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SoFarr Study SoFarr Study An investigation of the usefulness of Social Firms in An investigation of the usefulness of Social Firms in
promoting vocational recovery for people with promoting vocational recovery for people with mental health problemsmental health problems
Eleanor Gilbert & Alyssa Milton
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
OverviewOverview
Background – Mental Health and EmploymentBackground – Mental Health and Employment
Phase 1 of Research: Results from a National SurveyPhase 1 of Research: Results from a National Survey
Phase 2 of Research: Current interviews with employeesPhase 2 of Research: Current interviews with employees
Phase 3 of Research: In-depth peer interviews with employees Phase 3 of Research: In-depth peer interviews with employees and focus groups with Social Firm managers & Health and focus groups with Social Firm managers & Health
ProfessionalsProfessionals
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Work and Mental Health – Work and Mental Health – the benefitsthe benefits
In the UK most people with severe mental illness (SMI) State that they wish to work (Secker et al 2001).
Employment is associated with: Better QoL and well being (Marwaha et al 2008). Improved mental health (Social Exclusion Unit 2004). Social identity and status Social contacts and support A means of structuring and occupying time Activity and involvement A sense of personal achievement (Shepherd 1989).
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Unemployment and Mental Unemployment and Mental Health – the costsHealth – the costs
In the UK there are high rates of unemployment (80-90%) for people with SMI (Marwaha & Johnson 2004).
Lack of work is a core part of the social exclusion people with mental illness (Social Exclusion Unit 2004).
Unemployment is associated with earlier death and greater levels of psychological illness (Moser et al 1987, McKee-Ryan e al 2005).
The financial costs of SMI are approximately £3.4 billion (2005) for those with schizophrenia (Managalore & Knapp 2006).
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Work & Mental Health on Work & Mental Health on the agendathe agenda
Policy reports have highlighted that health services need to focus on maintaining and promoting economic activity in those with SMI (Black 2008) No one model of service is right for everyone, and each approach may help different people at different times in their recovery (Boardman 2003). Vocational schemes targeting mental health have had limited evaluation in the UK (Boardman 2003).
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Part 1: National surveyPart 1: National survey
Aim: to understand How many Social Firms employ people with a history of
mental ill health Distribution of these firms What types of employment Social Firms offer this group How employment of people with MH problems affects
business
Part 2: Interviews with Part 2: Interviews with employeesemployees
Cross sectional design used to survey 120 participants.Cross sectional design used to survey 120 participants. Aim is to compare the data gathered from workers in Aim is to compare the data gathered from workers in
Social Firms to secondary mental health service users.Social Firms to secondary mental health service users. Additionally, gain an understanding of:Additionally, gain an understanding of:
Types of work social firms offer.Types of work social firms offer. The range of age, gender and ethnicity of Social Firms workers.The range of age, gender and ethnicity of Social Firms workers.
Current levels of symptoms and contact with mental health services.Current levels of symptoms and contact with mental health services. Levels of income received through work and the impact on their Levels of income received through work and the impact on their
finances.finances. Levels of satisfaction with life in general and in particular with their Levels of satisfaction with life in general and in particular with their
working lives.working lives.
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Part 3a: Peer interviews Part 3a: Peer interviews with Social Firm employeeswith Social Firm employees
In depth qualitative semi-structured interviews In depth qualitative semi-structured interviews completed by Peer Interviewers with approximately 30 completed by Peer Interviewers with approximately 30 employees.employees.
Sampling considerations (e.g. age, position, MH, job Sampling considerations (e.g. age, position, MH, job tenure).tenure).
Questions will probe areas such as:Questions will probe areas such as: Pathways into and through Social Firms.Pathways into and through Social Firms. The benefits and challenges of working in Social Firms.The benefits and challenges of working in Social Firms. The perceived impact of working in Social Firms on areas of life The perceived impact of working in Social Firms on areas of life
such as symptoms, social networks, self concept and QoL.such as symptoms, social networks, self concept and QoL. Stigma experiences.Stigma experiences. Support mechanisms in Social Firms.Support mechanisms in Social Firms.
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Part 3b: Focus groups – Part 3b: Focus groups – Social Firm ManagersSocial Firm Managers
Explore Social Firm managers' views of the Explore Social Firm managers' views of the employment of people with MH in their organisations. employment of people with MH in their organisations. Such asSuch as:: The benefits and problems for people with MH working in Social The benefits and problems for people with MH working in Social
Firms.Firms. Challenges experienced in managing staff and support Challenges experienced in managing staff and support
processesprocesses Social Firms suitability for people with range of MH problemsSocial Firms suitability for people with range of MH problems Typical accommodations made in the workplaceTypical accommodations made in the workplace Exploring the balance between supporting workers and running Exploring the balance between supporting workers and running
a business a business The types of business experience of successful Social Firms and The types of business experience of successful Social Firms and
markers of success. markers of success. Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire
Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Part 3c: Focus groups – Part 3c: Focus groups – Health ProfessionalsHealth Professionals
Explore Explore the views of mental health professionals on the views of mental health professionals on the benefits and difficulties of Social Firms for the benefits and difficulties of Social Firms for people with mental health problems.people with mental health problems. Levels of awareness and experience of Social FirmsLevels of awareness and experience of Social Firms The perceived benefits and problems of this type of work The perceived benefits and problems of this type of work
for people with MHfor people with MH How the Social Firms model compares to IPSHow the Social Firms model compares to IPS Their views on types of people suitable for Social FirmsTheir views on types of people suitable for Social Firms Whether developing links with Social Firms would be seen Whether developing links with Social Firms would be seen
as beneficial including the methods in which this would as beneficial including the methods in which this would occur.occur.
