Post on 06-May-2015
transcript
Arief Hamdani Gunawan
1.1. Introduction to LTEIntroduction to LTE
2.2. OFDMAOFDMA
3.3. SCSC--FDMAFDMA
4.4. LTE Network and ProtocolLTE Network and Protocol
5. LTE Radio Procedures5. LTE Radio Procedures
6. LTE Uplink Physical Channels and 6. LTE Uplink Physical Channels and
SignalsSignals
7. LTE Mobility7. LTE Mobility
8. LTE Test and Measurement8. LTE Test and Measurement
Day Two
Arief Hamdani Gunawan
Session 5: LTE Radio Procedures•LTE Initial Access
•Downlink physical channels and signals
•Cell search in LTE
•Primary Synchronization Signal•Primary Synchronization Signal
•Secondary Synchronization Signal
•Cell search in LTE, reference signals
•Downlink Reference Signals
•Cell Search in LTE, essential system information
•System Information Broadcast in LTE
•Random Access Procedure
•How to derive information in LTE
•Hybrid ARQ in Downlink
•Default EPS Bearer Setup
LTE Initial Access
Downlink physical channels and signals
DL Physical Layer Procedures
• Cell search and synchronization
• Scheduling
– Dilakukan di base station (eNodeB)
– PDCCH (Phy DL Control Channel) menginformasikan alokasi time/freq resource
dan format transmisi yang digunakan kepada user.
– Scheduler mengevaluasi berbagai tipe informasi (parameter QoS, pengukuran
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– Scheduler mengevaluasi berbagai tipe informasi (parameter QoS, pengukuran
dari UE, kapabilitas UE, buffer status)
• Link Adaptation
– Skema modulasi dan coding untuk shared data channel diadaptasi sesuai
dengan kualitas link radio.
– Untuk tujuan ini, UE secara teratur melaporkan Channel Quality Indicator
(CQI) ke eNodeB.
• Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
Cell Search in LTE
Synchronization & Cell Search
• UE yang ingin mengakses suatu sel LTE, terlebih dahulu harus melakukan
prosedur Cell Search.
• Cell Search terdiri dari serangkaian tahapan sinkronisasi, dimana UE
menentukan parameter waktu & frekuensi yang diperlukan untuk
mendemodulasi sinyal DL dan untuk mengirimkan sinyal UL dengan timing
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mendemodulasi sinyal DL dan untuk mengirimkan sinyal UL dengan timing
yang tepat.
• Tiga kebutuhan sinkronisasi utama:
– Symbol timing acquisition
– Carrier frequency synchronization
– Sampling clock synchronization
Case StudyCase Study
Cell Search for Multiple Bandwidths - Problem
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• LTE offers system flexibility by supporting systems and UEs of multiple bandwidths.
• Challenge in synchronization & bandwidth detection.
• Unbalance traffic loads may result
Case Study Case Study
Cell Search for Multiple Bandwidths - Solution
Step 1:
Cell search using synchronization channel
�detect center 1.25 spectrum
of entire 20-MHz spectrum•The UE first detect the central
part of the spectrum regardless of
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Step 2:
BCH reception
Step 3:
UE shifts to the center of carrier frequency assigned
by the system and initiates data transmission
Source: 3GPP R1-061651, “3GPP TR 25.814 v 1.5.0”
part of the spectrum regardless of
the transmission bandwidth
capability of the UE and that of the
cell site (BTS).
•UE moves to the transmission
bandwidth according to the UE
capability for actual
communication
Synchronization Sequence
Dua prosedur cell search dalam LTE :
• INITIAL SYNCHRONIZATION
– UE mendeteksi suatu sel LTE dan mendekode semua informasi yang
diperlukan untuk registrasi.
– Diperlukan pada saat UE di-ON-kan atau ketika kehilangan koneksi dengan
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– Diperlukan pada saat UE di-ON-kan atau ketika kehilangan koneksi dengan
serving cell.
• NEW CELL IDENTIFICATION
– Dilakukan ketika UE sudah terhubung ke suatu sel LTE dan sedang dalam
proses mendeteksi suatu sel tetangga baru.
– Dalam hal ini UE melaporkan hasil pengukuran yang terkait dengan sel baru ke
serving cell, sebagai persiapan untuk handover.
RS : Reference Signal
PBCH : Physical Broadcast Channel
PSS : non-coherent detection
SSS : non-coherent/coherent detection
Cell Search procedure
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• PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) dan SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal) adalah kanal-kanal fisik
yang di-broadcast dalam setiap sel.
• Pendeteksian dua kanal ini :
– memungkinkan dilakukannya sinkronisasi waktu & frekwensi.
– memberikan identitas phy layer dari sel dan panjang cyclic prefix kepada UE.
