Post on 19-Mar-2022
transcript
Youth Online Universal ModelUnited Nations Presents:
SOCIAL MEDIA
SUMMIT, 2021
Study Guide
HEAD CHAIRCECILIA LOYOLA
VICE-CHAIRSARHAN CHHABARA &SOFIA COSTA FRANCO
YOUTH ONLINE UNIVERSAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS,
SEPTEMBER 10 TH - 12 TH 2021
Table of Contents
Letter from the Dais 3Committee Description 4Topic A 6Background Information 7Current Situation 11Bloc Positions 13Timeline of Events 16Definition of Key Terms 18Guiding Questions 20Resources for Further Research 21Bibliography 23Topic B 24
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Background Information 25Current Situation 28Bloc Positions 30Timeline of Events 32Definition of Key Terms 33Guiding Questions 35Resources for Further Research 36Bibliography 38
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LETTER FROM THE DAISDear Delegates of the Social Media Summit,
All three of us are beyond eager to welcome you into this inaugural edition of the Youth Online
Universal Model United Nations. Or, as you might be more familiar with, YOUMUN!
As implied by the very name of the conference, YOUMUN is about YOU, how you grow as
delegates, and are able to interact with your peers to reach diplomatic and effective solutions to some of
the world's most complex problems. Us here at the Technology Committee anticipate to be amazed by
your impressive skills, passionate speeches and unprecedented solutions, and aim to create, together, yet
another enriching and exciting MUN experience!
In a world that is constantly developing digitally, we thought there were few topics more relevant
to discuss than the intricacies of the technological world, and how some of the most infamous
technology companies have (or haven't!) handled them. Moreover, some of you shall also be representing
countries, exploring how these have responded to multiple crises. From data privacy, to censorship, to the
spread of misinformation, we are sure that you, delegates, will be knowledgeable on all these topics, and
will bring to life this evermore pressing and intriguing debate. We also hope these topics spark your
interest much like they have sparked ours, and that you greatly enjoy delving into their complexity and
thinking up innovative and effective solutions through means of collaboration, critical thinking and a
little creativity.
It is our intention that this guide provides the foundation to your research into these fascinating
themes and your stance upon them, so that you can come into the conference ready to give it your all! We
are tremendously keen to meet all delegates and simply cannot wait to share this unique and thrilling
experience with you. It is our deepest hope that during this conference you are able to learn something
from us, much like we are sure that we shall learn from all of you.
If any of you have any queries or concerns about the document, the committee or otherwise, do
not hesitate to contact us.
Enjoy the conference and all it has to offer!
Sincerely,
Cecilia Loyola
1
, Sofia Costa Franco
2
& Arhan Chhabra
3
3st-1211305@isp.edu.pa
2scf1@stpauls.br
1cloyola@earj.com.br
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CommitteeDescription
Internet. Technology. Social Media. Entities that have never been more relevant, and have come to
both plague and greatly progress our modern society.
In this crisis committee, delegates will embody a myriad of different technology companies and
country representatives that have gathered to discuss a range of pressing issues within the world of tech
business. There will be a series of crises that lead to this general meeting. The first of which being that
Microsoft has been found colluding with Cambridge Analytica to sell private information to advertising
networks! Quite a crisis indeed, but that's not all! Twitter has also been found censoring free speech in
numerous nations at the request of their governments. Finally, Facebook has also been accused of failing
to moderate its platforms and stop the spread of one of the second most challenging pandemics currently
faced - misinformation. The company and country representatives have now gathered to discuss what on
earth has gone wrong! Those representing companies within which the crises have occurred will explain
the problem as well as measures they are implementing to ensure the issue does not repeat itself,
whereas company delegations shall fight to preserve their respective government's interests. In addition,
business delegations can draw up directives to modify their company policy and limit possibilities of
misuse of data.
There are many topics to consider during this enticing debate. The first which must be taken into
account is the matter of data privacy, and how various technology companies ensure that the personal
information of their users is protected. Data and information, be that our own or that of others, encircles
us at every minute in a technological world, and how we and our most trusted businesses manage it is
crucial.
In addition to that, another primary topic that will be delved into is the possibilities and limits of
censorship in relation to freedom of speech, and the ways in which this has been and is being managed
within digital platforms. Many have found their voice on the internet, and do not wish to see it restricted.
How can the interests of individual nations and businesses be balanced with allowing for the cultivation
of freedom of expression?
Finally, delegates of the Social Media Summit 2021, must be mindful of the issue of
misinformation which has unfortunately become ever more prevalent in this consistently developing
digital world. Delegates shall explore the means of moderating the spread of misleading or untrue facts
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on social media, and henceforth will be capable of drawing many parallels between the topic and the
events we see unfold before our very eyes.
Delegates must consider these topics and embody their delegations to attempt to diplomatically
find solutions to these crises. And, rather than focus solely on the individual events that led to the
gathering, participants must also discuss the larger topics at hand that are coming to be on every modern
civilian's agenda.
The Social Media Summit will be following OAS procedure, but we highly encourage delegates to
not set an agenda at the start of this committee; instead, debate will encompass all the three topics above
and all can be discussed simultaneously as they are so interconnected. At the initiation of the conference,
the two of the crises related to the three topics that have been referenced previously will have occurred.
Based on the committee’s actions, these two crises will develop and new ones will be created as the
debate goes on. Let us know if you have any questions regarding procedure!
We hope to see fruitful debate taking place on the power of modern technology, how this affects
human life, and how it can be reconciled.