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
National Survey - methodNational Survey - method A UK national survey was completed of Social Firms A UK national survey was completed of Social Firms
and other types of social enterprise or supported and other types of social enterprise or supported businessbusiness
Only included those providing paid employment for Only included those providing paid employment for people with history of mental ill health. people with history of mental ill health.
Membership lists:Membership lists: Social Firms UK, Social Firms UK, Enterprise UK, Enterprise UK, Social Social Traders, Social Social Traders, British Association for Supported Employment British Association for Supported Employment The International Centre for Clubhouse DevelopmentThe International Centre for Clubhouse Development
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
MethodMethod
Snowballing technique Snowballing technique Local authoritiesLocal authorities Job Centre Plus officesJob Centre Plus offices Lead Occupational Therapists in Mental Health Lead Occupational Therapists in Mental Health
TrustsTrusts Mental health charities and academics asked to Mental health charities and academics asked to
provide details of any relevant businesses they provide details of any relevant businesses they were aware of were aware of
An internet searchAn internet search
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QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
Questionnaire was developed and piloted with Questionnaire was developed and piloted with Social Firm managers. Social Firm managers.
Employers asked about:Employers asked about: goods or services suppliedgoods or services supplied finances finances sickness managementsickness management recruitment of workers with mental illnessrecruitment of workers with mental illness liaison with mental health services. liaison with mental health services. information about employees with a history of mental information about employees with a history of mental
illnessillness
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
ResultsResults
67 Social Firms and 82 social enterprises or 67 Social Firms and 82 social enterprises or supported businesses (149 total) identified as supported businesses (149 total) identified as potentially employing people with a history of MH potentially employing people with a history of MH problems. problems.
Responses from 145 employers -Responses from 145 employers -8383 confirmed they confirmed they currently employed at least one person with mental currently employed at least one person with mental illness.illness.
Questionnaire were completed by 74 of the eligible Questionnaire were completed by 74 of the eligible businesses businesses
Represented 550 employees with history of mental Represented 550 employees with history of mental ill health ill health
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
MappingMapping The organisations surveyed were located The organisations surveyed were located
throughout the UK. throughout the UK. 40% south of England, 40% south of England, 27% north and the midlands, 27% north and the midlands, 22% Scotland22% Scotland 11% Wales. 11% Wales. Mainly manufacturing and services/catering. Mainly manufacturing and services/catering. Average number of years of operation was 6.8 for Average number of years of operation was 6.8 for
Social Firms and 24 for social enterprises Social Firms and 24 for social enterprises /supported businesses /supported businesses
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Social Firms N=32
Social Enterprise/ Supported Business
N=42 Median number of employees with MH problems (range) 3 (1-70) 5.5 (1-110)
Trade Manufacturing Service/catering Recycling Packing/gardening
8
14 8 1
23 9 5 7
Employee in post > 2 years (%)
50%
89%
Business has MH employees in management
34% 28%
MH sickness impacts on day to day running of business (yes)
34% 48%
MH sickness impacts on long term viability of business (yes)
13% 28%
Proportion of businesses employing people with: Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder Anxiety / Depression
34% 19% 47%
32% 37% 52%
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Conclusions from National Conclusions from National SurveySurvey
Employment of people with a history of mental ill Employment of people with a history of mental ill health in Social Firms and social enterprises is health in Social Firms and social enterprises is currently on a very small scale.currently on a very small scale.
People with wide ranging mental ill health are People with wide ranging mental ill health are employedemployed
Social Firms tend to have been developed in the Social Firms tend to have been developed in the last decadelast decade
Increasing awareness may lead to expansion of Increasing awareness may lead to expansion of employment for this group of people in Social Firmsemployment for this group of people in Social Firms
May provide a viable alternative to individual May provide a viable alternative to individual placement and support (IPS).placement and support (IPS).
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
What next?What next?
Currently carrying out interviews with employees – Currently carrying out interviews with employees – data gatheringdata gathering
In-depth peer interviews with employees in the autumnIn-depth peer interviews with employees in the autumn
Focus groups with Social Firm managersFocus groups with Social Firm managers
Focus groups with cliniciansFocus groups with clinicians
Results next yearResults next year
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust
Thank you Thank you
Contact details:Contact details:
Eleanor Gilbert (Warwick University)Eleanor Gilbert (Warwick University)
Eleanor.Gilbert@covwarkpt.nhs.ukEleanor.Gilbert@covwarkpt.nhs.uk
Alyssa Milton (UCL)Alyssa Milton (UCL)
a.milton@ucl.ac.uka.milton@ucl.ac.uk
Dr Steven Marwaha (Chief Investigator: Warwick Dr Steven Marwaha (Chief Investigator: Warwick University)University)
S.Marwaha@warwick.ac.ukS.Marwaha@warwick.ac.uk
Professor Sonia Johnson (UCL)Professor Sonia Johnson (UCL)
s.johnson@ucl.ac.uks.johnson@ucl.ac.uk
Coventry and WarwickshireCoventry and Warwickshire Partnership TrustPartnership Trust