
(a) E. coli, (b) S. aureus
Chitosan-starch film against
(a) E. coli, (b) S. aureus
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Factors affecting the antimicrobialactivity of chitosan
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Lower MW chitosan greater antimicrobial activitythan native chitosans
Degree of polymerization at least seven
Lower MW fractions have little or no activity
Highly deacetylated chitosans more antimicrobial
than higher proportion of acetylated Increased solubility
Higher charge density
(Dutta et al., 2009)
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Cont Lower pH increases the antimicrobial activity of
chitosan Being cationic
Potential to bind many food components Alginates
Pectins Proteins
Inorganic polyelectrolytes such as polyphosphate
Solubility decreased by using low molecular weightelectrolytes Sodium halides
Sodium phosphate
Organic anions
(Duttaet al
., 2009)
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Applications as bio-packaging for foodpreservation
Edible coatings Reduce moisture transfer
Restrict oxygen uptake
Lower respiration Retard ethylene production
Seal in flavor volatiles
Carry additional functional ingredients Enhance the food quality & storage
(Coma, 2008)
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Cont
Homogeneous coatings Mixtures of proteins and polysaccharides
Components completely soluble in water or
hydro alcoholic solution Cheese coating with chitosan films
Avoid pathogenic bacteria growth on cheesesurface
(Buzinova & Shipovskaya, 2008)
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Conclusions
Promising system for future improvement offood quality
Preservation during processing and storage
Helpful in extending food shelf-life Versatile and promising biodegradable polymer
Potential as a antimicrobial packaging material &non-toxicity
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Cont Functional properties of chitosan films
Improved by combining with other film- formingmaterials
Going to be no surprise if we witness a
widespread use of chitosan films In tomorrows food packaging
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References
Buzinova, D. A., & Shipovskaya, A. B. (2008).
Sorption and sactericide properties of chitosanfilms. Izvestya of Saratov University, 8(2).DOI:547.458:544.723.
Chi, S., Zivanovic, S., & Penfield, M. P. (2006).Application of Chitosan films enriched with oreganoessential oil on bologna- Active compounds andsensory attributes. Food Science and Technology
International, 12(2): 111117. Chung, Y-C., & Chen, C-Y. (2008). Antibacterial
characteristics and activity of acidsoluble chitosan.Bioresource Technology, 99(8): 28062814.
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Cont Coma, V. (2008). A review: Bioactive packaging
technologies for extended shelf life of meat-based products.Meat Science, 78(1): 90103.
Cutter, C. N. (2006). Opportunities for bio-based packagingtechnologies to improve the quality and safety of fresh andfurther processed muscle foods. Meat Science, 74(1): 131
142. Dutta, P. K., Tripathi, S., Mehrotra, G. K., & Dutta, J.
(2009). Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial filmsin food applications. Food Chemistry, 114(4):11731182.
Ferreira, C. O., Nunes, C. A., Delgadillo, I., &Lopes-da-Silva, J. A. (2009). Characterization ofchitosan-whey protein films at acid pH. FoodResearch International, 42(7): 807813.
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Cont Li, B., Wang, X., Chen, R., Huangfu, W., & Xie, G.
(2008). Antibacterial activity of chitosan solutionagainst Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolatedfrom Euphorbia pulcherrima. CarbohydratePolymers, 72(2): 287292.
Mathew, S., & Abraham, T. E. (2008).Characterisation of ferulic acid incorporated starch-chitosan blend films. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(5):826835.
Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M. E. T., Stevens, C. V.,Smagghe, G., & Steurbaut, W. (2003). Chitosan as
Antimicrobial Agent: Applications and Mode ofAction. Biomacromolecules, 4(6): 14571465.
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Cont Tripathi, S., Mehrotra, G. K., Tripathi, C. K. M.,
Banerjee, B., Joshi, A. K., & Dutta, P. K. (2008).Chitosan based bioactive film: Functional propertiestowards biotechnological needs. Asian ChitinJournal, 4: 2936.
Vasconez, M. B., Flores, S. K., Campos, C. A.,
Alvarado, J., & Gerschenson, L. N. (2009).Antimicrobial activity and physical properties ofchitosan-tapioca starch based edible films andcoatings. Food Research International, 42(7): 762769.
Zhai, M., Zhao, L., Yoshii, F., & Kume, T. (2004).Study on antibacterial starch/ chitosan blend filmformed under the action of irradiation.Carbohydrate Polymers, 57(1): 8388.
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