– memberitahu UE apakah sel menggunakan FDD atau TDD.
Primary Synchronization Signal
Secondary Synchronization Signal
PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in FDD
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PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in TDD
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Cell search in LTE, reference signals
Downlink reference signals
Reference Signals & Channel Estimation
• Berbeda dengan jaringan berorientasi paket, LTE tidak menggunakan PHY Preamble untuk
memfasilitasi estimasi carrier offset, estimasi kanal, sinkronisasi waktu, dsb.
• Sebaliknya LTE menggunakan sinyal referensi khusus yang disisipkan dalam PRB.
• Sinyal referensi tsb dikirimkan selama simbol OFDM pertama dan kelima dari setiap slot
untuk short CP, dan simbol OFDM pertama dan ke-empat untuk long CP.
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• Simbol-simbol referensi dikirimkan setiap selang 6 subcarrier.
• Dalam LTE downlink, terdapat 3 tipe RS :
– Cell-specific RS
– UE-specific RS
– MBSFN-specific RS
DL Reference Signal Structure for 2 & 4 Antenna Transmission
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RS-aided Channel Estimation
• Problem estimasi kanal berhubungan dengan model kanal yang diasumsikan, yang
ditentukan oleh karakteristik propagasi fisik, termasuk jumlah antena Tx/Rx,
bandwidth transmisi, carrier frequency, konfigurasi sel dan kecepatan relatif antara
eNodeB dan UE.
• Kondisi propagasi mencirikan fungsi korelasi kanal dalam 3-dimensi, yaitu : domain
frekwensi, domain waktu dan domain ruang (spatial).
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frekwensi, domain waktu dan domain ruang (spatial).
• Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation
– menggunakan Linear Interpolation Estimator
– menggunakan IFFT Estimator
• Time-Domain Channel Estimation
– menggunakan Finite & Infinite Length MMSE (Min Mean Squared Error)
– menggunakan Normalized Least-Mean-Square
• Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation
Cell search in LTE, essential system information
P-SCH and S-SCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Physical Broadcast Channel
Downlink Physical Channels and Signals
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Physical Broadcast Channel
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
Physical Multicast Channel
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
P-SCH : Primary Synchronization Channel
S-SCH : Secondary Synchronization Channel
LTE Downlink Physical Channels 1
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LTE Downlink Physical Channels 2
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System information broadcast in LTE
Random Access Procedure
How to derive information in LTE?
Indicating PDCCH format
Channel Coding & Link Adaptation
• Prinsip link adaptation menjadi landasan perancangan suatu interface radio yang
efisien untuk trafik data berbasis paket-switched.
• Link adaptation dalam LTE dilakukan dengan mengatur laju data informasi yang
dikirim (skema modulasi dan channel coding rate) secara dinamis, sesuai dengan
kualitas radio link.
• Link adaptation mempunyai hubungan yang sangat erat dengan perancangan
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• Link adaptation mempunyai hubungan yang sangat erat dengan perancangan
skema channel coding yang digunakan untuk FEC.
• Skema channel coding untuk FEC yang digunakan dalam LTE :
– Convolutional Coding
– Turbo Coding
– LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding
• Fitur advanced channel coding yang ditambahkan dalam LTE adalah : HARQ
(Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request).
Link Adaptation
• UE: Reports the finest possible
granularity
– The reporting scheme and
granularity depend on the radio
channel quality variation!
• ENB: Receives mobility and
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• ENB: Receives mobility and
quality information
– Incremental feedback
information forms a rough
picture of the radio channel with
the first report (s). The
granularity gets finer and finer
with each report.
Adaptive Modulation
• Adaptive Modulation & Coding
memastikan error rate tetap dibawah
limit yang dapat diterima, dengan
pengaturan modulasi dan coding rate
secara dinamis.
• Level modulasi yang lebih rendah
meningkatkan link budget dan fade
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meningkatkan link budget dan fade
margin.
• Perubahan lingkungan propagasi
menyebabkan perubahan skema
modulasi dan coding.
• Dalam perencanaan kapasitas, variasi
kanal propagasi jangka-panjang harus
diperhitungkan.
Typical SNR Performance of LTE Modulation and Coding
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Adaptive Modulation & Coding
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QoS parameters for QCI
Hybrid ARQ in the downlink
• ACK/NACK for data packets transmitted in the downlink is the same as for HSDPA,
where the UE is able to request retransmission of incorrectly received data
packets,
– ACK/NACK is transmitted in UL, either on PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) or
multiplexed within PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) see description of those UL
channels for details),
– ACK/NACK transmission refers to the data packet received four sub-frames (= 4 ms) – ACK/NACK transmission refers to the data packet received four sub-frames (= 4 ms)
before,
– 8 HARQ processes can be used in parallel in downlink.
