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Sensory
Physiology
Supplemental instruction
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Picture from http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/systems/Sensory_organs.html http://www.insightasia.com/sensory.html
Sensory Receptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors-
Thermoreceptors
NociceptorsProprioreceptors
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______________ sense chemical stimuli. smell and
taste, also blood chemistry.
Chemoreceptors
______________ transduce light.Photoreceptors
______________ respond to temperature changes.Thermoreceptors
______________ respond to deformation of their
cell membrane; touch and pressure; hearing(hair cells in inner ear)
Mechanoreceptors
______________ respond to intense stimuli by
signaling pain.
Nociceptors
______________ signal positional information of
body parts.
Proprioceptors
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_________________ are near an epithelial
surface.
What are they for?
Cutaneous receptors & Special sense receptors
Cutaneous receptors
Touch,pressure,heat,cold,& pain
Special sense receptors are part of a sensory organ.
hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell, sight. What are they for?
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For different kinds of sensations, different kinds of ___________.
Vision: _______________ of the eye's retina
Hearing: the ear's receptor neurons are topped by ________.
Smell: ______________
Taste: ________ on the tongue
Touch: _________________
receptor cells
rod and cone cells
hair cell
olfactory neurons
Meissner's corpuscles
Taste bud
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________________ - deep pressure, fast vibration
________________ - sustained pressure (deep)
________________ -sustained touch and pressure(superficial)
________________ -texture, slow vibration
________________ - unmyelinated;light touch, temperature,
pain
A
B
C
D
A: B: C: D:E:
Merkel’s discs
Ruffini endings
Cutaneous receptors
Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
E
Free ending nerves
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Merkel’s discsMeissner’s corpuscles
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Tonic and Phasic receptors
Tonic receptors Phasic receptors-
-Fire at constant rate -Slow down after initial stimulus
-Fast-adapting; Adaptation-Slow-adapting
e.g. pain e.g. odor, touch, temperature
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What is this structure? A:
B: C:
D: E:
A
B
C
D
E
Taste bud
Supporting cellsTaste hair Gustatory(taste) cell
Sensory nerve fiber
Taste buds are (neuron/epithelial) cells
that act like neurons and release NT.
SaltySour Sweet Bitter
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Taste buds detectsweet, sour, salty, bitter and amino acids (umami).
___________ do not have receptors; act by passing thru
channels.
Salty and sour
_____________ have receptors and act thru G-proteins;
Second messenger systems is activated by G-proteins.
Sweet and bitter
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Taste and smell are ________ senses.chemical
The receptor cells in the nose and mouth for taste
and smell are _____________ cells.chemoreceptor
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______ : bind the molecules in the air (or in the saliva)
______ : sends the nerve signal to the brain
NucleusAxon
Cilia or microvilli
Cilia
Typical chemoreceptor cell
Axon
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____________________
-In the mouth
-Detect 5 basic taste types
_______________________________
Gustatory receptor cells
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami
(meaty
taste)
Sour –Acid or H+
Salty – Na+
Bitter - Guinine
Umami -
(meaty taste)
Guinine
Sweet – Sugars
(glucose, sucrose…)
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What is this structure? A:
B: C:
D: E:
A
B
C
D
E
Taste bud
Supporting cellsTaste hair Gustatory(taste) cell
Sensory nerve fiber
Taste buds are (neuron/epithelial) cells
that act like neurons and release NT.
SaltySour Sweet Bitter
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Taste buds detectsweet, sour, salty, bitter and
amino acids (umami).
___________ do not have receptors; act by passing thru
channels.
Salty and sour
_____________ have receptors and act thru G-proteins;
Second messenger systems is activated by G-proteins.
Sweet and bitter
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A
B
What is this structure?
A:
B:
Olfactory receptor neurons
Cilia
Receptors are located in
Sense of smell transmitted directly tocerebral cortex.
thalamus.* All other senses go through
Why the smell of a particular odor can evoke emotionally charged memories?Neurons in the olfactory bulb project to the olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobes, and to the associated limbic system (hippocampus and amygloid nuclei).
olfactory epithelium.
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Why the smell of a particular odor can evoke emotionally charged memories?
Neurons in the olfactory bulb project to the olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobes,and to the associated _________________________________________limbic system (hippocampus and amygloid nuclei).
Within amygdala
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Sound wavesSound waves
Waves characterized by __________ and _________.frequency intensity
Pitch – frequency(Hertz)
Intensity (loudness) –amplitude(decibels)Frequency
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Intensity (loudness) and pitchIntensity (loudness) and pitch
Lower voice and low pitch- ____________- ____________
Low amplitudeLow frequency
Louder voice and high pitch
- ____________
- ____________
High amplitudeHigh frequency
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What are the structure?
Left:
Right:
Left Right
Vestibular apparatus
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
Membranous ampullae
Labyrinth of inner ear
Utricle
Saccule
Cochlea
A
B
C
DE
F
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
Outer ear? middle ear? inner ear
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________________ provide info about linear movement.Utricle and Saccule
______ is more sensitive to horizontal accerelation.Utricle
_______ is more sensitive to vertical accerelation.Saccule
A
C
B
A: B:C: D:
Otoliths Otolithic membrane
D
Hair cells Supporting cells
The extensions of hair cells bend in response to
________________.gravitational force
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Where is the left structure?Ampullae
AB
C D
A: B:C: D:E:
Cupula Hair cellsSensory nerve cells Supporting cells
The movement of the endolymph during rotationcauses the ______ to bend, thus stimulating the hair cells.