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Topic A:Addressing the issue
of Data Privacy inrelation to
MultinationalCorporations
Image visually symbolizing the encryption of data, Forbes, Date Accessed: 16/07/21.
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BackgroundInformation
Questioning data privacy
With the ongoing development of technology and digital spaces, data and information continues
to invade our minds, whilst we ourselves deposit our own personal data onto various platforms. Some of
this data we intend to expose to the world, whereas much of it we intend to keep private, sharing only
with the corporations that lie behind the screens, those we believe we can trust. But… is our trust in
actual fact misplaced?
Defining data privacy
Also referred to as intellectual privacy, data privacy is an individual’s right to keep their personal
and confidential information secure when sharing data to companies. However, the management of data
by companies and other organisations is regulated differently by countries worldwide - raising the
question: should there be a global consensus on how much access and freedom big tech should have in
controlling users’ personal data?
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The Microsoft-Cambridge Analytica DataScandal
The exposé that led the world to find out Microsoft had been colluding with Cambridge Analytica
to sell private information to advertising networks highlighted the urgent need to address the data
privacy conundrum. Microsoft is a corporation that engages in selling and participating in the stock
market, ergo, is required to pertain to the transparency expected from public companies such as these.
One means through which Microsoft meets said requirements is producing both annual and quarterly
reports, that outline how the business handles and treats data. It is these reports that contained
information which indicated that user data privacy was not being maintained as expected. As suspicion
began to fall upon the tie between Microsoft user data and various advertising networks, some company
employees came forward with intel about how these questionable data handlings were a result of dubious
operations involving both Microsoft and Cambridge Analytica.
The public learns of the collusion
As media and press organizations were made aware of these strange corporate interactions,
rumors of potential collusion became public, beginning in the United States where the company's
headquarters are located, and later spreading internationally. Then, as the investigation pushed forward
and the suspicion was confirmed, the matter soon made headlines across innumerous media platforms,
and became a major element of global debate on the question of ethics and data privacy.
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Headline about Microsoft-Cambridge Analytica data scandal, Full Fact, Date Accessed: 15/07/2021.
Headline about Microsoft-Cambridge Analytica data Scandal, Smashingmagazine, Date Accessed: 15/07/2021
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About Microsoft and Cambridge Analytica
Firstly, there is Microsoft, the American Multinational Technology Company responsible for the
production of computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers and the provision of related
services that are accessed across the globe, found to have colluded with the British Political Consulting
Firm 'Cambridge Analytica', which has been previously accused of similar dealings with regards to its
utilization of Facebook data to interfere in the 2016 American Presidential Election.
Microsoft Logo, tecnoblog, Date Accessed:
15/07/2021.
Cambridge-Analytica Logo, Wikipedia, Date
Accessed: 15/07/2021.
Taking ActionAmid all the confusion, one thing is for sure - it is important to take steps to ensure something
like this doesn't happen again, which is why companies must gather and discuss to reach an agreement
as to what measures shall be taken by each to ensure the privacy of their users. Businesses present in this
technology summit must create directives that make modifications to company policy, that convinces
users of their commitment to ensuring user data privacy, while not imposing too many limitations that
prevent corporations from pursuing certain economic motives achieved through utilizing user data.
Several country representatives are also present in the gathering, and many wish to assure their citizens
of government commitment towards promoting data privacy, whilst still allowing themselves to also
exploit benefits of employing user data for specific means. How can these differences in interests be
adequately managed?
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Current SituationIt is July 12th 2021, and the war over data privacy continues to rage on. The collusion between the
tech giants, Microsoft and Cambridge Analytica, that occurred over four years ago has just been exposed
after new evidence was revealed. The event is well known across the globe, meaning multiple nations and
a range of tech companies alike have become involved, and seek ways to both manage disadvantages of
the discovery as well as explore how to make better use of certain benefits.
Currently, employees with knowledge on the scandal are being interviewed so that further
information about the collusion is gathered and made accessible. Employee information was part of what
drove the beginning of the investigation into the collusion, and various whistleblowers continue to come
forward at present. Meanwhile, Microsoft is attempting to abolish any sources of information as
discreetly as possible, being aware of the potentially catastrophic consequences that may arise as more
intel on the event is uncovered. Now, the global spotlight has shifted to your own companies, and how
you shall respond to the situation.
According to the Data Privacy Manager, in 2019, “73% of customers said trust in companies
matters more than it did a year ago.” Customers are becoming more aware that often their personal data
is not treated how they might expect, and with this newest scandal between the two companies unveiled,
particularly since this was Cambridge Analytica's second successive instance of misuse of information,
users are beginning to doubt whether their trust is being accurately distributed.
Without a doubt, the pressure is on for both nations and companies alike to reach a consensus on
the issue. As a result, all are looking to take some form of action that shall allow them to benefit from the
situation as much as possible.
The universal response to the problem has been one of shock, and caution, as users become aware
that the privacy of their data might be at risk, and tech companies worry that their businesses may fall
under certain scrutiny in light of recent information. Nations are conscious of how utilizing user data can
be very advantageous to achieve certain political motives, and hence aim to avoid the global inspection
that has been set afoot due to the scandal, whilst still reaching a consensus that permits them to reap the
benefits of exploiting user data. In spite of this, countries grasp the importance of maintaining civilian
faith in their government, which can merely be attained through creating resolutions that guarantee
action will be taken to enhance data privacy in some way. In a similar manner, other technology
companies, particularly rivals of Microsoft, can view the potential gain of this situation, and most
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significantly at the moment, wish to promote the image that unlike with Microsoft, user data is taken
extremely seriously in their respective businesses, thus consolidating consumer trust in the companies.