Hybrid ARQ Operation
Default EPS bearer setup
Session 6: Uplink Physical Channels and Signals•Scheduling of UL Data
•UL Frequency Hopping
•Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in the UL
•Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL•Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL
•PUSCH power control & timing relation
•Acknowledging UL data packets on PHICH
•Physical UL Control Channel
Uplink physical channels and signals
Scheduling of uplink data
Physical Random Access Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Uplink Physical Channels and Signals
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Physical Uplink Control Channel
• PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel): used for uplink shared data transmission.
• PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel): used to carry ACK/NACK, CQI for downlink
transmission and scheduling request for uplink transmission.
Uplink Data Transmission
• Pada uplink, data dialokasikan dalam beberapa resource block (RB).
• Ukuran RB untuk uplink sama dengan yang digunakan untuk downlink,
tetapi untuk menyederhanakan disain DFT dalam pemrosesan sinyal
uplink, tidak semua kelipatan bulat digunakan (hanya kelipatan 2, 3 dan 5).
• Interval waktu transmisi uplink adalah 1 ms (sama dengan downlink).
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• User data dibawa pada Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), yang
ditentukan oleh BW transmisi dan pola frequency hoping.
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) membawa informasi kontrol
uplink, seperti : laporan CQI dan informasi ACK/NACK, yang terkait dengan
paket-paket data yang diterima pada arah downlink.
UL frequency hopping
Intra- and inter-subframe hopping,
• Intra-subframe hopping. UE hops to another frequency allocation from one slot to another within one subframe,
• Inter-subframe hopping. Frequency allocation changes from one subframeto another one,to another one,
Two types of hopping,
• Type I. Explicit frequency offset is used in the 2nd slot, can be configured and is indicated to the UE by resource block assignment / hopping resource allocation field in DCI format 0,
• Type II. Use of pre-defined hopping pattern, allocated BW is divided into sub-bands, hopping is done from one sub-band to another from one slot or subframe depending on configured frequency hopping scheme.
Screenshots of R&S® SMU200A Vector Signal Generator
Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in the UL
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL
PUSCH power control & timing relation
Random Access
• Suatu LTE UE (User Equipment) hanya dapat di-scheduled untuk transmisi uplink, apabila uplink transmission timing-nya sinkron.
• Oleh karena itu LTE RACH (Random Access Channel) memainkan peran penting sebagai interface antara non-synchronized UE dan skema transmisi othogonal pada akses radio uplink LTE.
• Prosedur LTE random access mempunyai dua bentuk, yaitu : contention-based atau contention-free.
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based atau contention-free.
• Dalam prosedur contention-based, suatu random access preamble signature dipilih secara acak oleh UE, yang kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan lebih dari satu UE mengirimkan signature yang sama secara simultan.
• Dalam prosedur contention-free, eNodeB memiliki opsi untuk mencegah terjadinya contention dengan mengalokasikan suatu dedicated signature kepada UE.
Contention-based Random Access Procedure
Step 1 : Preamble transmission
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Step 1 : Preamble transmission
Step 2 : Random Access
Response
Step 3 : L2/L3 message
Step 4 : Contention resolution
message
Contention-free Random Access Procedure
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Prosedur contention-free
random access dapat
diterapkan dalam hal
diperlukan low latency, seperti
handover dan new downlink
data.
UL Transmission Procedures
• Uplink scheduling
– Dilakukan oleh base station (eNodeB)
– PDCCH (Phy DL Control Channel) menginformasikan alokasi time/freq resource dan format transmisi yang digunakan kepada user.
– Scheduler mengevaluasi berbagai tipe informasi (parameter QoS, pengukurandari UE, kapabilitas UE, buffer status)
• Uplink Adaptation
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• Uplink Adaptation
– Untuk keperluan adaptasi uplink, dapat digunakan : transmission power control, adaptive modulation & channel coding rate, serta adaptive transmission BW.
• Uplink timing control
– Diperlukan untuk menyelaraskan waktu transmisi dari UE-UE yang berbeda, dengan receiver window dari eNodeB.