E(fluid)
Endolymph
Semicircular cannals provides information about
__________________.rotational acceleration
cupula
Each has an _______ in which hair cells are located hair cells move against endolymph.
ampulla
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Sensitive to
-Tilting the head forward
saccule(Horizontal/vertical/circular) movement
-Rotatating the head(Horizontal/vertical/circular) movementSensitive to
semicircular canalsSensitive to
semicircular canals
sacculeSensitive to
UtricleSensitive to
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Hair cell, cupula, endolymph
Hair cell,otoliths, otolithic membrane(gel-like)
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How do hair cells within vestibular apparatus work?Each sensory hair cell contains a single_________ and several _________.kinocilium stereocilia
How is sensory hair cell stimulated and inhibited?
When seterocilia are displaced (toward/away) the kinocilium, the cell membrane is depressed and the hair cell is (stimulated/inhibited).
When seterocilia are bent (toward/away) the kinocilium, the hair cell is (stimulated/inhibited).
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BA
Where is the left structure? Name? Cochlea; Corti of organ
Sound wave is transuded to AP.Where is the function of the structure?
C D
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Hearing Impairments
Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness
- occurs when transmission of sound waves to oval window is impaired.
- is impaired transmission of nerve impulses.
All sound frequencies affected. Some sound frequencies affected.
Hearing aids Cochlear implants
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There are eight eye structures and substances(that There are eight eye structures and substances(that
we discussed in lecture) that light passes through we discussed in lecture) that light passes through
before it gets absorbed. List the in the correct order before it gets absorbed. List the in the correct order
the light passes through them. Your list should the light passes through them. Your list should
include the name of each retina layer.include the name of each retina layer. -Friday
Quiz in Dr. Edens’ class
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1) Cornea
2) Anterior chamber
3) Pupil
4) Lens
5) Vitreous chamber (filled with humor)
6) Ganglion cells
7) Bipolar cells
8) Photoreceptors (Rod & Cone)
Then, the light is absorbed by pigment epithelium and may be reflected
back to the photoreceptors.
Retina
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___________sharpness of vision, based on resolving
power (ability to distinguish two objecs)
Emmentropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astimatism
Visiual acuity
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____________
-Normal
-No correction necessary
Emmetropia
__________
-Farsightedness
-Image is focused (behind/front) retina
because eyeball too (short/long).
Hyperopia
__________
-Nearsightedness
-Image is focused (behind/front) retina
because eyeball too (short/long).
Myopia
__________
-Cornea or lens is not symmetrical
-Light is bent unevenly
-Causing uneven focus
Astigmatism
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The ______ (white of eyes) is
outermost layer.sclera
Photoreceptors are in
______.retina
Photoreceptors:
_____ - motion, non-color vision;
_____ - Color vision
:Is a multilayered epithelium consisting of
neurons, pigmented epithelium, and
____________
RetinaRetina
rod
cones
photoreceptors
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Light is absorbed by _________ in rods
A
B
C D
A: B:
C: D:
E:
Retina Ganglion cells
Photoreceptor Rod
Cone
E
- sharp color vision
- black and white vision; ability
to see in low light.
Cones
Rods
Light is absorbed by _________ in cone
rhodopsin
_____________
- Increased rhodopsin in rods allows light sensitivity to
increase up to 100,000-fold.
Dark Adaptation
photopsins
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-Arise mainly in dendrites and cell bodies.-Chemical, mechanical, or light
Graded Potentials Graded Potentials Action PotentialsAction Potentials
-Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon- Voltage gated ion channels
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Humans are trichromats---> red(L), green(M) and blue(S) cones.
A different photopsin for each type of cone causes
each to absorb at different wavelengths.
How can humans have color visions?
What causes color blindness in human?A lack of or reduced number of one of the cone types.
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Cones and Color VisionCones and Color Vision
-Humans have ___________________ .trichromatic color vision
-All colors created by stimulation of 3
types of cones _____________
-Contains ____________
-Provide color vision and greater visual
acuity
blue, green, red
photopsin
RodsRods
-_________ = retinal and opsin-Sensitive to low levels of illumination
rhodopsin
_______: Where found highest concentration of cones Fovea
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-Ishihara Test
-By an inherited lack of one or more type of
_____.
Color BlindnessColor Blindness
cone
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Visual acuityVisual acuity
-Eyes oriented so that object of attention
is focused on ____________.
-Snellen eye chartfovea centralis
20/40
A person must stand 20ft to read the letters
Normal young adult can read at 40ft
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____________
: A visual defect produced by an abnormal curvature
of the cornea or lens.
With astigmatism cornea or lens is not symmetrical
-Light is bent unevenly
-Causing uneven focus
Astigmatism chart
Astigmatism
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___________
- no rods and cones
- the optic nerve (axon of retinal
neurons) exits the eye here
Blind spots
A diagram for demonstrating the blind spot
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_______ constricts by contraction of circular
muscles.
The _____ (a pigmented muscle) controls
size of pupil
iris
Control Light amount Control Light amount
1) In the dim light
Pupil (constricts/dilates)
- by contraction of (circular/radial) muscles.
2) In the bright light
Pupil (constricts/dilates)
- by contraction of (circular/radial) muscles.
Pupil
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AccommodationAccommodation; Is ability of eyes to keep image focused on retina as distance between
eyes and object varies.
1) At distances
- Ciliary (relaxation/contraction)
- Pulls lens taut; less convex
Ciliary muscle and Lens
2) At near
- Ciliary (relaxation/contraction)
-Lens becomes more convex
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:means "old eye" and is a vision condition
involving the loss of the eye's ability to
focus on close objects.
PresbyopiaPresbyopia
-Lens less elasticity
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