STANBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

S O C I OL O G Y 1

0 1 0

Introduction to Sociology

Week 7: Chapter 10-11 Review

CHAPTER 10Socialization-• The process by which people acquire cultural

competency and through which society perpetuates the fundamental nature of exiting social structures.

Social self-• Values, beliefs, ideas and decision- making

strategies, and the general way in which people live their lives.

Charles Horton Cooley’s “The looking-glass self”-• Social self arises through interaction with

others, based on our perception of how others see us, we develop our reflected or LOOKING- GLASS SELVES.

CHAPTER 10George Herbert Mead’s “I and me”-• The self actually involves two phases:

• Me- part of the self that is based on how one sees others as seeing oneself• I- the part of you that is uniquely you, personal reaction to the situation

Play and games-• The game stage is when children learn how to

take on the role of other individuals in the game and develop an understanding of the generalized other.

CHAPTER 10Role taking-• States one of the most important factors in

facilitating social cognition in children is the growing ability to understand others' feelings and perspectives, an ability that emerges as a result of general cognitive growth.

Generalized other-• A child begins more and more to be able to take

on the point-of-views of others.

CHAPTER 10Agents of socialization-• The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us

what we need to know to participate effectively in society.• Family, School, Hidden curriculum, Mass media, Peer groups, Workplace-

Rites of passage- • Culturally defined activities associated with the

transition from one place or stage of life to another.Anticipatory socialization-• Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.Total institution-• Erving Goffman's term for a place of "residence and

work where a large number of life-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life”

CHAPTER 10Resocialization-• The process of discarding former behavior

patterns and accepting new ones as a part of a transition in ones life.

Degradation ceremony-• An aspect of the socialization process within

some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.

Depersonalization- • A dissociative disorder in which individuals feel

detached and disconnected from themselves their bodies and their surroundings.

CHAPTER 11Relativity of deviance-• What is deviant to some is not deviant to

others. Varies based on location time, etc...Normative behavior-• Norms change over time, even within a

particularculture.  What is considered to bedeviant at one time may be considered normative at another time.

CHAPTER 11Nonsociological approaches to deviance- • View deviance as arising, at least in part, from

people's physical or biological makeup.Demonic possession as a theory of deviance- • Deviance was simply a product of sin.

Cesare Lombroso’s theory of atavism-• Believed that deviance is related to physical and biological characteristics and could be predicted using measures.

William Sheldon (ecto-, endo- and mesomorph)-• Individuals have have certain temperaments

and dispositions related to criminality.

CHAPTER 11Emile Durkheim’s collective conscience-• The totality of beliefs and the sentiments

common to the average members of the same society.Structural strain-• Traces the origins of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and means people have available to achieve those goals.

Anomie-• A breakdown in and disappearance of the rules of social behavior.

Ethical egoism-• A breakdown in the collective says the only person to look out for is yourself

CHAPTER 11Robert Merton’s Anomie-• Anomie occurs when the norms of society do not

match its social structure and is built into the structure of modern society. Responses to Anomie: Conformity- Accept both means and goals.Innovation- Reject means, accept goals using unconventional means.Ritualism- Accept means but reject goals.Retreatism- Reject all, giving up on goals; unconventional lifestyle.Rebellion- Reject all.

CHAPTER 11Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin-• When people believe that their legitimate

opportunities are blocked or impaired.Differential opportunities to deviate-• One learns to be deviant through socialization.  Deviance is a frequently learned social behavior.

Erving Goffman- • Analyzed social interaction, explained how

people live their lives like actors performing on a stage.Stigma-• Characteristics that discredit people reputation

Discreditable verses discredited identity-• When a stigmas is visible or known.

CHAPTER 11Howard Becker’s labeling theory-• Deviance not a quality of a person, but the result of

someone defining another's activity as bad.Deviance as a learned behavior-• You have to learn the different aspects of deviance and

being deviant.Societal reaction/labeling theory-• An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why

certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.

Edwin Lemert-• Only some people are labeled as deviant although many

people’s behavior runs the risk of being considered deviant. two kinds of deviant acts. Primary and secondary. Primary and secondary deviance-• Primary deviance- initial violation of norm or law.

Secondary- the individuals label of deviance that has been associated with their action

CHAPTER 11Functions of deviance- • Crime brings together upright consciences and

concentrates them.  Clarifies society’s norms and moral boundaries and encourages social change.1. Group cohesion2. Moral codes are defined3. Scapegoats4. Societal safety valve5. Social change