• Hybrid ARQ
Acknowledging UL data packets on PHICH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUCCH carries Uplink Control Information (UCI), when no PUSCH is available,
• If PUSCH is available, means resources have been allocated to the UE for data transmission, UCI are multiplexed with user data,
UCI are Scheduling Requests (SR), ACK/NACK information related to DL data packets, CQI, Pre-coding Matrix Information (PMI) and Rank Indication (RI) for MIMO,Indication (RI) for MIMO,
PUCCH is transmitted on reserved frequency regions, configured by higher layers, which are located at the edge of the available bandwidth
• Minimizing effects of a possible frequency-selective fading affecting the radio channel,
• Inter-slot hopping is used on PUCCH,
• A RB can be configured to support a mix of PUCCH formats (2/2a/2b and 1/1a/1b) or exclusively 2/2a/2b,
PUCCH
• CQI / PMI / RI are only signaled via PUCCH when periodic reporting is requested, scheduled
and a periodic reporting is only done via PUSCH
Physical Channel Procedure (1/2)
Physical Channel Procedure (2/2)
Test1
2
3
A
B
Carries the DL-SCH and
PCH
Cell ID detection,
radio frame detection
Operation BW, CP length, 3
4
C
D
E
SCH symbol timing
detection, frequency
offset detection
RB assignment, transport
format, RSN#, HARQ
Proc#, TCP Command,
Cyclic shift for DMRS, UE
identification
Operation BW, CP length,
MIMO config, cell ID, etc
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AnswerSCH symbol timing detection,
frequency offset detection
Cell ID detection,
radio frame detection
Carries the DL-SCH and PCH
RB assignment, transport format,
RSN#, HARQ Proc#, TCP Command,
Cyclic shift for DMRS, UE
identification
Operation BW, CP length, MIMO
config, cell ID, etc
Session 7: LTE Mobility•Handover (Intra-MME / Serving Gateway)
•LTE Interworking with 2G/3G: Two RRC States:
Connected and Idle
•LTE Interworking with CDMA2000 1xRTT and •LTE Interworking with CDMA2000 1xRTT and
HRPD
•MIMO
•LTE MIMO downlink modes
•LTE downlink transmitter chain
•Downlink transmitter diversity - Space Frequency
Block Coding (2 Tx antenna case)
•Downlink Spatial Multiplexing - codebook based
precoding
•LTE MIMO UL Schemes
SGSN
GPRS Core
3GPP
anchor
SAE
anchor
MME
UPE
Operator’s
IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,)
eNB eNB
GERAN
UTRAN
IASA
GB
Iu
S3
S4S7
Rx+
S5a
S2b
S6
Logical High Level Architecture for The Evolved System
• EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to the UE.
• A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the gateway and the UE.
• The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications.
anchor anchorUPEeNB
eNB eNB
eNB
Evolved RAN (LTE)
Trusted non 3GPP
IP Access
EPDG
WLAN
Access Network
EPC (SAE)
S5a S5bS1
S2aSGi
WLAN 3GPP
IP Access
SAE Bearer Model
User and bearer
information exchange for
inter 3GPP access system
mobility
Overview of the evolved system architecture
Transfer of subscription and
authentication data for user
access to the evolved system (AAA
interface)
C-Plane : S1-C between eNB and MME
U-Plane : S1-U between eNB and UPE
MME : Mobility Management Entity
UPE : User Plane Entity
3GPP Anchor : Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE access systems (based on GTP)
SAE Anchor : Mobility anchor between 3GPP access systems (2G/3G/LTE) and non-3GPP access systems (e.g. WLAN, WiMAX).
SAE Architecture – Functions per Element
SAE Architecture 3GPP2 Operator
detailed view, non-roaming case, 3GPP2 accesses
SAE Roaming support
extending today’s successful model
SAE impact on IMS
overview
Handover (Intra-MME/Serving Gateway)
LTE Interworking with 2G/3G
Two RRC states: CONNECTED & IDLE
LTE Interworking with CDMA2000 1xRTT
and HRPD (High Rate Packet Data)
Introduction to MIMO:gains to exploit from multiple antenna usage
Transmit diversity (TxD)
• Combat fading
• Replicas of the same signal sent on several Tx antennas
• Get a higher SNR at the Rx
Spatial multiplexing (SM)Spatial multiplexing (SM)
• Different data streams sent simultaneously on different antennas
• Higher data rate
• No diversity gain
• Limitation due to path correlation
Beamforming
Multiple Antenna Technique:
Four Basic Model
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Multiple Antenna Technique
Two popular techniques in MIMO wireless systems:
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Spatial Diversity: Increased SNR
• Receive and transmit diversity mitigates
fading and improves link quality
Spatial Multiplexing: Increased rate
• Spatial multiplexing yields substantial
increase spectral efficiency
Spatial Diversity
Transmit Diversity
• Space-time Code (STC): Redundant data sent over time and space domains
(antennas).