Nevertheless, these same companies aim to not be too far restricted by the changes made to company
legislation, so that the economic gains of infringing certain requirements of data privacy can still be
exploited. Therefore, the directives produced during the conference by each business must encompass all
of these objectives, both in relation to profit and promoting a positive public image.
Remember, in the current situation, new information is continuously being brought to light that
can possibly modify the priorities of companies and countries involved. Will you, delegates, be capable of
employing diplomacy and collaboration to achieve the goals of the corporations or nations that you are
representing, whilst still keeping in mind the importance of catering to the actions that the public wants
to see from their governments and trusted organizations?
It is up to you, as a committee of big tech, to regain trust in consumers and take affirmative action on
setting a worldwide precedent on the data privacy debate.
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Bloc Positions
MicrosoftAs anyone can imagine, Microsoft is not content with the recent revelations, being that they
severely damaged its reputation. Rather than focus on the future, and how to make better use of user
information, the company's main aim within this committee shall be to restore its image, and regain the
trust of its customers. This shall not be an easy task, as Microsoft must make its case and defend itself to
its fellow tech businesses to convince them to collaborate to find solutions to its conundrum, and this
will be Microsoft's top priority throughout the conference.
TwitterThe social media giant that dominates the microblogging market has largely flown under the
radar regarding the recent data privacy leaks. However, this does not mean that the company has evaded
the data privacy question. Recently in early 2020, Twitter users outside of Europe - where strict internet
laws stand - lost access to opt out the option to “allow additional information sharing with business
partners.” Analysis on the move reveals the company moved to limit user control over their data in order
to make up for lost profit in sharing data with third party advertisers. It is clear that Twitter remains
vulnerable in the question of data privacy, and as a corporation which shares certain personal user
information with Facebook and Google, it is clear the company will want to save face while making
advances in profit.
FacebookIf there is any company that grasps Microsoft's situation, it is most certainly Facebook, as it had
been in a very similar position, and with the very same company no less! Despite this, or rather, because
of it, Facebook views the situation as somewhat beneficial to its own circumstances, a chance to remove
itself slightly from the scrutiny of the public eye, and focus on regaining customer trust. Whereas
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Microsoft is centered on the present and working towards rebuilding their image, Facebook looks more
towards the future, setting its sights on rebuilding a new image, and encountering means of assuring the
world that the company has made innovations that guarantee it shall never be placed in such a position
again.
GoogleGoogle, yet another one of Microsoft's biggest competitors, can most certainly see this as an
advantageous situation that it could be looking to exploit. Much like Apple on the other hand, Google
comprehends how this can only work if it appears to be putting its best foot forward in light of the
scandal, and is able to reassure its customers that no similar occurrence will ever take place with them.
Therefore, Google's position is centered on finding means of ensuring the preservation of data privacy
within the company, and maintaining its image, whilst still guaranteeing financial profit.
AmazonAlthough the company is mostly known for their e-commerce and digital streaming platforms,
Amazon has slowly moved into web and cloud services – requiring extensive handling of data. With
Amazon seeking to make itself more relevant in our lives, questions have been raised on the company’s
access and control over personal data. Most recently, Luxembourg has accused the company of violating
the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – laws introduced to protect consumers. As the
company faces a $425 million fine, the scrutiny against the MNC continues.
AppleThere has been competition and rivalry between Microsoft and Apple for quite some time, and so
Apple is not particularly sympathetic towards Microsoft in light of current events. It could even
potentially be willing to exploit the situation as a business opportunity. Although, like others, Apple also
wishes to avoid a similar situation, grasping that to continuously be viewed as superior to its competitor,
it must evade these circumstances at any cost, hence is focused on ensuring data privacy within its
company.
RussiaRussia’s position on data privacy in relation to MNCs passed the Federal Law No. 152-FZ on
Personal Data, which included both companies and individuals. Later, in 2014, amendments were made
to the original law. These amendments made it so that companies were required to collect data from all
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Russian citizens and process them using databases from Russia. As such, the government in Russia seeks
to control much of the data instead of allowing private companies to control it. In fact, the russian
government has blocked many messenger apps that they couldn’t control such as Blackberry Messenger.
European UnionThe European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation in May 2018 to protect
consumer privacy. The law allows consumers to choose how companies use and store their data. They
can now see what data companies have collected and thus ask them to delete it if they desire. If
companies fail to comply with the GDPR they must pay large taxes that can account to up to 4 percent of
their profit worldwide. A company was fined $57 million while another paid $180 million and released
consumer information that they had stored.
United StatesThe United States, contrary to popular belief, has data privacy laws. Most recently, the California
Consumer Privacy Act was passed in January 2020 with the goal of improving data protection in the US.
The law ensures that consumers in the state know what data is being collected on them. The CCPA solely
regulates very big MNCs that are selling consumer information. The United States still doesn’t have any
federal data privacy laws, but the Federal Trade Commision has recently filed a lawsuit against Facebook
for their monopolization of social media with the acquisition of Whatsapp and Instagram and their
infringements on data privacy.
ChinaChina doesn’t have many privacy laws that protect consumers from tech companies or their
government. However, a new law called the Personal Information Protection Law is set to pass by late
2021. The law will give consumers the right to know what data companies are keeping on them and
where their data is kept. This would make it easier for individuals to ask companies to delete or stop
sharing their data. However, this transparency is yet to exist in China, so their current position still gives
consumers less control over their data.
