Post on 06-Apr-2018
transcript
Vince Gilbert
Chief Knowledge Officer
December 9, 2010
Small Modular Reactor Technologies
Objectives
Define SMRs
Overview SMR Applications
Review Basic Nuclear Terminology and
Reactor Types
What some designs are being considered
for US Deployment?
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SMRs: Small/Modular Reactor Size and Nuclear Classifications of Reactors
Large >700 MWe (some new designs approach 1,700
MWe)
Medium 300-700 MWe
Small <300 MWe
Mini <50 MWe
Modular implies some designs can provide capacity in
increments over time by adding new “Modules”
Examples
B&W mPower (125MWe/reactor and 250 MWe/module) and
NuScale (45 MWe/reactor and up to 540 MWe/module)
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SMR Applications
Scalable electricity generation
Process heat
Industrial processes
Hydrogen production
Steam
Other Petro-Chemical-related
Mining/Shale Oil Recovery
District Heating
Desalinization
Special military and other government uses
Back-end Fuel Cycle support (burn up
waste products as an ancillary function)
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Reactor Functions
Core generates heat from nuclear reaction
Uranium based
Thorium based
“Integral SMRs” contain other major parts of the nuclear
steam supply
Pressurizer
Coolant pumps
Steam generator
Reactor moderator/coolant types
Light Water
Liquid Metal (Sodium and Lead Bismuth)
Molton Salt (Thorium) 5
Terminology
Fissile:U-233, U-235, Pu-
239 (fission at all energies)
Fissionable: Fast Fission
Th-232, U-238 (fast fission
only)
Fertile-can be converted to
U-233 and Pu-239
Neutron Capture- no fission
See “Chart of the Nuclides”
for details
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Reactor Fission Types- neutron kinetic energy Thermal Fission – Light Water moderator slows down
neutrons to “thermal energy” levels
U-235 + n -> (U236) ->> (Thermal fission products plus
energy)
Some Pu-239 also fissions
Fast Fission – Fertile converted to fissile as part of the
process
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Types of SMRs-USNRC Integral Pressurized Water Reactors (iPWR) combine primary and secondary
systems into a single assembly- These are Thermal Fission type
Liquid Metal Reactors (LMR) use liquid metal as the coolant in the primary
system- these are Fast Fission type
Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR)
Lead-Bismuth Fast Reactors (LBE)
Gas :NGNP technology will provide the blueprint for the commercial industry
to manage the heat from the next generation of advanced nuclear plants for
energy production and industrial processing. These reactors may either be High
Temperature Gas Cooled or SFR type
Other: There are also other types under development such as the Terra Power
Traveling Wave Reactor
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SMR Systems Summary
Primary system- Generates heat
Secondary System-Produced Steam, High Pressure Gas and or
Process Heat output (Integral Reactors combine primary and
secondary together)
Primary loop and secondary loop are isolated from each other
Condensate and Feed Systems return the water to the steam
generator (closed secondary cycle)
Heat is rejected from the condenser and is transferred to the
“Ultimate Heat Sink” : River, Ocean, Lake or Outside Air
Support systems
Main Transformers and path to Switchyard
Instrumentation and Process Computing
Radiation Monitoring, Radwaste Processing, Environmental
Monitoring
Heating and Ventilation
Fire Protection
Security
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B&W mPOWER iPWR
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Designer Babcock and Wilcox Company (B&W)
Reactor Type mPower LWR60 year life
Reactor Power 400 MWt
Electric Output 125 MWe
Outlet Conditions 327°C
Coolant Light Water
Fuel Design Proprietary
Refueling Proprietary "4+ year core life"
Letter of Intent April 29, 2009
Licensing Plan Design Certification
Pre-application stage
Expected submittal Q4 2012
Design Information
Intergral LWR with the reactor and the steam
generator located in a single reactor vessel located
in an underground containment
Primary No soluable boron in
primary required for
reactivity control
Secondary
Balance of Plant
Traditional turbine-generator and BOP: Heat sink
basin, air or water cooling system, water storage
tanks, fire protection system, service water,
demieralized water, switchyard and security
systems
Emergency diesel
generator not required;
air cooling or water
cooling for condenser
Website http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/
Integral-core, pumps, control rod drives and rods,
once-through steam generator
22 February 2010 Copyright 2010, Hyperion Power Generation Inc. All rights reserved. 12
NuScale
iPWR
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DesignerNuScale Power, Inc
Reactor TypeNuScale LWR
Reactor Power 150 MWt per module
Electric Output 45 MWe per module
Outlet Conditions 1500 psig, 575°F
Coolant Light Water
Fuel Design 17 X 17 fuel bundles, 6 feet, 4.95%
enrichment
Refueling 24 months
Letter of Intent January, 2008
Licensing Plan
Design Certification
Pre-Application stage for DCD
based on MASLWR developed at
Oregon State in 2000s.
