Post on 17-May-2020
transcript
1492 - 1763 SETTLING THE “NEW
NATION”
On a scale of 1-10 how much freedom do you think you have at Norwood High School?
(1 = not a lot, 10 = a lot)
Would you call NHS a democracy? Why? Justify your reasoning!
THINK PAIR SHARE
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY?
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
• Pluralism (Multiple Leader & Authority)
• How well the group functions
• Amount of Participation
• Freedom to Disagree
• How just and equal the laws are
Using this criteria…
Do you think NHS is a democratic society?
Discuss with your partner
HOW DEMOCRATIC IS…
Norwood High School
HOW DEMOCRATIC IS…
United States of America
LEADING DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES
Was colonial America a democratic society?
UNIT 1 -- ESSENTIAL QUESTION
A SOCIETY IS DEMOCRATIC WHEN…
• Pluralism (Multiple Leader & Authority)
• How well the group functions
• Amount of Participation
• Freedom to Disagree
• How just and equal the laws are
Native American Nations/Tribes Established language Organized around an
extended family Leaders, some inherited roles
& others were elected. Elaborate trade network Specialized in specific products
High respect for nature Pre-Columbus Explorations 1492: Columbus/Spanish
Expedition Spanish empire /
conquistadors
“NEW WORLD”
Commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria Europeans Crops (wheat, barley, rice,
turnips) Domesticated animals
(sheep, horses, cattle, goats)
Disease (mainly from animals) -- smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, yellow fever.
New World Crops (maize, white
potatoes, sweet potatoes) Animals (llama, alpaca,
dog, birds, guinea pig)
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Currently, Columbus is one of only two people the United States honors by name in a national holiday. However in recent years,
Columbus day has caused a lot of controversy.
Please take a position on the following statement.
The United States should celebrate Columbus Day.
4 CORNERS DEBATE
Envy of Spanish Empire Protestant
Reformation King Henry VIII
Population growth in England
Solution = Joint-Stock Company Companies made up of
group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king
ENGLAND’S JEALOUSY
Virginia Company first joint-stock company in
the colonies founded Jamestown promised gold, conversion
of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies
Jamestown Colony = Royal Charter Royal document granted
group the right to form a colony guaranteed settlers their
rights as English citizens
VIRGINIA’S BEGINNINGS
Cultural clash w/ Native Americans VA inhabited with 14,000
Powhatans Spread of English settlement
= Powhatans forced to move inland away fertile land Disease, food shortages and
warfare Pocahontas
John Rolfe perfected methods for tobacco planting Saved economy of VA Planting tobacco destroys soil Need for colony to expand for
new soil
LIFE IN VIRGINIA
Maryland: Lord Baltimore founds as a refuge for Catholics Intolerant of non-Christians Gives his relatives land to grow tobacco
Carolinas: land given to 8 of King’s BFFs First settlers moved from Barbados
experienced in slave trading Begin buying West African slaves b/c of
expertise in rice farming Charlestown (Charleston, SC) = busiest
seaport in South NC for VA + SC rejects (1712 colony)
Georgia: buffer colony btwn Spanish (FL) + colonies + French (LA) Least populated
SETTLING THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
All colonies = broad acred for exporting commercial agricultural products Exports = tobacco &
rice Slavery found in all
colonies Plantations/farms
limit city growth & school/church growth
SETTLING THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
"I thank God, there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these
hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against
the best government. God keep us from both." -- Sir William Berkeley, Governor of VA (1671)
WARM UP
Describe the people in this painting in four words.
Where might they be? Where might they be going? Why might they be going there?
Protestant Reformation Puritans: want to
purify the Church of England Separatists: want to
separate entirely from the Church of England
SETTLING PLYMOUTH COLONY
Separatists: fleeing religious persecution Mayflower – 102 people, 65 days Led by William Bradford Arrive in Plymouth in 1620 Technically squatters: not legal right to land/no
specific authority to form govt (supposed to be in VA)
Mayflower Compact Set precedent for later written
constitutions NOT A CONSTITUTION Agreement to form a basic govt & submit to the
will of the majority under agreed upon laws Signed by 41 adult males (no servants) Promising step towards self-govt Adult males assemble in town meetings and
make laws through discussion
First Winter: 44/102 survive 1621: First Thanksgiving
SETTLING PLYMOUTH COLONY
Puritans: afraid of Church of England Secured royal charter to form
MA Bay Colony 1630: settle in Boston 11 vessels & 1,000 immigrants
Led by John Winthrop Puritans believed they
had a covenant with God Build a holy society that
would be a model for humankind
SETTLING MA BAY COLONY
Participation in MA Bay Colony Town Govt = all male property
holders publicly discuss local issues & vote w/ majority rule Elected officials: Voting limited to
adult males in Puritan church (2/5 – larger % than England) Clergy cannot run for office
Puritan Laws bound by religious beliefs Strict laws / punishments Serious fear of hell/damnation
SETTLING MA BAY COLONY
Trouble in MA Bay Colony Quakers: didn’t follow Puritan laws BANISHED
Ann Hutchinson: did not believe living a holy life would necessarily lead to heaven, taught bible out of her home BANISHED (after trial) Killed by Native Am in NY (Winthrop:
“it was God’s hand”) Roger Williams: wanted to pay
Native Am for land, believed civil govt should not control religion BANISHED (after trial)
SETTLING MA BAY COLONY
English colonies spread tension w/ Nat Am Native Am weak in NE Epidemic swept through and killed 75% of Native Am Colonists get deserted fields ready for harvest!