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Timeline of Events1948 The UN Declaration of Human Rights is drafted. Article 12 states that “No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home
or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone
has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or
attacks.” (United Nations)
1974 December31
The United States Congress passes the Privacy Act of 1974 that limits federal
agencies’ abilities to collect, use, and share personal information.
(“Legislative Search Results”)
1990 Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web. For the first time in history,
computers were now able to communicate with one another wirelessly.
1995 The European Union adopts the Data Protection Directive that allows the
regulating processing of personal data.
1998 October 21 The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act is passed and lists out details
required by websites to include in their privacy policies, obtain a legitimate
consent from parents or guardians, and ways to protect children’s safety and
privacy with increased usage of the internet.
1999 November12
The Gramm Leach Bliley Act passes. Financial institutions are now required
to disclose ways they share and collect customer data. Institutions are now
also obliged to share how they process the data, allow customers to opt out,
and create a security plan to safeguard the data when collected.
2003 The State Data Breach Notification Laws is passed in California. The state
became the first to require companies to disclose when information has been
compromised in a security breach – paving the way for similar legislation in
other states and countries.
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PresidentialElection of
2016
Cambridge Analytica, the British political consulting firm, was accused of
accessing data from up to 87 million Facebook Profiles (The New York
Times, 2018) through the app known as "This is Your Digital Life" developed
by Global Science Research in 2013 (“Analyzing Five Alleged IRA Reddit
Accounts”). This data was then utilized to provide analytical assistance to
2016 presidential campaigns of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump. The company
was also accused of interfering with the Brexit Referendum, but it was ruled
that "no significant breaches" took place.
2017 August 29 Microsoft found to be colluding with Cambridge Analytica to sell private
user information to various advertising networks.
2018 May 1 Cambridge Analytica filed for insolvency proceedings and closed operations.
2021 March 17 The collusion between Microsoft and Cambridge Analytica was unveiled.
2021 April 21 The United States House of Representatives launches an official investigation
into the collusion between Microsoft and Cambridge Analytica.
2021 May 29 The House releases a report detailing the transactions showing the transfer
of data, surprisingly portraying members of the US government to be aware
of such transfers. The identity of members is kept confidential.
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Definition of KeyTerms
Breach of data privacy:In these circumstances, a breach in data privacy refers to when the regulations and requirements for
protection of user data is not withheld by the corporation that holds said data, and this promised
protection of information is violated, typically for commercial means.
Cambridge Analytica:Cambridge Analytica was a British political consulting firm, founded in 2013 by Alexander Nix,
Stephen K. Bannon, Robert Mercer, Nigel Oakes and Alexander Oakes. The firm employed a
combination of data analysis and strategic communication to carry out its work, and was succeeded
by Emerdata Limited after entering prominence through the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Scandal
of 2016.
Collusion:The act of collusion is defined as being a secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy between two or
more parties, usually enacted through the cheating and deception of others.
Data Privacy:Data privacy or information privacy refers to the protection of data, and is a specific branch within
this that aims to preserve the confidentiality of data, and maintain an adequate handling of sensitive
data such as personal data, confidential data (e.g. financial data), and intellectual property data. In
the context of the digital world and the interaction between multinational companies and their
consumers, data privacy refers to the right of the user of technology to ensure their data is protected
and not being used for unauthorized commercial means.
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Microsoft:Microsoft is an American Multinational Technology Company, responsible for the production of
computer software, personal computers, consumer electronics and several other related services,
officially founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen (Wikipedia, 2021).
MNCs/Multinational Corporations:Large companies that produce/sell their products in more than one country.
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Guiding Questions● Should there be a global consensus on how much access and freedom big tech should have in
controlling users’ personal data?
● What measures can be taken by each company to ensure the privacy of their users?
● What is the importance of collaboration between companies and countries in resolving this issue?
● What are the existing data privacy protocols and how have these been effective/ineffective in
preventing the outbreak of similar crises?
● How can companies balance financial incentives with protecting the privacy of their users?
● Are there cases in which infringement of data privacy are justified? Should all companies be
treated the same in matters such as these?
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Resources for furtherresearch
● The Great Hack, directed by Karim Amer and Jehane Noujaim, The Othrs, 2019, Netflix, The Great
Hack on Netflix
○ This is an excellent documentary, available on Netflix, that delves into the intricacies of the
data privacy crisis between Facebook and Cambridge Analytica during the American
Presidential Election in 2016. Learning about a similar crisis will allow delegates to more
profoundly grasp the crisis at hand, as well as the topic as a whole, so although being
slightly long, it is worth a watch!
● “Official Home Page.” Microsoft, Microsoft, www.microsoft.com/.
○ Evidently, for delegates to debate on a crisis involving Microsoft, it is fundamental that they
have a deep understanding of the company itself. Hence, why Microsoft's website is an
important resource for further research, allowing delegates to learn more about the
business.
● Confessore, Nicholas. “Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far.”
The New York Times, The New York Times, 4 Apr. 2018,
www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html.
○ After watching 'The Great Hack' documentary, if delegates still crave more details on the
Facebook-Cambridge Analytica crisis, which the Microsoft-Cambridge Analytica in many
ways mirrors, delegates can delve into this article, which also provides much information
about the case which shall certainly aid debate as a whole.
● “The Cambridge Analytica Files.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media,
www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files.
○ This article will provide delegates with information not solely on the Cambridge Analytica
company, which is an important understanding that delegates must have when entering the
committee, but also will give insights into Cambridge Analytica with regards to the
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Facebook case. Thus, it would be great if delegates could use it to acquire this fundamental
information.
