Post on 16-Apr-2017
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Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 SAND2015-8222 PE
energy. sand ia.gov
SNLSmallModularReactorProgramGaryE.Rochau,AdvancedNuclearConcepts
gerocha@sandia.gov 505-845-7543
FirstGenerationUSSmallModularReactors
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• Babcock & Wilcox•mPower•180 MWe
•NuScale Power, Inc.•NuScale•45 MWe
•Westinghouse Nuclear•225 MWe
•Holtec International•160 MWe
•Common Features•Steam Generators inside pressure vessel•Light water moderation•Passively safe•All cores underground
Westinghouse
Holtec
Sandia Support to develop tools for Design Certification Efforts awaiting inquiry from NRC
Westinghouse~200 MWe
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• Add MELCOR models to address unique NuScale SMR:o Geometry,o Heat transfero Aerosol behavioro Spent fuel pool (SFP)
• Geometry: Allow the simultaneous modeling of reactor pressure and containment vessels.
• Heat transfer: o Add new shroud model for heat
transfer from reflectors.o Upgrade condenser model.
• Aerosol behavior: add aerosol resuspension model.
• SFP: quantify accident behavior.
NuScale SMR MELCOR Code Development
NuScale SMRs, Refueling Area, and SFP.
Source: “NuScale Small Modular Reactor for Co-Generation of Electricity and
Water”, D. T. Ingersoll et al., Desalination, Vol. 340, p. 84-93, 2014.
NuScale SFP Modeling
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• Develop MELCOR input models to simulate the behavior of bounding SFP accidents.
• Perform systematic testing of the new models to ensure fidelity and robustness.
• Compare MELCOR simulations with experimental data and known analytical solutions—validation and verification (V&V).o MELCOR output compared
favorably with experimental data and analytical solutions.
MELCOR
GenericSMRContainment
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Data for this process is
currently from 1-inch scale experiments
applied to a 80-ft high vessel. A
scale-up factor of 960!
Supporting EPRI/NEI Off-Site Release Program
Propose to measure enhanced aerosol
removal from containment
atmospheres due to higher deposition
surface area/containment
volume, and particle removal by high
steam concentration gradients to cooled
walls.
SurtseyFacility:LargeSealedPressureVesselforStudyingContainmentAtmosphericProcesses
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• 100 m3 ASME Steel Pressure Vessel
• 1 MPa Working Pressure• Insulated - Prototypic
Steam/Air/H2 Atmosphere• Realistic Scaled Containment
Structures• Removable Upper/Lower Heads• Instrumentation Ports At Six
Levels• High Volume Gas and Steam
Supply Systems• Flexible Data Acquisition and
Control
SMRs– CaseStudySiteLayoutsandMeetingAFSPCMissionCriticalNeeds
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§ RFIresponsesreceivedfromB&WmPower,Holtec,NuScale,Westinghouse
§ AllstatetheycanmeetMissionCriticalneeds§ Lowpoweroperations- <5MWe§ Blackstart§ Islandmode§ OperationwithoutoffsiteAC
power§ Mayrequirelicenseexemptions,
amendmentsorotherNRCapprovals
UnsubsidizedCostofNuclearPower
§ Mostmodelsassume~$5,000/kwovernightcost§ Highercostofmoney,combinedwithincomeand
propertytaxes,canmakeLCOEfromaninvestor-ownedSMR50%higherthanoneownedbyamunicipality
§ LCOErange~$65/MWhto~$110/MWh§ AverageLCOE~$85/MWh
The sCO2 Brayton Cycle
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Compression work greatly reduced
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑣 +∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑃
20 meter Steam Turbine (300 MWe)
(Rankine Cycle)
1 meter sCO2(300 MWe)
(Brayton Cycle)Expansion through turbine
Technical Challenges
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§ Heat source/economic benefits§ Scalability§ Bearings & seals§ Benchmark models with sCO2§ Materials for temperature & pressure
Many components are COTS, But not qualified for sCO2 at high temperature and pressure.
Direct sCO2 Receiver Configuration
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HeliostatField
DirectsCO2Receiver
MainCompressor
G
High-TRecuperator
Low-TRecuperator
Re-Compressor
Turbine
GasCooler
~20 MPa, 700 C