Some good relations (Wampanoags, Massasoit, Squanto)
1637: colonists team up with Pequot enemies & burn Pequot villages Only hope for Native Am = alliance (Native Am team
up against colonists) King Philip’s War (1675-1676) Metacom (Massasoit’s son) forged alliance w/ other
tribes and coordinated attacks on NE villages 52 town attacked, 12 entirely destroyed Metacom’s family sold to slavery Metacom beheaded, head on display for years…
EFFECT: ends expansion of NE settlements & creates paranoia in NE
LIFE IN THE NORTHERN COLONIES
Rhode Island: Roger Williams fled to Providence (help from
Native Am) “Sewer” – home to anyone banished! Complete freedom of religion All men could vote Secured charter for colony in 1644
Connecticut: Settlement based along the CT River valley
(fertile) Hartford [1635], New Haven [1638]
Maine: Fishermen & fur traders Failed to colonized purchased by MA (1677)
New Hampshire: Fishing, trading, granite Absorbed by MA Bay in 1649 charter in 1679
SETTLING NORTHERN COLONIES
New York 1626: Henry Hudson founds New Netherland
(Dutch West India Co) British (1664) Pennsylvania William Penn—Quaker seeking religious freedom 1681: King grants Penn land, PA widely advertised Penn BOUGHT LAND from Nat Am Quakers let Nat Am babysit!
Slavery not approved, no military Delaware 1638: New Sweden Company Brit (1664)
New Jersey Dutch West India Company Brit (1664)
Similarities: Major rivers (Hudson, Susquehanna, Delaware) fertile soil, mild climate, Good farmland, timber, furs, coal, iron ore Tolerant of most religions
SETTLING MIDDLE COLONIES
Plant tobacco to sell before corn to eat Export 1.5 mil lbs/yr (1630) 40
mil lbs/yr (1700) Increasing importance of slave labor Natives? Died from disease Africans? Too expensive SOLUTION = ENGLAND’S DISPLACED
FARMERS!
Indentured Servants Work = passage to colonies &
eventual freedom Headright system: masters pay for
indentured servant & get 50 acres of land Easy to become a plantation owner
SOUTHERN TOBACCO ECONOMY
Indentured Servants become free poor w/ no land forced to move to frontier for fertile land
1676: 29 year old Nathaniel Bacon is frustrated! Governor William Berkeley (VA) is
kind to Nat Am for fur trade profits Does not want to defend frontier from
Nat Am attacks Bacon’s Rebellion: poor farmers
attack Nat Am, attack & loot colony Punishment: Gov hang rebels
EFFECT: masters fear rebellion from ind. serv. Need a new source for labor Africa
BACON’S REBELLION
10 million slaves to New World post-Colombus 400,000 in North America
1670: only 7% of 500,000 in Southern colonies Colonists couldn’t afford to
buy slaves & have them die 1680: wages increase in
England (less ind. serv.) 1750: Blacks = ½
population of VA Blacks > whites 2:1 in SC
SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES
Slaves from west coast Africa Captured by coastal tribes & sold to
European/Americans Branded, bound, put on ships of
1000+ slaves (Middle Passage) Death rate 20% aboard Survivors put on auction blocks in ports
(Newport RI, Charleston SC) Rise in slave pop = potential
racial threat Legal difference btwn slave & servant
= unclear 1662: VA creates slave codes Blacks & their children = property of
white masters Crime to teach slaves to read/write
SIGNIFICANCE: racial discrimination began molding US slave system
SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES
Shown here i s a map of the 13 co lonies . The numbers represent the number of Af r ican s laves in that co lony in 1770. The co lors represent the percentage of the ens laved populat ion.
Africans in America SC indigo & rice plantations: hostile
climate, far apart farms, only “fresh” slaves survived VA + MD tobacco plantations: easier
crop, larger and closer together Family & friends could stay in contact More female slaves slave system
perpetuates itself Language & music contributions
Slavery defined Southern social hierarchy Top = wealthy planters House of
Burgesses political power Then small planters, landless whites,
ind. serv., slaves South = few cities Slave system > professional class
SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES
Women = little social power wed by early 20s, babies every 2 yrs No property rights Conflict of interest btwn husband &
wife CONTRAST to South: married widows
could inherit husband’s property
Puritanism = unity & purpose Tight knit community “The elect” go to heaven
(predestination) Children raised w/ belief that
obedience>>>
PURITAN NEW ENGLAND
Church membership drops less focus on the “elect” more on church participation Many women begin to go to
church and play prominent role Fear that many are losing
focus on Puritan heritage Booming economy in MA
Widening gap btwn wealthy professional merchants & Puritan subsistence farming families
PURITAN NEW ENGLAND
1692: group of young girls in Salem, MA, claimed to have been bewitched by some of the older women in the colony “Witches” put on trial 20 individuals put to death
before trials end per order of Gov. Winthrop in 1693
SALEM WITCH TRIALS
Navigation Act of 1660
“For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation, wherein, under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of the
kingdom is so much concerned
…from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his
possession
…in Asia, African, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as
do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England
…or are of the built of and belonging to any of the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right
owners thereof, and whereof the master and ¾ of the mariners at least are English.
WARMUP
What impact
would this act have
on the 13 colonies?
English Civil War ends King tightens control on colonies
Mercantilism: England uses colonies to provide raw materials the colonies received manufactured goods in return
1686 Dominion of New England 1. Unite colonies in London govt 2. Provide colonies with defense against Nat. Am. 3. Navigation Acts (colonies can only trade with
Brit) Led by Sir Edmund Andros Andros = enemy (restricted town meetings, courts,
schools, etc.) Forced to flee BUT 1691 MA becomes a royal colony
(new charter, new royal govt)
England relaxes grip Salutary Neglect Brit govt did not strictly enforce trade laws Allow colonists to smuggle
Ensure loyalty of the colonists
MANAGING THE COLONIES