Expected submittal Q2 FY 2012
Design Information
Integral natural circulation light water
reactor with reactor core and helical coil
steam generators located in a common
reactor vessel. The reactor vessel is
submerged in a pool of water.
Primary
Secondary
Balance of Plant
Steam turbine, generator and condenser,
coolers, pumps, condensate polishers,
tanks and feedwater system.
Off-the-shelf componants
for turbine-generator and
supports systems; shared
Reueling reactor pool and
associated refuleing
services
Website http://www.nuscalepower.com
Core, helical coil steam generator,
reactor vessel and containment structure
and water filled pool below ground with
natural circulation cooling
Westinghouse IRIS -iPWR
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Designer Westinghouse
Reactor TypeInternational Reactor Innovative and
Secure (IRIS) LWR
Reactor Power 1000MWt
Electric Output 335 Mwe
Outlet Conditions 330 ° C
Coolant Light Water
Fuel Design17 X 17 assemblies 4.95% enrichment
UO2
Refueling 3.0-3.5 years
Letter of Intent Updated March 18, 2009
Licensing Plan Design Certification
Expected submittal Q3 2012
Design Information
Integral pressurized water reactor with
reactor vessel, helical coil steam
generators, reactor collant pumps, and
pressurizer within a spherical steel
containment shell
Primary
Secondary
Balance of Plant
Website http://hulk.cesnef.polimi.it
Integral: fuel, control rods, 8 reactor
coolant pumps, 8 helical coil once-
through steam generators, steel
reflector, pressurizer inside the pressure
vessel
General Atomics MHR- HTGR
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Designer
General Atomics Comments
Reactor TypeModular Helium Reactor (MHR) HTGR
Reactor Power 350MWt
Electric Output Co-Generation demonstration for the
chemical industry
Outlet Conditions 750 °C helium/540°F steam
Coolant Helium
Fuel Design
TRISO-coated particle fuel (UCO, UO2)
1 mm fuel particles made
from enriched fuel particle
coated with porous carbon
buffer, pyrolytic carbon,
silicon carbide amd a second
pyrolytic carbon layer
(robust fuel)
Refueling
Letter of IntentSee NGNP Licensing Strategy Report to
Congress, August 2008
Licensing Plan Combined License
Expected submittal FY 2013
Design Information
Graphite moderator and core
structure, helium coolant and TRISO-
coated particle fuel
Primary Reactor and shutdown cooling system
Secondary Steam generator vessel and Heat
transport system
Steam Turbine in Direct
Cycle
Balance of Plant Reduced steam cycle and support
systems
Website http://www.ga.com
GE-Hetachi PRISM – SFR
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Designer
GE-HitachiAlso under consideration as
technology for NGNP
Reactor Type
Power Reactor Innovative Small Modular
(PRISM) SFR
PRISM is GE’s proprietary
name for the Integral Fast
Reactor, a design that was
developed in Idaho by the
nuclear scientists at
Argonne West (ANL-W)
Reactor Power 840 MWt
Electric Output 311 MWe
Outlet Conditions 930°F
CoolantLiquid Metal (Sodium)
Fuel DesignMetallic
Refueling 12-24 mo
Letter of Intent Updated March 15, 2010
Licensing Plan
COL, Prototype (long-term -Manufacturing
License)
NRC conducted pre-
application review in 1990s
that resulted in publication
of NUREG-1368, a pre-
application safety
evaluation report
Expected submittal 1Q 2012
Design InformationUnderground containment on seismic
isolators with a passive air cooling
ultimate heat sink
Primary
Two reactor modules per power unit
SecondaryTurbine Generator
Balance of Plant
Passive air cooling ultimate heat sinl
Can be used to burn spent
fuel in conjunction with a
fuel recycling plant
Website
PBMR - HTGR
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Designer PMBR (Pty), Ltd Comments
Reactor Type PMBR -HTGR
Reactor Power 400MWt
Electric Output 165 MWe and process heat
Outlet Conditions up to 970°C (1652 °F)
Coolant Helium
Fuel Design
about 450,000 low-enriched UO2
TRISO fuel particles in pebbles
Refueling Online
Letter of Intent Updated March 2009
Licensing Plan Design Certification
Expected submittal FY2013
Design Information
Modular, gas-cooled, oebble bed reactor
with online refueling that generates
electricity via a gas or steam turbine and
which may also be used for process heat
applications
Primary Reactor core, fuelIntermediate heat
exchanger
Secondary
Compressor, turbine, gearbox,
generator, Process heat output,
circulator, recuperator
Balance of Plant Equipment associated with generation