● “What Is Data Privacy?” SNIA, www.snia.org/education/what-is-data-privacy.
○ The study guide did provide a brief definition and explanation of data privacy as a whole,
and in the modern world, but if delegates wish to dive even deeper into the intricacies of
data privacy, what it means, and how it is managed, this article makes an excellent read!
● Beaver, Kevin, et al. “The Mishandling of Sensitive Data: What Do You Not Know?” Security
Intelligence, 19 Feb. 2017,
https://securityintelligence.com/the-mishandling-of-sensitive-data-do-you-really-know-what-you-
dont-know/.
○ This is yet another fantastic resource that explains the often hidden elements of data
privacy management, and how it is truly regulated within corporations, something many
consumers are not aware of. Being that many delegates are representing these companies
in this committee, it is crucial that delegates use this resource to learn about how their
businesses might be mishandling data, and ergo be prepared for any possibility during
debate.
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Bibliography● “History of Privacy Timeline.” Information and Technology Services - Safe Computing, University
of Michigan, safecomputing.umich.edu/privacy/history-of-privacy-timeline.
● Greenemeier, Larry. “Remembering the Day the World Wide Web Was Born.” Scientific American,
Scientific American, 12 Mar. 2009, www.scientificamerican.com/article/day-the-web-was-born/.
● Chan, Rosalie. "The Cambridge Analytica whistleblower explains how the firm used Facebook
data to sway elections". Business Insider. June 12th, 2021.
● Meredith, Sam (April 10, 2018). "Facebook-Cambridge Analytica: A timeline of the data hijacking
scandal". CNBC. June 12th, 2021.
● ""Facebook Says Cambridge Analytica Harvested Data of Up to 87 Million Users" in The New York
Times". Nytimes.com. June 12th, 2021.
● United Nations. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations.” United Nations,
United Nations, 2020, www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. Accessed
16 July 2021.
● “Legislative Search Results.” Congress.gov, 2021,
www.congress.gov/search?q=%7B%22source%22%3A%22legislation%22%2C%22search%22%3A%22
privacy+act+of+1974%22%7D&pageSize=100&page=1. Accessed 16 July 2021.
● “Analyzing Five Alleged IRA Reddit Accounts.” Georgetown Security Studies Review, 24 May 2021,
georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/2021/05/24/analyzing-five-alleged-ira-reddit-accounts/.
Accessed 16 July 2021.
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Topic B: Tacklinggovernment
censorship of data
Stamp-like image denoting 'internet censorship', Dreamstime, Date Accessed: 17th of July, 2021
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BackgroundInformation
Freedom of speech in the modern world
When it comes to freedom of expression in the modern world, one thing is clear: the growth and
development of social media platforms has completely and utterly exacerbated the very concept of free
speech. Now, any one individual can post any piece of content which can easily be viewed across the
globe in a matter of seconds. Truly, liberty of expression at its finest. However, this also leads to certain
users sharing content that many others (and particularly their respective governments) disagree with.
Many, in light of the newfound capacity of any individual to share any piece of information online, deem
it necessary to impose certain restrictions and regulations over what can and can't be shared digitally.
Government Censorship
Censorship, generally defined, is the suppression of speech, writing, or any other form of
expression by an authority under the condition that it harms the general welfare of the people.
Censorship has existed throughout history - particularly after the invention of the printing press - where
information could be mass produced and distributed great distances. Anywhere in which there is a
means of communication, there shall also be someone attempting to limit the very same means. It is a
common human tendency to try and obliterate from existence that which we do not agree with,
particularly if one is in a position of power and wishes to abolish any potential threat to one's
dominance, as is seen in multiple modern governments. From the Nazi Regime in Germany, to the 1973
Coup in Uruguay, to the Military dictatorship in Brazil, censorship has been a frequently-employed
practice by figures of authority to maintain control. At the height of the Brazilian Military regime the
government implemented AI-5, which started the age of censorship in the country, preventing people
from holding their own opinions. This era, mirroed in many other countries led to the torture, exile, and
deaths of many. And in our current technological world, censorship has evolved but in many senses it is
no different. Indeed, with the exacerbation of free speech, came the exacerbation of attempts to limit that
very same speech.
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Newspaper announcing the implementation of AI-5, Sudré, Lu. “Entenda o Que Foi o AI-5, Ato DitatorialDefendido Por Eduardo Bolsonaro.” Brasil De Fato, 31 Oct. 2019.
Censorship in Social Media
Various social media platforms have been accused of the practice of censorship, or have been
instructed by governments to censor certain content that is shared upon their digital space. Although,
one specific platform stands out when it comes to censoring information, and that is the infamous
Twitter. The microblogging service has become a vehicle for many users to share words of protest and
opposition against the current situation faced in a specific area, causing some governments to resort to
forcefully instruct Twitter to censor these very posts. Twitter has also been criticized for banning certain
accounts or removing posts from specific users after claiming the content did not pertain to their
guidelines and policies about what posts are acceptable. For example, in early 2021 Twitter banned
former President of the United States Donald Trump. This caused outrage among people Many of these
instances have been detailed in the timeline of events.
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Marantz, Andrew, and Anna Wiener. “The Importance, and Incoherence, of Twitter's Trump Ban.” The New Yorker, 15 Jan.
2021..
Concluding Remarks
On the whole, with cases of censorship of the digital word on the rise, several questions emerge:
Should censorship be condemned in every case? Or are there some situations in which it can be justified,
and even beneficial? Where must the line be drawn between free speech and the sharing of inadequate
information that ought to be removed?
