“Heuristic” knowledge, the awareness of how a system functions, is a prerequisite for effective navigation within school systems, including access to language services. The Spanish-speaking parents interviewed in this study believed this lack of navigational understanding to directly impact their ability to support the education and success of their children.

Cited Resources:

Student Success Modeling, Raymond V. Padilla (2009)(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1579223273?keywords=student%20success%20modeling&qid=1447386451&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1)

Navigate:“NAVIGATE is a leadership development program for immigrant young adults in Minnesota facing financial, social and legal barriers to achieve their dreams through changing unjust systems. Through NAVIGATE, these young adults help their community and themselves by working to access college education, jobs and legal status.http://www.navigatemn.org/about-us/https://www.facebook.com/NAVIGATE.MN/

Shakopee PACE Family Literacy Programhttp://www.shakopee.k12.mn.us/domain/1631

In order to protect participants, data is removed from subsequent slides.

Among participants, “Family Literacy” programs appeared to provide the most practical and direct Heuristic Education, resulting in effectual parent participation.