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See online version for legend and references454 Cell 144, February 4, 2011 ©2011 Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.019
SnapShot: Chromatin Remodeling:ISWIAdam N. Yadon and Toshio TsukiyamaFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
General domain structure
DEXD ATPase HAND
Helicase SANT
SLIDE
Isw2
ACF CHRAC
Isw2 Isw1a Isw1b
Replication, transcription, andTy1 integration regulation1
Nucleosome assembly, transcription,and replication regulation5
Chromatin structure andtranscription regulation6
Chromatin structure andtranscription regulation7
Replication and transcription regulation9
Transcription regulation13 DNA replication and repair regulation14 Functions unknown Cell differentiation and
transcription regulation15 Functions unknown Functions unknown
Chromatin structure andcentromere maintenance10
Development and transcription regulation11
CERF
Functions unknown Heterochromatin formation and/or replication regulation12
Developmental cellular expansion and
nuclear divisions8Functions unknown
Transcription regulation2 Cell fate determination3 Transcription regulation4
Itc1
Isw2
NoRC WICH NURF
Nucleosome sliding
Histone replacement
ISWI-A ISWI-DWCRF
ACF1
SNF2H
WCRF180
SNF2H
ACFACF1 WICHRSF
p175
ACF1
ISWI
WSTF
ISWI
ISWI
RSF1
Isw1
Ioc3
NURF ISWI
NURF RSF CHR11 CHR17
CHRAC
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila melanogaster Arabidopsis thaliana
Xenopus laevisMammals
Biochemical Activities
Trypanosoma brucei
Itc1
Isw2Dpb4
Dls1 Ioc2Ioc4
Isw1
NURF1
Isw1
?
Isw1
ACF1
ISWI
ACF1
ISWI
?
CHR11
?
CHR17
NURF301
ISWI
ACF1
SNF2H
RSF1
SNF2H SNF2L
CECR2
ATP ADP
TIP5
SNF2H
WSTF
SNF2H SNF2L
BPTF
RbAp46/48
RbAp46/48
ISWI
p200p15
p21p70 p200
p17ISWI
p55
ISWI
ISWI
ATP ADP
+
Histones
NURF38NURF38CHRAC15
CHRAC15
CHRAC15
CHRAC15
CHRAC17
CHRAC17
CHRAC16
CHRAC16
454.e1 Cell 144, February 4, 2011 ©2011 Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.019
SnapShot: Chromatin Remodeling:ISWIAdam N. Yadon and Toshio TsukiyamaFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
The imitation switch (ISWI) family of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes comprises highly conserved protein complexes that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to slide nucleosomes along DNA and/or replace histones within nucleosomes. All ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes, including the ISWI family, contain a conserved catalytic DEXD ATPase domain and a helicase domain. However, the combination of three C-terminally located domains, known as HAND, SANT, and SLIDE, is unique to ISWI family members. The SANT domain (structurally related to the c-Myb DNA-binding domains) binds unmodified histone tails, the SLIDE (SANT-like ISWI domain) domain binds nucleosomal DNA near the dyad axis, and the HAND domain is implicated in both histone and DNA binding/recognition. Representative ISWI-containing protein complexes from multiple species are depicted in this SnapShot, with specific in vivo biological functions for each listed below.
Biological Functions of ISWI-Containing Complexes1. Replication, Transcription, and Ty Integration RegulationFacilitates replication fork progression through late-replicating regions; represses mRNA and cryptic noncoding RNA transcription by negatively regulating NFR size; required for the periodic integration pattern of the Ty1 retrotransposon.2. Transcription RegulationRepresses and activates transcription at a small number of loci and is implicated in transcription elongation and termination regulation.3. Cell Fate DeterminationPromotes the expression of vulval cell fates by antagonizing the transcriptional and chromatin-remodeling activities of complexes similar to Myb-MuvB/dREAM, NuRD, and Tip60/NuA4.4. Transcription RegulationDownregulates VSV expression sites.5. Nucleosome Assembly, Transcription, and Replication RegulationRequired for the establishment and/or maintenance of periodic nucleosome arrays that contributes to pericentric position-effect variegation (PEV) and heterochromatic Poly-comb-mediated transcriptional gene silencing; implicated in the regulation of S phase length/progression.6. Chromatin Structure and Transcription RegulationMaintains higher-order chromatin structure by mediating chromatin compaction; disrupts the enhancer-blocking function of Fab7 and SF1 while augmenting the function of Fab8; activates transcription of GAGA target genes and ecdysone-responsive genes and is a coactivator of Armadillo; regulates innate immunity by repressing transcription of JAK/STAT target genes.7. Chromatin Structure and Transcription RegulationInvolved in formation of silent heterochromatin by incorporating the histone variant H2Av, thus suppressing position-effect variegation (PEV).8. Developmental Cellular Expansion and Nuclear DivisionsNecessary for cell expansion during late-diploid (sporophytic) embryogenesis and mitotic nuclear divisions during haploid (gametophytic) phase.9. Replication and Transcription RegulationRequired for S phase progression and facilitates pericentromeric heterochromatin DNA replication; represses transcription of the vitamin D3 receptor-regulated genes in humans.10. Chromatin Structure and Centromere MaintenanceImplicated in chromatin assembly and actively supports the assembly of CENP-A chromatin in humans.11. Development and Transcription RegulationFunctions in neural tube formation and terminal differentiation of ovarian granulose cells through regulation of StAR gene expression in mice.12. Heterochromatin Formation and/or Replication RegulationTargeted to pericentromeric heterochromatin during early stages of chromosome condensation and DNA replication.13. Transcription RegulationInvolved in the transcriptional repression of ribosomal RNA genes.14. DNA Replication and Repair RegulationImplicated in heterochromatin DNA replication by binding PCNA in mice; necessary for cell survival following DNA damage by methyl methanesulfate (MMS); and facilitates a DNA damage response pathway by controlling histone H2A.Z function in mice.15. Cell Differentiation and Transcription RegulationPromotes neurite outgrowth and transcription of engrailed 1 and 2 in humans.
Acknowledgments
T.T. is funded by NIGMS. A.N.Y. was supported by a Developmental Biology Predoctoral Training Grant T32HD007183 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop-ment.
RefeRences
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Whitehouse, I., Rando, O.J., Delrow, J., and Tsukiyama, T. (2007). Chromatin remodelling at promoters suppresses antisense transcription. Nature 450, 1031–1035.
Yadon, A.N., Van de Mark, D., Basom, R., Delrow, J., Whitehouse, I., and Tsukiyama, T. (2010). Chromatin remodeling around nucleosome-free regions leads to repression of noncod-ing RNA transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 5110–5122.