Hence why companies of social media, technology and certain governments have come together to
find answers to these questions, tackle the issue as a whole, and delineate what must be done in order to
resolve the issue of censorship amongst multiple platforms.
The matter plainly encompasses both infamous media companies, and various governments from
across the globe. These must collaborate to find solutions that cater to both their interests. From
previous instances of government censorship, as well as the facts of recent cases, it has become clear that
there are multiple conflicting interests at play. Any consensus reached must consider the wishes of the
people, of governments, and of the tech companies involved, thus delegates must analyze the current
situation, and ponder the topic of censorship as a whole.
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Current situationIn a world that has been brutally struck by the COVID-19 Pandemic, instances of censorship and
prohibition of content have sky-rocketed, as many civilians oppose their respective government's
handling of the situation. Citizens openly protest government action online, and as expected, said
governments are not happy. Twitter and Facebook have been condemned for complying to government's
requests to censor content, and a spotlight has been placed upon the question of outlining the limits of
free speech.
It is mid-2021 and the search for solutions is long overdue. CPJ Executive Director Joel Simon has
affirmed that “New information technologies -- the global, interconnected internet; ubiquitous social
media platforms; smartphones with cameras -- were supposed to make censorship obsolete. Instead, they
have just made it more complicated.” It is evident that censorship is a pressing topic at the moment, and
users of social media want to be heard, and are now looking to your companies or governments and how
you shall respond to these troubling circumstances.
From Uganda, to India, to Nigeria, various social platforms including Google, Twitter and
Facebook have either been censoring content, or have been shut down completely due to government
orders. As a result, digital platform users from all over the world have become growingly frustrated with
the limitations imposed on their online voice, and are turning to their own governments and trusted tech
businesses to take action. Thus, the expectations of your customers or citizens (depending on
whether delegates represent a nation or company) must be taken into account as you write directives and
foster debate.
The general response of social media platforms up to this point have been, for the most part, to
comply to government orders, but consumers now demand more push back and less participation in
censorship from the platforms they utilize, and so it is clear that these tech corporations must change
their approach, and find a way to promote the cultivation of free speech, revolutionizing their brand
image in the eyes of their users. Nonetheless, it is becoming ever more clear that in the current situation,
this will be far from easy. Governments across the globe are determined to promote a certain façade of
their response to the pandemic, and intend to employ digital platforms to do it. The question for the
technology companies present at the Summit is: how can one appeal to the requests of their consumers
by resisting the clutches of censorship, without causing even more trouble with various governments?
On the other hand, the main goal of the country representatives that have attended the gathering
is to consolidate their control over these social media platforms, ensuring they can employ censorship to
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benefit the interests of the respective government as they please. Still, much like the relevant companies,
nations must not cease to consider the interests and requests of their citizens, who intend for their voices
to be heard, and will not rest until any criticism they might have of their governments is no longer stifled.
This is quite a dilemma indeed… How shall governments manage these conflicting interests?
Evidently, new technologies have without a doubt made the issue of censorship far more
complicated. Your task, as a Summit of Social Media, is to tackle the question of censorship as a whole,
analyzing the problem on both a case to case basis, and also consider the general implications of any
decisions made. How should governments be treated in response to employing censorship? Conversely,
how should multinational corporations be treated for the same act? What is the cause for any differences
between the two responses? It is solely through collaboration and diplomacy that you shall reach
answers to these complex questions, always considering the interest of governments, digital platform
corporations and social media users. Will you be able to achieve a consensus?
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Bloc PositionsTwitter
With the recent successes of expanding Twitter into a truly global platform, the microblogging site
has the most stake in the fight against government censorship. Throughout the past few years with the
lead up to 2021, Twitter has been forced to weave around different government policies. In order to stay
in the market, Twitter has often buckled under pressure, but the company has recently sought voice
through legal means such as lawsuits in the host country’s legal system. The social media delegations are
riding upon Twitter’s brazenness.
Social media platform Facebook, like Twitter, has been spotted in recent headlines to be suffering
from the latest bans instated by governments around the world. With the relatively recent losses being
the 2019 Sri Lanka and 2021 Myanmar bans, Facebook will be keen to pressure governments to respect
their status in society as a networking service that serves as a primary form of communication in order to
stop further bans.
Although this often remains unknown to many, Google and its subsidiary companies, such as
YouTube, have often grappled with accusations regarding censorship upon their platforms. Information
has frequently been removed, omitted and/or censored with claims that such content did not comply
with legal demands, government censorship or even the company's own policies. There have been several
reports of governments requesting that Google censor its content as well. Thus, as a result of Google's
involvement in the question of censorship, the tech giant will also likely work towards pressuring
governments to respect their status as an engine of free communication, so as to no longer face the
implications of employing censorship in their platform.
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ByteDanceEmerging social media platform TikTok, owned by ByteDance, has come under fire from
numerous governments for a multitude of reasons. The company was accused by former US President
Donald Trump for allegedly spying on Americans on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party (which
ByteDance has links to). TikTok has also been temporarily or permanently suspended in Pakistan,
Indonesia, India, China, and Bangladesh due to failures of moderating its platforms for “inappropriate
content.”
NigeriaEmerging social media platform TikTok, owned by ByteDance, has come under fire from
numerous governments for a multitude of reasons. The company was accused by former US President
Donald Trump for allegedly spying on Americans on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party (which
ByteDance has links to). TikTok has also been temporarily or permanently suspended in Pakistan,
Indonesia, India, China, and Bangladesh due to failures of moderating its platforms for “inappropriate
content.”
