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Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches - An Infinite Amazement
ARNIZA GHAZALI1
SITI SALMI GHAZALI2
MOHD HAFIZ RIDZUAN1
WANROSLI WAN DAUD1
1School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. 2 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
• EFB
– Elaise guineensis (Kelapa sawit, oil palm) – Abundance in Malaysia (17 million ton/yr) – Residue of palm oil milling – Malaysia being world
2nd largest
• Outcome of Utilization – Prevent accumulation – Raw material for various products – The once fibrous waste – now commodity – Sustainable development: cradle-to-cradle in LCA,
zero-waste strategy for industry.
Introduction Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches [1-5]
• EFB – major components [7]
– Cellulose (50.49%) – Holocellulose (80.09%) – Lignin (17.84%) – Extractives (3.21%)
• EFB – the ‘problematic’ component References 6-15:
– Silica • Inert to all chemicals • Except NaOH, HF
– Heavy metals • Undesirable to industrial
processes favouring non-siliceous components.
Introduction Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
Method & Aim of Presentation Examination of Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
SEM Analysis of:
• EFB, • ASH of EFB, • Ash of holocellulose, • Ash of a-cellulose • Ash of paper. Aim: To marvel at
nature through microscopy
Original Utilisation Idea – paper-making
Simple Fibre
Extraction Technique – • found silica ! • Removal
Attempted • Structure
studied
Results Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
SEM/EDAX Analysis of Untreated EFB
- Roles of silica bodies in plants: • 1-Mechanical strength, • 2-Detoxification of excess
minerals, etc. -
Atomic %, Si:O (1:2) Silica, SiO2 (EDX & literature)
• SEM of EFB surface showing high silica-to-craters ratio in untreated EFB.
Results Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
• SEM of EFB surface showing high craters-to-silica ratio, suggesting desilication after DTPA treatment, which creates tremendous hints about nature!
SiO2+DTPA? Silica is inert, except to
NaOH and HF !
SiO2 liberation implies close
Linkage between silica & minerals.
Results Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
SEM Analysis of EFB Ash explains the location, role & the ‘finer
mystery’ of nature:
As seen in a) Silica bodies atop mineral layer – the possible role of detoxification [10, 16-19] unveiled. As seen in b) Silica fused to other minerals. EDX area analysis show: calcium, sodium, potassium of 5.2%, 9.9% and 6.3% atomic percentage amidst 21.4% silica and 51.7% oxygen ⇒ Evidence of skeletal silica
a.
b.
Results Silica in Plants [
Possible scientific explanation to observation:
Sillicic acid deposited on
transpiration stream forms skeletal silica, while
Silica having attracted excess minerals, deposited on vascular bundle surface as silica bodies.
Results Skeletal silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
SEM of Dissected EFB
vascular bundle: SEM of Ash of Paper From EFB:
EDAX (atomic %) :- Ca 21.9%, Mg 3.5%, silica 3.2%, Oxygen 55.4%.
Shape of the cellulosic ash is plausible resemblance of the vessel structure in the dissected EFB vascular bundle.
Results More Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
SEM of a-cellulose : Siliceous threads found
amidst metal clusters of the cellulose mass.
Contemplation: Silica as the Amazing Finer Mysteries
• Silica, be it bodies or skeletal, is a picture of the ‘finer mysteries’
foretold in indigenous knowledge:
“..if there be (but) the weight of a mustard
seed and it were (hidden) in a rock or
(anywhere) in the heavens or on earth. Allah
will bring it forth: for Allah understands the
finer mysteries (and) is well-acquainted (with
them).” 31: 16 [20]
Contribution of study Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
• Knowledge of silica level and adjacent to minerals – gateway to
strategy for efficiency enhancement of paper production / any
other industrial process ∵ silica and industrial process – no good
match
• Findings help us appreciate that all creation comes with purpose
and specific proportion, in correlation with indigenous knowledge:
“And there is not a thing but its source and treasures inexhaustible are with us. But we send down thereof in
due and ascertainable measures” 15:21 [20]
• SEM helps us marvel at the finer mysteries only understood by the
Creator: 31:16 [20] & bridge the gap between research and the
Creator!
Conclusion Silica in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
• Silica is removable by indirect reaction with DTPA
• Siliceous structures are sculptured into the biomass -
this makes up residual, irremovable silica.
• Amazing craftsmanship of nature that is hardly
realized without superb imaging like SEM – tool that
connects knowledge to the Creator.
• Indigenous knowledge helps us appreciate
specificity of creation and role & explains science of
nature.
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