• Receive SNR increase about linearity with diversity order Nr Nt
• Provide diversity gain to combat fading
• Optional in 802.16d (2x2 Alamouti STBC), used in 3G CDMA
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• Optional in 802.16d (2x2 Alamouti STBC), used in 3G CDMA
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO Multiplexing
• Data is not redundant – less diversity but less repetition
• Provides multiplexing gain to increase data-rate
• Low (no) diversity compared with STC
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MIMO Operation
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Diversity & MIMO
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LTE MIMO: downlink modes
• Transmit diversity:– Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC)
– Increasing robustness of transmission
• Spatial multiplexing:– Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over
multiple spatial layers– Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over
multiple spatial layers
– Codebook based precoding
– Open loop mode for high mobile speeds possible
• Cyclic delay diversity (CDD):– Addition of antenna specific cyclic shifts
– Results in additional multipath / increased frequency diversity
LTE downlink transmitter chain
Downlink transmit diversitySpace-Frequency Block Coding (2 Tx antenna case)
Downlink spatial multiplexingcodebook based precoding
LTE MIMO: uplink schemes
• Uplink transmit antenna selection:– 1 RF chain, 2 TX antennas at UE
side
– Closed loop selection of transmit antenna
– eNodeB signals antenna selection to UE
– Optional for UE to support– Optional for UE to support
• Multi-user MIMO / collaborative MIMO:– Simultaneous transmission from 2
Ues on same time/frequency resource
– Each UE with single transmit antenna
– eNodeB selects UEs with close-to orthogonal radio channels
Multi User Scheduling
• Scheduler (untuk transmisi unicast) secara dinamis mengontrol resource waktudan frekwensi mana yang akan dialokasikan kepada suatu user pada suatu waktutertentu.
• DL control signalling memberitahu UE, resource dan format transmisi seperti apayang sudah dialokasikan.
• Scheduler dapat secara dinamis memilih strategi multiplexing terbaik daribeberapa metode yang ada, misalnya : localized atau distributed allocation.
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beberapa metode yang ada, misalnya : localized atau distributed allocation.
• Scheduling berinteraksi erat dengan link adaptation dan HARQ.
• Pertimbangan scheduling antara lain didasarkan pada :
– minimum & maximum data rate
– daya yang tersedia untuk di-share
– Persyaratan target BER
– parameter QoS
– laporan CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
– kapabilitas UE
Channel-Dependent Scheduling
• Shared channel transmission
• Select user and data rate on
instantaneous channel quality
– Time-domain adaptation used
already in HSPA
• Scheduling in time and frequency
domain
– Link adaptation in time domain
only
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already in HSPA
Packet-scheduling framework
• Packet scheduler adalah entitas
pengendali untuk seluruh proses
scheduling.
• Berkonsultasi dengan modul LA (Link
Adaptation) untuk memperoleh estimasi
data rate yang dapat disuport untuk user
tertentu dalam sel.
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• LA dapat menggunakan frequency-
selective CQI feedback dari user, untuk
memastikan estimasi data rate yang sesuai
dengan target BLER tertentu.
• Modul Offset calculation dalam proses
link-adaptation dapat digunakan untuk
menstabilkan performansi BLER dalam
kondisi LA yang tidak pasti.
Session 8: LTE Test and Measurement•LTE RF Testing aspects
•eNB Modulation quality measurements
•ACLR in DL (FDD)
•eNB Performance Requirements
•UE RF Testing Aspects
•Transmit Modulation
•Inband Emission
•IQ Component
•ACLR Measurement
•Receiver characteristics
•LTE Wireless device testing from R&D upto conformance
•Stages of LTE terminal testing
•LTE Terminal Interoperability testing
•Test Scenarios for LTE Terminal IOT
•LTE Conformance Testing
•LTE Terminal Certification
•LTE Field Trials
System architecture for 3GPP access networks
PCRF
• It is responsible for policy control decision-making, as
well as for controlling the flow-based charging
functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement
Function (PCEF) which resides in the P-GW.
• The PCRF provides the QoS authorization (QoS class
identifier and bitrates) that decides how a certain
data flow will be treated in the PCEF and ensures
that this is in accordance with the user’s subscription
profile.
P-GW
• The P-GW is responsible for IP address allocation for the UE,
as well as QoS enforcement and flow-based charging
according to rules from the PCRF.
• The P-GW is responsible for the filtering of downlink user IP
packets into the different QoS based bearers. This is packets into the different QoS based bearers. This is
performed based on Traffic Flow Templates (TFTs).
• The P-GW performs QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate
(GBR) bearers.
• It also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with
non-3GPP technologies such as CDMA2000 and WiMAX
networks.
S-GW
• All user IP packets are transferred through the S-GW, which serves as the local mobility anchor for the data bearers when the UE moves between eNodeBs.
• It also retains the information about the bearers when the UE is in idle state (known as ECM-IDLE) and temporarily buffers downlink data while the MME initiates paging of the UE to re-establish the bearers. downlink data while the MME initiates paging of the UE to re-establish the bearers.