MyanmarFollowing the February 1st Mymnar coup undertaken by the military, the country has been
struggling against the fight of authorianism with hundreds dead so far after protesting against the
military government. Fellow nations and social media platforms will be pushing the government to
reinstate Facebook and other platforms to allow for individuals to communicate with one another. With
the UN reporting of an incoming wave of “mass deaths,” it is clear that the nation will bring a heavy fight
against freedom of expression in the world of social media.
IndiaFollowing the February 1st Mymnar coup undertaken by the military, the country has been
struggling against the fight of authorianism with hundreds dead so far after protesting against the
military government. Fellow nations and social media platforms will be pushing the government to
reinstate Facebook and other platforms to allow for individuals to communicate with one another. With
the UN reporting of an incoming wave of “mass deaths,” it is clear that the nation will bring a heavy fight
against freedom of expression in the world of social media.
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Timeline of Events2019 April 21 Following the Easter Sunday bombings, the Sri Lankan government blocks
access to Facebook and other social media sites for 9 days in an effort to curb
the spread of misinformation following the attacks (Wakefield).
2021 February04
Following a coup undertaken by the Myanmar military, Facebook and other
social media platforms have been banned in the nation. The military cites
the spreading of “fake news and misinformation” for the ban.
2020 August Citing “illegal information” that “glorifies” North Korea, South Korea bans an
official North Korean twitter account in the country. The North Korean
account is the first official channel on social media network Twitter.
2021 January13
Uganda orders internet providers in Uganda to shut down during election
week. Google and other social media providers remained down for the entire
week.
2021 February During a mass demonstration by farmers in India that attracted worldwide
attention, Twitter permanently bans more than 500 accounts that covered
the protests (BBC News). It was revealed that the government had taken
legal steps to threaten the company’s employees with imprisonment if they
had refused.
2021 April The Indian government sends an emergency order to Twitter to censor 52
tweets that are critical of the government’s handling of the second wave of a
surge in Covid-19 (“Twitter Blocks Accounts in India”). After informing
account holders of this “legal request,” the tweets are removed in India.
2021 June The Nigerian government suspends Twitter in the country after the company
takes down a tweet made by President Muhammadu Buhari. According to
Twitter, the tweet violated its “abusive behavior” policy (BBC News).
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Definition of KeyTerms
Censorship:The act of censorship is defined by the suppression and/or prohibition of any means of
communication by a figure of authority. This could be justified by stating that said piece of
communication of information was obscene, politically unacceptable or a threat to security. In a digital
context, censorship is carried out upon the content released unto the platform by the platform
corporation itself, and can at times be instigated by relevant governments.
Facebook:Facebook is a social networking service company, and is now based in Menlo park, California.
Users are able to post, message and interact on the platform, and the company now owns multiple other
social media platforms, including Instagram. The company was founded in Cambridge Massachusetts, in
the United States by Mark Zuckerburg, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum and Chris
Hughes.
Fake News:'Fake News' are pieces of news or information that are deemed to be false or misleading in some
way, that can be uttered through broadcasting networks and online platforms, often dispersed with the
intent of deceiving or persuading others. It can often be employed in propaganda.
Freedom of Expression:Similarly to freedom of speech, freedom of expression lives under the assumption that the
speaker, rather than any government body, should decide the value of speech, and as such any individual
or community withholds the right to express their own beliefs, thoughts, ideas, emotions and opinions
about a myriad of issues exempt from government censorship.
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Freedom of Speech:Freedom of speech is presently delineated as a fundamental human right, that maintains an
individual or community's freedom to voice their opinions on a range of matters without fear of legal
sanction, censorship or other forms of retaliation.
Misinformation:This is information that is false, or inaccurate in some way, and can often be spread or transmitted
with the intention of deceiving others.
Social Media:The term 'Social Media' refers to websites and applications that provide digital spaces for users to
engage in social networking, reaching out to others, and create, share and interact with posts and content
of various kinds. Examples include Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.
Twitter:Twitter is an American microblogging and social networking service, on which users post and
interact through messages commonly known as "tweets". Tweets can be posted, liked and retweeted by
any registered user. The service was founded in 2006, by Jack Dorsey (the current CEO), Biz Stone, Noah
Glass and Evan Williams.
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Guiding Questions● Should censorship be condemned in every case? Or are there some situations in which it can be
justified, and even beneficial?
● Where must the line be drawn between free speech and the sharing of inadequate information
that ought to be removed?
● How should governments be treated in response to employing censorship? Conversely, how
should multinational corporations be treated for the same act? What is the cause for any
differences between the two responses?
● Should a global consensus be reached pertaining to censorship conflicting with freedom of
speech?
● What are the roles of both governments and multinational corporations in censoring information?
● How do the interactions between governments and digital platforms influence the censoring of
content and how should these interactions be addressed?
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Resources forFurther Research
● National Coalition Against Censorship, 8 Mar. 2019, https://ncac.org/.
○ This resource contains information regarding why censorship should be combated and the
means that the National Coalition Against Censorship is employing to do so. Therefore,
delegations that stand against censorship can use this resource to learn more about how to
defend their position, and solutions to be suggested.
● “Muhammadu Buhari: Twitter Deletes Nigerian Leader's 'Civil War' Post.” BBC News, BBC, 2 June
2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57336571.
