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April 8, 2023
1
Lokatie/evenement
Naam auteur
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
April 8, 2023 2
Cities as ecosystems
Source: Girardet, 1990
April 8, 2023 3
Optimizing flows in a building
Source: Wortmann and Kruseman, 2005
April 8, 2023 4
Optimizing urban formCompact City Dispersed City Linear City Polycentric City Satellite City Fringe City Edge city
Source: Marc Ottele
Source: Heat Island Group
April 8, 2023 5
Relationships between sub-systems: look for synergies
Source: Tjallingii, 1996
April 8, 2023 6
People are part of urban systems
Source: Machiel van Dorst
Source: WBCSD, 2007
April 8, 2023 7
Conclusions / outlook
Source: Arjan van Timmeren
Chapter 2(Eco)system thinking: ecological principles for buildings, roads, industrial and urban areas
Hein van BohemenFormer lecturer Ecological EngineeringAt present: EcoEngineeringConsultancy
Passion for Ecoengineering
• Integration of civil and ecological engineering (example roads in the landscape, green roofs and green façades)
• Based on EcoSystemThinking (inspiration: H.T.Odum, William Mitsch and John Todd)
• Realization of Value for humans as well as for nature
EcoSystemThinking
• Representation of a simple system• Humanity is based on ecosystem goods and ecosystem services
Sun
R
P
Nutrients
Biomass
Sun Humanity
Service
Lifesupport
Biosphere
Different levels of scale
• A road on different levels of scale• Representation of flows of materials on different levels of scale
region
city
district
building
nutrientsIN
resistanceNOT IN
discharge OUT
retentionNOT OUT
Example of Integration: solar panels on a green roof
Challenge: Realization of full integration of as many aspects (env., ecol., econ. ,social, cultural) as possible on all levels of scales based on symbiotic relationship between humans and their natural environment
Chapter 3Urban ecology, scale and identity
Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. De Jong
motivation:
‘Architecture is a kind of ecology, design is differentiation’
Differentiation is a risk cover for life
The number of plant species per km2 in Zoetermeer is related to its physical diversity
The more physical diversity, the more species will find a fitting place
Judging ecological quality
Quality(diversity) and a scale paradox
Scale-paradox
Identity is difference with the rest and continuity in itself
What is the difference with other regions? (30km radius)What is the difference with other conurbations? (10km)What is the difference with other townships? (3km)What is the difference with other districts? (1km)What is the difference with other neighbourhoods? (300m)What is the difference with other ensembles? (100m)
Anyone looking for a location will ask such questions,Designers have to answer them.
Built environment Chapter 6
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
Building industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources_average 40% (Kibert 2002).
Nearly three tons used annually for each person on the planet. (WBCSD 2002)
Cement manufacturing requires mainly mineral extraction from quarries(besides water and energy for its production).
Cement industry contributes to about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions_____50% is from the chemical process_______40% from burning fuel ______10% electricity and transport (WBCSD 2002; (Worrell et al. 2001).
Roughly 75% of waste is land filledAverage within the European Union 25% of the waste is recycled (however, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium already achieved recycling rates of more than 80%).
Most of the considered dangerous waste is not always separated from other forms of waste and thus contaminate land fills or recycled inert wastes (European Commission 2000).
Level of building decree (EBI 200) High Tech building (EBI 500) Energy Neutral building (EBI 1000)
A building considered to be sustainable according toDutch regulations in 2010 [equivalent to an Environmental Building Index (EBI).
A building in which high-techmethods have been used to radically reduce energy consumption (equivalent to an EBI of 500).
An energy-neutral building (equivalent to an EBIof 1,000) which has no environmental impact in terms of energy.
Haas 2009
Dutch building LCA
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
Urban Metabolism_ studies illuminate basic trends in human energy and material fluxes.
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
More self reliantBy mapping flows of materials it is possible to propose closed loop solutions leading to less input/ and less output leading to more efficient and therefore a more self sufficient urban structure.
Integrated solutionsCombining flows of materials with different coefficients and indicators of a city-region requires consideration of the complex interactions between economic, environmental, and social factors.
DiagnosisAs a living organism, it is assumed that by using UMM it is possible to detect pathologic cycles, environmental, and even economic.
Support for future prognosticsCaring capacity estimated through time line; avoiding exhaustion of materials and consequent region decay.Detects consumer, households, industrial and commercial behavior and consequences.Intra and interrelationships among other regions (resource dependency or waste dependency).Pollution prevention (from cars or industrial activities, etc.)Food and water security.
Decker et al. (2000)
Understanding available resources
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
Coal waste2009 in Solving Global Warming www.switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/rperks/where_for_art_thou_coal_ash.html
Mapping and ACCOUNTING
DOCOMOMOBologna, 1969. Urban conservation Plan. Building typologies.
World Resource Institute_ GHG Emissions
Designing as baking a cake?
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
2012 Building façade
Substituting or innovating?
