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SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OFEXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
TOPTOP PREDATORSPREDATORS
P. M. MiyakeP. M. Miyake
Exploitation Managements
•Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment
•Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment
•Fishery and management policy
•Socio-economic
Exploitation Managements
•Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment
•Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment
•Fishery and management policy
•Socio-economic
Fisheries
Historical catch by fishing gearsHistorical catch by fishing gears
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Repo
rted
ladi
ng
(MT)
LonglinePole- and- linePurse seineOthers
Major technological changes in fishingMajor technological changes in fishing LonglineLongline Super-freezerSuper-freezer Deep settingDeep setting Shift from Large to small boatsShift from Large to small boats
Pole and linePole and line Forced water circulationForced water circulation Introduction of freezerIntroduction of freezer
Purse seinePurse seine Increasing holding-capacityIncreasing holding-capacity Bird raderBird rader Development of FAD fishingDevelopment of FAD fishing
Increasing small longline catchIncreasing small longline catch
WORLD
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
LA
ND
ING
(1000M
T)
SWO LLSMALL LLLARGE LL
Increasing Fishing CapacityIncreasing Fishing Capacity(particularly of large seiners)(particularly of large seiners)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Num
ber o
f vessels
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
Hold
ing c
apacity (
Cubic
meters)
NumberCapacity
Major economical changes in fishingMajor economical changes in fishing
Vessel construction cost (Negative?)Vessel construction cost (Negative?)
Fish price and demand (Positive?)Fish price and demand (Positive?)
Reduction of cost from landing to Reduction of cost from landing to consumers’ marketconsumers’ market
Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, bait, etc.)bait, etc.)
Increasing coastal states rightIncreasing coastal states right
Cost for management (observers, VMS, Cost for management (observers, VMS, various mitigation procedures, etc)various mitigation procedures, etc)
Fuel priceFuel price
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Fu
el p
rice
(100
0 Y
en /
KL
)
Recent changes in fisheriesRecent changes in fisheries
Recent increase in purse seine fishing Recent increase in purse seine fishing capacity and consequently in catchcapacity and consequently in catch
Shift from large fish to small fishShift from large fish to small fish
Reduction of Y/R and AMSYReduction of Y/R and AMSY
Increase in coastal fisheries Increase in coastal fisheries (particularly of small longliners)(particularly of small longliners)
Impact of various gears on stockImpact of various gears on stock
Processing
Tuna (mt) used for canning and sashimiTuna (mt) used for canning and sashimi
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Mat
erial
s (M
T)
by p
rodu
cts
"Sashimi" + FreshCanned (material)
Import price for canning and sashimiImport price for canning and sashimi
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Impo
rt p
rice
(U
S$/
MT
CannedFresh or frozen
Tuna product (in processed wght) shareTuna product (in processed wght) share
Product weight 2005
Canned82%
Fresh(Others)
4%
Fresh(J apan)
14%
Canned tuna producing countriesCanned tuna producing countries
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Can
ned
prod
ucts
(ne
t w
eigh
t in
MT)
Others
Italy
Philippines
Indonesia
J apan
Iran
Mexico
Ecuador
USA (Inc. P.R.)
Spain
Thailand
Trade and market structure
Sashimi marketSashimi market
Problems with trade dataProblems with trade dataNo reliable world statistics for a long period.No reliable world statistics for a long period.
Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in processed weight but how processed is not given.processed weight but how processed is not given.
Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight, but Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight, but the canned product is in canned net weight.the canned product is in canned net weight.
Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are often inconsistent.often inconsistent.
Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for canning or fresh fish market. canning or fresh fish market.
Canned tuna may include other species than major Canned tuna may include other species than major tunas (e.g. bonitos)..tunas (e.g. bonitos)..
Canned tuna exports by cotinentsCanned tuna exports by cotinents
CANNED TUNA EXPORTS
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
NET W
EIG
HT (
mt)
AFRASIAEUROPEN.AMERICAS.AMERICA
ConsumptionConsumption
•No reliable world statistics for a long pNo reliable world statistics for a long period.eriod.•Consumptions are calculated as balancConsumptions are calculated as balance:e:• Production + Import - Export – Reexport - Production + Import - Export – Reexport -
Consumption of canned tuna by continentsConsumption of canned tuna by continents
CANNED TUNA
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
PRO
DUC
TS W
EIG
HT (
MT)
AFRICAASIAN.AMERICAS.AMERICAEUROPE
Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen tuna by tuna by continentscontinentsFRESH, CHILLED OR FROZEN
- 250000
0
250000
500000
750000
1000000
1250000
1500000
1750000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
PR
OD
UC
T W
EIG
HT
(M
T)
AFRICAEUROPEN.AMERICAS.AMERICAASIA
Other socio-economic elementsOther socio-economic elements
Eco-system approach for fishery Eco-system approach for fishery managementsmanagements Evaluation of target species populationEvaluation of target species population Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the
entire eco-system.entire eco-system. Evaluation of influence of eco-system to Evaluation of influence of eco-system to
target species.target species.
Farming
Development of tuna farmingDevelopment of tuna farming
Japanese import of farmed tunaJapanese import of farmed tuna
JAPANESE IMPORTS OF FARMEDBLUFIN TUNAS
BY SHIPPING COUNTRY
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ES
TIM
AT
ED
RO
UN
D W
EIG
HT
(m
t)
Australia
MexicoCyprus
Korea
Greece
TunisiaLibya
Turkey
Italy
MaltaCroatia
Spain
Positive sides of farmingPositive sides of farming Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for
many bait fish and hence economical gains fomany bait fish and hence economical gains for other local fisheries.r other local fisheries.
Increase job opportunities in farming areas.Increase job opportunities in farming areas. Provide fat meat of tuna to the market in a larProvide fat meat of tuna to the market in a lar
ge quantity and relatively low price.ge quantity and relatively low price. Provide high valued tuna on constant basis.Provide high valued tuna on constant basis. Stabilized tuna as an important trade commoStabilized tuna as an important trade commo
dity.dity.
Negative sides of farmingNegative sides of farming
Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.)of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.)
Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks.Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks. Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and
lead many fishers to economic difficulties.lead many fishers to economic difficulties. Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion).Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion). Possible sanitary problem?Possible sanitary problem? Negative effects on environment?Negative effects on environment? Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish?Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish?
Production of farmed tuna vs. catchProduction of farmed tuna vs. catch
Estimted inputs and outputs of farmed tuna and Japanese importscompared with catches excluding Japanese
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Est
imat
ed w
eig
ht
in r
ou
nd
(M
T)
Japanese imports
Estimated output in round
Estimated inputs in round
Catch excluding Japanese
Japanese domestic and import BFTsJapanese domestic and import BFTs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan.2002 Jan.2003 Jan.2004 Jan.2005
Qu
an
tity
MT
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Avg
. P
rice Y
en/K
g
Import BFT MT
Domestic BFT MT
Import BFT Yen/Kg
Domestic BFT Yen/Kg
Japanese price and quantity of Med. BFTJapanese price and quantity of Med. BFT
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05
Fre
sh M
ed.
BF
T i
mp
ort
ed,
MT
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Fre
sh M
ed.
BF
T i
mp
ort
ed,
Yen
/Kg
Import (MT)
Import price
Thank you for listningP. M. Miyake