• In addition, the S-GW performs some administrative functions in the visited network such as collecting information for charging (e.g. the volume of data sent to or received from the user), and legal interception.
• It also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with other 3GPP technologies such as GPRS and UMTS.
MME
• The MME is the control node which processes the signaling
between the UE and the CN.
• The protocols running between the UE and the CN are known
as the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols.
• The main functions supported by the MME are classified as:• The main functions supported by the MME are classified as:
– Functions related to bearer management. This includes the
establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers, and is
handled by the session management layer in the NAS protocol.
– Functions related to connection management. This includes the
establishment of the connection and security between the network
and UE, and is handled by the connection or mobility management
layer in the NAS protocol layer.
HSS
• Home Subscription Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for all permanent user data. It also records the location of the user in the level of visited network control node, such as MME. It is a database server maintained centrally in the home operator’s premises.
• The HSS stores the master copy of the subscriber profi le, which contains information about the services that are applicable to the user, including information about the allowed PDN connections, and whether roaming to a particular visited network is allowed or not. For supporting mobility between non-3GPP ANs, the HSS also stores the Identities of those P-GWs that are in use. The particular visited network is allowed or not. For supporting mobility between non-3GPP ANs, the HSS also stores the Identities of those P-GWs that are in use. The permanent key, which is used to calculate the authentication vectors that are sent to a visited network for user authentication and deriving subsequent keys for encryption and integrity protection, is stored in the Authentication Center (AuC), which is typically part of the HSS.
• In all signaling related to these functions, the HSS interacts with the MME. The HSS will need to be able to connect with every MME in the whole network, where its UEs are allowed to move. For each UE, the HSS records will point to one serving MME at a time, and as soon as a new MME reports that it is serving the UE, the HSS will cancel the location from the previous MME.
EPS Connection Management
• To reduce the overhead in the E-UTRAN and processing in the UE, all UE-related information in the access network can be released during long periods of data inactivity.
• This state is called EPS Connection Management IDLE (ECM-IDLE). The MME retains the UE context and the information about the established bearers during these idle periods.
• To allow the network to contact an ECM-IDLE UE, the UE updates the network as to its new location whenever it moves out of its current
• To allow the network to contact an ECM-IDLE UE, the UE updates the network as to its new location whenever it moves out of its current Tracking Area (TA); this procedure is called a ‘Tracking Area Update’. The MME is responsible for keeping track of the user location while the UE is in ECM-IDLE.
• When there is a need to deliver downlink data to an ECM-IDLE UE, the MME sends a paging message to all the eNodeBs in its current TA, and the eNodeBs page the UE over the radio interface. On receipt of a paging message, the UE performs a service request procedure which results in moving the UE to ECM-CONNECTED state.
MME connections to other logical nodes
and main functions
S-GW connections to other logical nodes
and main functions
P-GW connections to other logical nodes
and main functions
PCRF connections to other logical nodes
and main functions
Each PCRF may be associated with one or more AF, P-GW and S-GW. There is only
one PCRF associated with each PDN connection that a single UE has.
LTE RF Testing AspectsBase station (eNodeB) according to 3GPP
• Measurements are performed using Fixed Reference Channels (FRC) and EUTRA Test Models (E-TM),
• Tx characteristic (= Downlink)– Base station output power
– Output power dynamics: RE Power Control dynamic range, total power dynamic range,
– Transmit ON/OFF power: Transmitter
• Rx characteristics (= Uplink): Reference sensitivity level, Dynamic range, In-channel selectivity, Adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) and narrow-band blocking, Blocking, Receiver spurious emissions, Receiver intermodulation
• Performance requirements,– Transmit ON/OFF power: Transmitter
OFF power, transmitter transient period,
– Transmitted signal quality: FrequencyError, Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), Time alignment between transmitter antennas, DL RS power, etc. …
– Unwanted emissions: Occupied Bandwidth, Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR), Operating band unwanted emissions, etc. …
– Transmitter spurious emissions and intermodulation,
• Performance requirements,– …for PUSCH: Fading conditions, UL
timing adjustment, high speed train, HARQ-ACK multiplexed in PUSCH,
– …for PUCCH: DTX to ACK performance, ACK missed detection PUCCH format 1a (single user), CQI missed detection for PUCCH format 2, ACK missed detection PUCCH format 1a (multiple user)
– PRACH performance: FALSE detection probability, detection requirements
3GPP TS 36.104: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
eNB modulation quality measurements
• Frequency error– If frequency error is larger than a few subcarrier, demodulation at the UE
might not work properly and cause network interference,
– Quick test: OBW, Limit for frequency error after demodulation 0.05 ppm + 12 Hz (1ms),
• Error Vector Magnitude (EVM),– Amount of distortion effecting the receiver to demodulate the signal properly,– Amount of distortion effecting the receiver to demodulate the signal properly,
– Limit changes for modulation schemes QPSK (17.5%), 16QAM (12.5%), 64QAM (8%),
• Time alignment,– Only TX test defined for multiple antennas, measurement is to measure the
time delay between the signals for the two transmitting antennas, delay shall not exceed 65 ns,
• DL RS power– “Comparable” to WCDMA measurement CPICH RSCP; absolute DL RS power is
indicated on SIB Type 2, measured DL RS power shall be in the range of ±2.1 dB,
ACLR in DL (FDD)
ACLR in DL (FDD):
No filter definition in LTE!