○ This resource informs delegates further on the issue of censorship in Nigeria, and the
recent developments that have made this a relevant matter in the topic. Hence, all
delegates can use this to learn more about the crisis, and due to this be in a better position
to contribute to debate.
● “India Covid: Anger as Twitter Ordered to Remove Critical Virus Posts.” BBC News, BBC, 26 Apr.
2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56883483.
○ Similar to the previous resource, this one contains further intel on the recent censorship
crisis in India that developed as a result of the pandemic. Delegates can study this to better
grasp the problem at hand, and debate about the larger topic utilizing this as a case study.
● Singh, Karan Deep. “Twitter Blocks Accounts in India as Modi Pressures Social Media.” The New
York Times, The New York Times, 10 Feb. 2021,
www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/technology/india-twitter.html.
○ Once again, this source contains details on the censorship debate that is gathering speed
and power in India, and can be used to deepen delegates' knowledge on individual cases
and thus the topic as a whole.
● “About Twitter | Our Company and Priorities.” Twitter, Twitter, https://about.twitter.com/.
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○ Being that Twitter plays a very important role in the censorship crises arising all around the
world, it is crucial that delegates have a profound comprehension over the microblogging
platform. As a result, delegates can use the website of the platform itself to gain
information on it and better contribute to debate.
● “What Is Censorship?” American Civil Liberties Union, www.aclu.org/other/what-censorship.
○ Naturally, to debate about censorship, one must first understand it, its origins, and its role
in the modern world. Therefore, this resource will allow delegates to further delve into the
matter of comprehending the concept of censorship, and this way shall be adequately
prepared for questioning its limitations.
● “Freedom of Speech and the Press.” Interpretation: Freedom of Speech and the Press | The
National Constitution Center,
https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-i/interps/266
○ This resource helpfully provides delegates with an understanding of freedom of speech, and
how this fits into the press outlets we know to do. Does the modern media respect it?
Delegates must grasp this to debate in the most profound manner possible, and can use
this resource to do so.
● Jr., David L. Hudson. “Free Speech or Censorship? Social Media Litigation Is a Hot Legal
Battleground.” ABA Journal,
www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/social-clashes-digital-free-speech.
○ A large part of the battle between censorship and free speech is the social media litigation,
and this article shall permit delegates to learn more about this, and how this conflict
between the two opposing ideas has played out so far. This way, participating delegates can
further analyze the limits and possibilities of censorship with regards to free speech.
● Matsakis, Louise, and Issie Lapowsky. “Don’t Praise the Sri Lankan Government for Blocking
Facebook.” Wired, WIRED, 23 Apr. 2019,
www.wired.com/story/sri-lanka-bombings-social-media-shutdown/. Accessed 20 June 2021.
○ Finally, the final resource contains an in depth explanation of the Sri Lankan censorship
crisis, and delegates can once again use this as a case study to aid debate on the larger issue
of global censorship as a whole, proving to be another useful resource.
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Bibliography● Lyons, Kim. “Twitter Censored Tweets Critical of India's Handling of the Pandemic at Its
Government's Request.” The Verge, The Verge, 24 Apr. 2021,
www.theverge.com/2021/4/24/22400976/twitter-removed-tweets-critical-india-censor-coronaviru
s.
● “History of Censorship.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
www.britannica.com/topic/censorship/History-of-censorship.
● Vinopal, Courtney Glenn. “Censorship in the Digital Age.” Censorship in the Digital Age |
Columbia Journalism School, 2021, journalism.columbia.edu/censorship-digital-age.
● Gallagher, Ryan. “Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents
Reveal.” The Intercept, 1 Aug. 2018,
theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/.
● Statt, Nick. “Leaked Google Research Shows Company Grappling with Censorship and Free
Speech.” The Verge, The Verge, 10 Oct. 2018,
www.theverge.com/2018/10/10/17961806/google-leaked-research-good-censor-censorship-freedo
m-of-speech-research-china.
● “Censorship by Google.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 June 2021,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google#:~:text=Google%20and%20its%20 subsidiary%20
companies,asked%20Google%20to%20censor%20content.
● “About.” Facebook, pt-br.facebook.com/.
● Hornblower, Simon, et al. “Oxford Languages.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University
Press, 2012.
● “All About Fake News: Fake News Defined.” Nash Library & Student Learning Commons,
library.gannon.edu/c.php?g=728528&p=5206339#:~:text=Wikipedia%20states%20that%20%22fake
%20news,media%20or%20online%20social%20media.
● “Twitter Blocks Accounts in India as Modi Pressures Social Media.” The New York Times, 2021,
www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/technology/india-twitter.html. Accessed 16 July 2021.
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● BBC News. “India Covid: Anger as Twitter Ordered to Remove Critical Virus Posts.” BBC News,
BBC News, 26 Apr. 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56883483. Accessed 16 July 2021.
● BBC News. “Muhammadu Buhari: Twitter Deletes Nigerian Leader’s ‘Civil War’ Post.” BBC News,
BBC News, 2 June 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57336571. Accessed 16 July 2021.
● Wakefield, Jane. “Sri Lanka Attacks: The Ban on Social Media.” BBC News, BBC News, 23 Apr.
2019, www.bbc.com/news/technology-48022530. Accessed 16 July 2021.
● “Entenda o Que Foi o AI-5, Ato Ditatorial Defendido Por Eduardo Bolsonaro.” Brasil De Fato, 31
Oct. 2019,
www.brasildefato.com.br/2019/10/31/entenda-o-que-foi-o-ai-5-ato-ditatorial-defendido-por-eduar
do-bolsonaro.
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