Dynamic balance
Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research
Waterflows and Urban Planning Sybrand Tjallingii
water flows / systems
guiding principles
rainwater: from down the drain to first retain
groundwater: from pumping to careful use and recharge
river waters: from taming the stream to space for the river
drinking water: from shortage and wastage to sufficient and efficient
waste water: from problem solving to pollution prevention
region
urban
building
guiding models
synergy
carrying structures
activities
NATURE RESI- DENTIAL
TRANSPORT PRO-DUCTION
GUIDING
EXPLOITING
TRANSPORT PRO-DUCTION
GUIDING
EXPLOITING
Laure Itard, Research Institute OTBDelft University of Technology
Chapter 5: Energy in the built environment
Energy use in dwellings
Gasverbuik per m2 woningoppervlak (2004/ 2005)
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-194
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-197
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-199
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1996
-199
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-199
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2000
-200
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Bouwjaar
m3 g
as/per
m2
Start EPC regulations
Gas consumption per m2 area (2004/2005)
Construction year
Pollutants
• Comfort & Health
• Building design
• Building physics
• Heat transfer
• Ventilation & air movements
• HVAC systems
• Sustainable Energy generation
Understanding the system
Chapter 5: Energy in the built environment
DO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY:
• Your house will use more gas if you use energy-saving light bulbs?
• Using large window areas on the North Façade may save a lot of energy?
• Using a high efficiency condensing boiler is non-sense?
Then read
Urban transport and sustainability
Bert Van Wee – DUT
Perspective: transport is fantastic, but comes at high costs. What is ‘good’ policy? Difficult, but very challenging and important question
Achieved:• Much safer• Better air quality• Better control of traffic flows• More comfort• Maintaining strong position of bicycle
Challenges:
• CO2• Dependence on fossil fuels• Noise• Accessibility
• Acceptance of ‘unpopular policy measures’ (pricing, less parking, paid parking everywhere, car free zones, ISA, ..)
42Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Background: Environmental Scientist (Nijmegen University)
Researcher on Sustainable and Healthy HousingOTB Research Institute for the Built EnvironmentDepartment of Housing Quality
Arjen Meijer
43Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Highlights
• Indoor and outdoor air pollutants• Chemical pollutants• Biological pollutants
• Other indoor environmental aspects• Thermal comfort• Noise• Lighting
44Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Present
Past
Outdoor air qualityShift in attention towards issues
Euthrophication
Acid rain(acidification)
Ozone layerdepletion
Particulatematter
CO2 emissions(climate change)
45Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Indoor air qualityContradiction?
Energy saving Good indoorair quality
46Chapter 7: Air quality and human health
Indoor environment
It is not only costs, not only the planet, not only personal comfort
Integrated approach
More than indoor air quality
Thermalcomfort
Energysaving
Low noiselevels
Indoor airquality
Indoor airquality
???
?
Chapter 10
Sustainable Urban Form
Sustainable Urban EnvironmentsAn Ecosystem Approach
Jody Milder
The world is urbanizing
More than half of the world’s populations now lives in cities
Urban form types
dispersed city
compact city
corridor/linear/radial city
multi-nuclear/polycentric city/edge city
fringe city
edge city
satellite city
Compact cities
People are the key
Laure Itard, Research Institute OTBDelft University of Technology
Chapter 11: Environmental strategies & tools for integrated environmental design
(Eco)
syste
m a
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roach
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Uitputting grondsto
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Broeikaseffect (C
O2)
Ozonlaagaantasting
Smog
Humane toxiciteit
Ecotoxiciteit water
Ecotoxiciteit grond
Verzuring
Vermesting
[%]
Gas (ketel)Elektriciteit (elektrische radiator)Elektriciteit (warmtepomp COP=2.5)Series1
Environmental impact when producting 1 MJ heat
Environmental impacts electricity production
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[index] Netherlands Norway France PV-cells Wind
Chapter 11: Environmental strategies & tools for integrated design
• There is more than CO2• Strategies are needed… but are not enough to
built sustainable buildings• Up-cycling costs material & energy
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Chapter 13 Governance Tools
Lorraine Murphy
MSc Environmental ScienceTrinity College Dublin, IrelandIs Dublin a City Moving Towards
Sustainable Development?
PhD Candidate OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment‘Energy performance’ policy instruments for existing
dwellings
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• Government to governance
• International –Supranational-National-Local
• Tools with examples:
• Tools and ecosystem thinking
Regulations
Economic InstrumentsVoluntary
AgreementsInformation
Tools
Chapter Overview
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Some Achievements………..Covenants/
Agreements
Regulation
Economic Tools
Communication
60
Some challenges……..
Compliance & enforcement
Monitoring & evaluating
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Chapter 14 Managing ChangeAnke van Hal & Ellen van Bueren
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How to get multiple actors to agree on a common direction?
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Variety of approaches – all needed
New forms of collaboration & contracting
Identify business opportunitiesStimulate, diffuse & learn from innovation
Involve end-users
Sustainable Urban EnvironmentsAn Ecosystem Approach
Chapter 15
Conclusions / Integrated Design
April 8, 202364 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Dutch Green Building Week, TU Delft, 22. September 2011
Pulling together all chapters
April 8, 202365
• Drawing conclusions• Discussion of future perspectives
based on recent research results (integrated design)
• Ecosystem thinking • Urban ecology • Water • Energy • Materials/resources • Air quality and human health • Liveability • Urban transport • Governance • Managing change
Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
April 8, 202366
Perspectives – Achievements
• Sustainable development is feasible now!• Enough know-how & resources for total
change • Coverage of energy demand with 100%
renewable is technically and economically feasible until 2050
• C02 & Hydrogen can replace oil based production
Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
April 8, 202367
Perspectives – Challenges
• We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them (Einstein)
• Paradigm shift: support by companies, politics & society
• Limited non renewable resource stock – requires 3R!
• Strategic resources require political stability and global cooperation
Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
68 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Zero M - Model
local closed loop recycling economy
April 8, 202369
Thank you very much for your attention!
Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
[Vincent Callebaut]