eNB performance requirementsPRACH and preamble testing I
• PRACH testing is one of the performance requirements
defined in 3GPP TS 36.141 E-UTRA BS conformance testing,
– Total probability of FALSE detection of preamble (Pfa 0.1% or less),
– Probability of detection of preamble (Pd = 99% at defined SNR),
– Two modes of testing: normal and high-speed mode,– Two modes of testing: normal and high-speed mode,
• Different SNR and fading profiles are used (table shows settings for
normal mode),
eNB performance requirementsPRACH and preamble testing I
– Depending on the mode different preambles are used to check
detection probability (table shows preamble to be used for normal
mode),
eNB performance requirementsPRACH and preamble testing II
• According to 3GPP TS 36.211 the NCS
value is not set directly instead it is
translated to a NCS configuration
value,
• This value is set in the signal
generator R&S® SMx or R&S® AMU,
Screenshot taken
from R&S®
SMU200A Vector
Signal Generator
UE RF testing
LTE RF Testing AspectsUser Equipment (UE) according to 3GPP
Tx characteristic
• Transmit power,
• Output power dynamics,
• Transmit Signal Quality,– Frequency error, EVM vs.
subcarrier, EVM vs. symbol, LO leakage, IQ imbalance, Inbandemission, spectrum flatness,
Rx characteristics
• Reference sensitivity level,
• UE maximum input level,
• Adjacent channel selectivity,
• Blocking characteristics,
• Intermodulation characteristics,
Spurious emissions,leakage, IQ imbalance, Inbandemission, spectrum flatness,
• Output RF spectrum emissions,– Occupied bandwidth, Spectrum
Emission Mask (SEM), Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR),
• Spurious Emission,
• Transmit Intermodulation,
• Spurious emissions,
Performance requirements
• Demodulation FDD PDSCH (FRC),
• Demodulation FDD PCFICH/PDCCH (FRC)
3GPP TS 36.101: User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception
Transmit modulation
According to 3GPP specification LO leakage (or IQ origin offset) is removed from evaluated
signal before calculating EVM and in-band emission.
In-band emission
IQ component
• Also known is LO leakage, IQ offset, etc.,
• Measure of carrier feedthrough present in the signal,
• Removed from measured waveform, before calculating EVM and in-band emission
(3GPP TS 36.101 V8.3.0, Annex F),
• In difference to DL the DC subcarrier in UL is used for transmission, but subcarriers
are shifted half of subcarrier spacing (= 7.5 kHz) to be symmetric around DC are shifted half of subcarrier spacing (= 7.5 kHz) to be symmetric around DC
carrier,
• Due to this frequency shift energy of the LO falls into the two central subcarrier
ACLR measurement I
Receiver characteristics
• Throughput shall be >95% for…
– Reference Sensitivity Level,
– Adjacent Channel Selectivity,
– Blocking Characteristics,– Blocking Characteristics,
• …using the well-defined DL reference
channels according to 3GPP specification
LTE wireless device testing
from R&D up to conformance
Stages of LTE terminal testing
LTE terminal interoperability testingmotivation
• Interoperability testing is used to verify– Connectivity of the UE with the
real network (by means of base station simulators)
– Service quality, end-to-end performance
– Service quality, end-to-end performance
– Different LTE features and parametrizations
– Interworking between LTE and legacy technologies
• The complete UE protocol stack is tested.
• IOT test scenarios are based on requirements from real network operation and typical use cases.