of electricity with gas or steam turbine
Website http://www.pbmr.co.za
Toshiba 4S- Mini SFR
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Designer Toshiba Corporation
Reactor Type Super-Safe-Small and Simple (4S) SFR
Reactor Power 30MWt
Electric Output 10 MWe
Outlet Conditions 510°C
Coolant Liquid-metal (sodium)
Fuel Design18 hexagonal fuel assemblies U-10%Zr alloy with
19.9% enrichment
Refueling 30 years
Letter of Intent Updated March 23, 2010
Licensing Plan Design ApprovalWorking with city of
Galena, AK as potential
COL partner
Expected submittal 2Q 2012
Design Information Small, sodium-cooled underground reactor
Seismic isolators
suppound reactor
Primary
Reactor core, two electromagnetic pumps,
Intermediate heat exchanger, reflector control
device, rv auxiliary cooling system, guard vessel
Intermediate auxiliary
cooling system
SecondaryHelical coil steam generator, secondary heat
exchanger loop
Balance of Plant Turbine, main condenser, feeedwater pump
Website
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/fact-sheets/new-nuc-plant-des-
bg.html
22 February 2010 Copyright 2010, Hyperion Power Generation Inc. All rights reserved. 24
LBE Reactor
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Designer Hyperion Power Genaration, Inc
Reactor Type Hyperion HPM-LBE LMR
Reactor Power 70 MWt
Electric Output 25 MWe
Outlet Conditions 500°C
CoolantLead-Bismuth eutectic, primary and
secondary loop
Fuel Design Stainless steel clad uranium nitride 20% enriched U235 and U238
Refueling Replace core 7-10 years
Letter of Intent
Licensing PlanCombined License (prototype design)
and/or Design Certification
Expected submittal
Design Information
The HPM is sealed at the factory, sited
underground and eventually returned to
the factory for waste and fuel disposition
after a useful life of 7 to 10 years.
Primary
HPM containing fuel, stainless stell as a
structural material, lead-bisbuth
eutectic, reflector, control rods, LBE
pump, and intermediate heat exchanger;
decay heat removal system, LBE Oxygen
control system, purification, injection
control and chemistry control systems
Outer diameter of HPM is
limited to 1.5 m for
shippling considerations
and weight is less than 20
metric tons
Secondary
Preheater, Evaporator, Superheater,
intermediate loop LBE and water, steam
outlet piping
Balance of Plant
Steam turbine generator, condenser,
cooling system, water purification
system, electric power distribution
system, waste management, auxilary
systems and switchyard
Website http://www.hyperiongeneration.com
ARC-100 SFR
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Designer ARC, LLCPublic presentations
began June 14-16, 2010
Reactor Type "Fast-Neutron Spectrum" SFR
Argonne National Lab-
Core Design
Reactor Power 260 MWt maximumIdaho National Lab-Fuel
Analysis
Electric Output 50-100 MWe
Water desalinization,
Shale oil Extraction,
Hydrogen Production
Outlet Conditions
Coolant Liquid Sodium
Fuel DesignEnriched U-Zr Metallic Alloy in 3 enrichment
zones
"Nuclear Waste
Incinerator"
Refueling20 years
Letter of Intent
Licensing Plan
Expected submittal
Design Information
Primary Core, control rods, pump, Intermediate Heat
Exchanger, passive decay heat removal system
Secondary
Intermediate Sodium Piping from primary to BOP
Balance of Plant Brayton Cycle for Energy Conversion using S-C02 gas
Backup design for Energy Conversion is Rankine
Cycle (steam)
Website http://www.arcnuclear.com
Terra Power Traveling Wave
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Designer
TerraPower Taveling Wave Reactor
Reactor Type
TWR
Converts fertile nuclear
materials into fissle fuel as
it operates using the process
of nuclear transmutation;
fission is localized to a
portion of the core at any
point in time
Reactor Power
Electric Output
Outlet Conditions
Coolant Liquid Sodium
Fuel DesignTargeted to burn depleted
uranium, spent fuel, natural
uranium and thorium
Refueling Very long periods of time are
theoretically possible
Letter of Intent
Licensing Plan
Expected submittal
Design Information
Primary Pool type reactor cooled by liquid
sodium
SecondaryConventional steam turbine and
generator and support systems
Balance of Plant Conventional BOP systems
Website http://www.intelectualventures.com
Questions?
(Reference spreadsheet also provided)
Vince Gilbert
vince.gilbert@excelservices.com
(202) 422-8238
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