Sentence Types and Components

Nouns Interjections Pronouns Preposition Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Conjunctions

Person◦ mother◦ student◦ baker

Place◦ school◦ hospital◦ restaurant

Thing◦ cat◦ book◦ movie

Concept◦ love ◦ freedom◦ forgiveness

Proper Nouns [capitalize these]◦ Formal names of

people, buildings, places, events, titles, etc. Paris Dr. Spock

Common Nouns◦ All other nouns

Singular (one noun)◦ mother◦ café◦ child◦ fox◦ church

Plural (More than one noun)◦ mothers◦ cafes◦ children◦ foxes◦ churches

Words that show excitement or emotion.

Followed by a comma or exclamation point

Hey Wow Oh Ah Oops No Hooray Ouch Yikes Yes OMG Etc.

Words that stand in for nouns

Types of Pronouns◦ Personal◦ Demonstrative

(This, that, these, those)

◦ Indefinite (anyone, one, someone, etc.)

◦ Relative (That, Who , Which)

◦ Interrogative (Who, Which, What)

◦ Reciprocal (Each other, One another)

Personal Pronouns 3 Voices

◦ First person (I, we)◦ Second person (you)◦ Third person (he, she, it,

they) 2 Forms

◦ Singular (I, he, she, it, you)◦ Plural (We, they, you)

4 Cases◦ Nominative (Subject case)◦ Objective (Object case)◦ Possessive (Ownership)◦ Reflexive (-self)

aboardaboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamidamongantiaroundasatbefore

behindbelowbeneathbesidebesidesbetweenbeyondbutconcerningconsideringdespitedownduringexceptexceptingexcluding

followingforfromininsideintolikeminusnearofoffonontooppositeoutsideoverpastperplus

regardingroundsavesincethanthroughtotowardtowardsunderunderneathunlikeuntilupuponversusviawithwithinwithout

Words that describe nouns

Answers: How many? What kind? Which?

Adjective suffixes◦ -ible, -able◦ -ful◦ -al◦ -ic◦ -ive◦ -less◦ -ous

Adjective Categories◦ Determiners (articles

and demonstrative pronouns)

◦ Observations◦ Size sand Shapes◦ Ages◦ Colors◦ Origins◦ Materials◦ Qualifiers◦ Possessives

(pronouns)◦ Articles [a, an, the]

Degrees of Adjectives◦ Positive [good]◦ Comparative [better]◦ Superlative [best]

3 types◦ Active [show action]◦ Linking [show being]◦ Helping [show tense]

2 Roles◦ Transitive (with object)◦ Intransitive (without

object)

Verb tenses Present

◦ Simple [walk, walks]◦ Perfect [have walked]◦ Progressive [is

walking] Past

◦ Simple [walked]◦ Perfect [had walked]◦ Progressive [was

walking] Future

◦ Simple [will walk]◦ Perfect [will have

walked]◦ Progressive [will be

walking]

Describe an action or an adjective

Answer: How? Where? When?

Kinds of adverbs◦ Time [now]◦ Manner [slowly]◦ Place [there]◦ Frequency [often]◦ Purpose [to -]

Adverb suffix – ly Degrees of Adverbs

◦ Positive [happily]◦ Comparative [more

happily]◦ Superlative [most

happily]

Connect words, phrases, clauses, and ideas

3 kinds◦ Coordinating

[for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so]

◦ Correlative [both...and, not

only...but, also, either...or, neither...nor, whether...or]

TIME CAUSE + EFFECT

OPPOSITION CONDITION

after because although if

before since though unless

when now that even though

only if

while as whereas whether or not

since in order that

while even if

until so in case (that)

Subordinating

Declarative – makes a statement◦ The grass is green.

Interrogative – asks a question◦ How long is that grass?

Imperative – gives a command◦ Mow the grass.

Exclamatory – makes an exclamation◦ I am not mowing the grass no matter what!

The subject is the person or thing performing the action in the sentence and all of the words that modify that actor.

The subject controls the agreement of verbs and pronouns.

Nouns, pronouns, and gerunds (-ing verbs acting like nouns) can be subjects.

Wolves eat rabbits. Swimming is fun. I am tired today.

The predicate is the action or state of the actor or subject of the sentence.

Objects and verbs (and any phrases describing them) together make up the predicate.

Wolves eat rabbits. Swimming is fun. I am tired today.

Direct Object The thing receiving

the action◦ The car hit the tree.◦ I baked a cake.

Indirect Object To or for whom the

action is done◦ I baked my dad a

cake.

Predicate Nominative [noun]◦ In sentences with

linking verbs Dad is home.

Predicate Adjective◦ In sentences with

linking verbs Dad is happy.

Prepositional Phrases [begin with a preposition and end in a noun, may modify the subject or the predicate.]

(In the beginning), one (of my ancestors) was the Shaman (of the tribe).

Adverbial Phrases [modify a verb]◦ The rain dripped (in a fretful pattern) [all day].

Adjective Phrases [modify a noun]◦ [The sometimes-mysterious] girl became my

friend.

All clauses have a subject and a predicate

Independent Clauses◦ Could stand alone as a

sentence or be combined with other clauses.

Dependent Clauses◦ Begin with a

subordinating conjunction, so they cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Because I love ice cream [Dependent]

Cats can scream loudly [Independent]

While the dogs barked [Dependent]

When the wind blows [Dependent]

The storm rages [Independent]

Have one subject and one predicate◦ Wild horses have been seen on that island.

Sometimes the predicate is compound (in 2 parts)◦ The wild horses on the island roam free and live

happy, albeit difficult, lives.

Sometimes the subject is compound (in 2 parts)◦ The wild horses and cougars lived peacefully

together.

Are made up of 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma.

Compound sentences have 2 subjects and 2 predicates

◦ The wild horses nearly starved, but the cougars thrived that winter.

◦ Sometimes I bike to school, and you pass me by on your motorcycle.

Have [dependent clause] connected to an independent clause by a comma.

◦ [After the party ended], my friends spent the night at my house.

◦ The weekend at the lake relaxed me, [although I had to work].

◦ The kids need to go to bed, [whether or not they want to], no later than 8:00 p.m.

Have 2 independent clauses and a dependent clause, so there are 3 subject with 3 predicates.

◦ [Though Annie prefers watching mystery films], she rented the latest romantic comedy, and she enjoyed it very much.

◦ Mary forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card [when she finally remembered].

Specific subjects Active verbs (predicate) Vary sentence structures Avoid wordiness Avoid vague words