LTE terminal interoperability testingexample test scenarios
• Registration
• UE initiated detach
• Network initiated detach
• Mobile originated EPS bearer establishment
• Mobile terminated EPS bearer establishment• Mobile terminated EPS bearer establishment
• Cell (re-)selection
• GUTI reallocation
• Tracking are update
• …
• Plus: end-to-end scenarios (video streaming, VoIP, …)
• Plus: intra-LTE mobility, inter-RAT mobility
Test scenarios for LTE terminal IOTdifferent sources for maximum test coverage
LTE conformance testingmotivation
• Verifying compliance of terminals to 3GPP LTE standard– by validated test cases
implemented on registered test platforms
– in order to ensure worldwide interoperability of the terminal within every mobile networkwithin every mobile network
• 3GPP RAN5 defines conformance test specifications for– RF
– Radio Resource Management (RRM)
– Signaling
• Certification organizations (e.g. GCF) define certification criteria based on RAN5 test specifications
LTE field trial testing and
coverage measurements
LTE field trialsrequirements from different deployment scenarios
• Bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
• Different LTE FDD and TDD frequency bands
• Combination with legacy technologies
(GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000 1xEV-(GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000 1xEV-
DO)
• Spectrum clearance and refarming scenarios
• Femto cell / Home eNB scenarios
LTE field trialsscope of test tools
• Field trials provide input for:– Calibration and verification of
planning tools for different deployment scenarios
– Network optimization (capacity and quality)
– Quality of service verification– Quality of service verification
– Definition of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and verification, also from subscriber’s point of view
• Parallel use of scanners / measurement receivers for comparison with UE and base station behaviour
• Support of IOT activities
Example result from the fieldscanner measurements for LTE
10 Steps to Determine 3G/4G
IP Data Throughput
1. Will my device connect?
2. Do I have a good quality
transmitter?
3. Do I have a good quality
receiver?
6. What happens if I try real
application?
7. What happens under non-
ideal conditions?
8. Is it robust?receiver?
4. Can I achieve max E2E
tput under ideal
conditions with UDP
5. What about with TCP and
simultaneous UL/DL?
8. Is it robust?
9. Does it work closed loop?
10. How good is my battery
life?
Step 1: Will my device connect?
Step 1: Will my device connect?
• Is the UE able to sync to the DL?
•Can I get through the connection set-up
• Can I ping my UE?
• If not take a log and de-bug message exchange
•Make edits as required with Message editor
2. Do I have a good quality Transmitter?
RF test
• High data throughput testing relies on good quality UL
transmissions
• Look for the following:– Ensure you have appropriate
power and attenuation settingssettings
– High EVM for high order modulation schemes
– High EVM at the band edge
– Spurs both in band and out of band
– Linearity issues/ spectral growth
– Switching transients, LO settling time
– Repeat tests with any “other” radio’s active
3GPP Tx Measurements
UL RF Measurements
3. Do I have a good quality receiver?
• High Data throughput testing relies on good a quality receiver
• Look for the following:
– sensitivity for different – sensitivity for different modulation schemes
– Max input level performance
– susceptibility to interference (simultaneous UL/DL, other radios, spurs from digital board, …)
3. Do I have a good quality receiver?
DL Data Throughput for TD LTE(20MHz channel, 2x2 MIMO, UL/DL config 5, special subframe config 6)
Measurement Technique: UDP vs FTP (TCP)
UDP
+ Unacknowledged
+ removes flow control complexity
+ removes higher layer acks
FTP
+ Simulates real-world file transfers
+Transferred files can be viewed and/or compared+ removes higher layer acks
+ Less susceptible latency
- Not the full story for file transfers
- Not suitable for used in shared
networks
and/or compared
- Adds flow control complexity
- Add higher layer acks and retransmissions
- TCP Control algorithms sensitive
to multiple parameters
- Test system configuration can
affect results
5. Can I achieve max E2E tput under ideal conditions
with TCP?
• TCP adds higher layer support for error detection, re-transmissions, congestion control and flow control
• TCP flow control algorithms interpret “lost” packets as congestion
• Careful consideration of parameters such as window size, number of parallel process, segment size etc. need to be considered
TCP “Flapping”
6. What happens if I try a real application? …
(Voice, video, ftp …)
7. What happens under non-ideal conditions?
•Typically fade the DL and use robust
UL
•Perform test mode and E2E testing
•Measure MAC (BLER & Tput) and IP
layer throughput
•Use TCP with care!•Use TCP with care!
8. Is it robust? …
• E2E IP tests PHY, MAC, PDCP, and IP layers all working
together at full rate
• Check processor can handle multiple real time activities – add
SMS and voice calls during E2E IP
• Check there are no memory overflow/leakage issues
9. Does it work closed loop?
•BLER/Tput Testing
•Supports Test Mode and E2E Testing
10. How good is my battery life?
Case StudyCase StudyAutomated Measurements Give Repeatable 21Mbps Results!
Case StudyCase StudyDevice Performance: MIPS Matter!
Case StudyCase StudyCat14 (21Mbps) Devices – Better the second time around
Case StudyCase StudyNot All HSDPA Cat 6 Devices Have the Same Throughput
Final Note
The End
Thank You