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SOME ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE AND EXPLORE GENETIC DROUGHT
RESISTANCE
Abel Muñoz-Orozco Genetica IREGEP, Colegio de Postgraduados, México
Francisco Muñoz-Arriolaand
D. P. Lettenmaier
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, USA
5-9 of October2008 Join Annual Meeting ASA-CSSA-SSSA
Houston, TX. USA
Outline
• Motivation and General Concepts• Examples of Drought Resistance• Drought Resistance Models• Modeling Agricultural Drought
– VIC• Further work
SOME ABIOTIC ADVERSE FACTORS CONFRONTED IN MEXICO
• Serdán, Puebla example: Great Drought of Winter, Intra Summer drought, and frost conditions; with or without residual humidity.
• Huetamo, Michoacán example: low rainfall and high temperatures, with out residual humedity
• In the numerous micro regions there are a wide diversity of combinations of abiotic adverse factors and patterns of genetic resistance
•In micro regions (ecological niches) most of the patterns of crop’s genetic resistance to drought and other adverse factors are unknown
•These patterns are important to study crop’s genetic resistance in the context of climate change
Motivation
M o n t h l y m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t S e r d a n , P u e b l a , M e x i c o ( 2 6 7 6 m a b o v e s e a l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 1 3 m m )
- 2 0
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
M o n t h s
Min
imum
tem
pera
ture
s (C
); R
ainf
all (
mm
)
R a i n f a l l M i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s
I n t r a - S u m m e r D r o u g h t
G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t
F r o s t p e r i o d F r o s t p e r i o d
R e s i d u a l s o i l h u m i d i t y
P l a n t i n g
M o n t h l y m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t S e r d a n , P u e b l a , M e x i c o ( 2 6 7 6 m a b o v e s e a l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 1 3 m m )
- 2 0
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2 0
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
M o n t h s
Min
imum
tem
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ture
s (C
); R
ainf
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mm
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R a i n f a l l M i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s
I n t r a - S u m m e r D r o u g h t
G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t
F r o s t p e r i o d F r o s t p e r i o d
R e s i d u a l s o i l h u m i d i t y
P l a n t i n g
M o n t h l y m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t H u e t a m o , M i c h o a c a n , M e x i c o ( 3 0 0 m a b o v e s e a
l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 3 4 m m )
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
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5 0
6 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
M o n t h s
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imu
m t
emp
erat
ure
s (C
)
0
5 0
1 0 0
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2 0 0
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Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
M a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s R a i n f a l l
G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t P l a n t i n g
H i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
M o n t h l y m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t H u e t a m o , M i c h o a c a n , M e x i c o ( 3 0 0 m a b o v e s e a
l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 3 4 m m )
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1 0
2 0
3 0
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
M o n t h s
Max
imu
m t
emp
erat
ure
s (C
)
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
M a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s R a i n f a l l
G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t P l a n t i n g
H i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
F r o s t P e r i o dF r o s t P e r i o d
GENERAL CONCEPTS
• Drought is a period with low rainfall• Drought Resistance, is the energy accumulated by a variety against drought• Effects of drought are modified (not the drought) mainly by elements as t, T,
S, ψa, Ll, D, O, Sp, A + I
– t, duration of drought– T, temperature– S, different elements of the soil– Ψa, water potential of the air– Ll, amount of rainfall– D, its distribution– O, ontogenetic stage of the plant– Sp, species– A, pre-conditioning– I, an interactión of the genetic elements with environmental elements
Muñoz Orozco, A. (2004). Conceptos fundamentales para evaluar la resistencia a sequia. XI International Conference on Rainwater Catchment System (Colegio de Posgraduados), pag. 518-522
• In peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): flowering plasticity; when there is Drought, flowering reduces and renews when raifall resumes
• In sorgo (Sorhum vulgare Pers.): heat tolerance; the panicle produces grain and the leaves do not dry during high temperatures
• In maize (Zea mays L.): tolerance; when there is drought, growing is reduced and renewed when rainfall reasumes. It is asociated to stomatal hipersensitivity, stomatal closure at higher leaf-water potentials.
• The evaluation of drought resistance is based in the model one
Muñoz Orozco et al., (1983). Transpiracion, fotosintesis, eficiencia en uso de agua y potencial hídrico en maices resistentes a sequia y heladas. Agrociencia. 51, pag. 115-153
EXAMPLES OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE CARACTERISTICS DETECTED
Y=G+D+G*D
Y, total variation
G, variation of genotypes (estimates of genetic generic effects such as those expressed under drought or wet conditions)
D, variation of drought levels (or through locations)
G*D interaction of G by D (estimates the specific effects to drought, which are expressed only under drought conditions)
Muñoz Orozco, A. (1990). Modelo matématico para evaluar la resistencia a sequia: casos uno a seis. Evolucion Biológica (ASIBE), pag. 93-106.
MODEL ONE TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE
• Ontogenetic drought resistance (DO) or resistance through ontogenetic stages of a variety, such as early, intermediate or late varieties
• Phylogenetic drought resistance (RP) or resistance among averages of varieties of different precocity
S S
S S
SS
Fl
Fl
Fl
G
G
GEarly
Intermediate
Late
ROOntogenetic
droughtresistance
Dro
ught
res
ista
nce
(Ene
rgy
accu
mul
ated
aga
inst
dro
ught
con
ditio
ns) Y1
Y3
Y2
Early
Intermediarte
Late
RF P
hylogenetic drought resistance
ROOntogenetic
droughtresistance
ROOntogenetic
droughtresistance
G=GERMINATIONF=FLOWERINGS=SEED FORMATION
ONTOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE AND PHYLOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE
• Y=RO+RP+RO*RP
WhereY, total variationRO, ontegenetic drought resistance or resistance through the ontogenetic
stagesRP, phylogenetic drought resistance or resistance among averages of
varieties RO*RP, interactión of RO by RP
• These concepts contribute to better understand the drought resistance of the maize varietal patterns in the mexican micro regions.
• These varietal patterns are clusters of early, inermediate, and late varieties adapted to different environmental conditions of the micro regions
Muñoz Orozco, A. (1997). Model 2 to select for drought tolerance. Developing drought and low N-tolerant maize. (CIMMYT), pag 541-543
MODEL TWO TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE
Maize varietal pattern from mexican central high valleys, the white and cream color grain variety is late, the yellow one intermediate and the blue one early
VIC Model• Available Indices
– Palmer Drought Index– Standardized
Precipitation Index– Surface Water Supply
Index• Proposed Method
– Use of Hydrological Models to create continuous spatiotemporal patterns of drought-linked variables
– SM and RO Percentiles relative to the climatology (1960-1999)
– Allow monitoring and forecast
Short- and Long-term Drought predictions
Predicted Soil Moisture Percentile using the UW Seasonal Hydrological Forecast System
Short-term hydrological predictions based on ensemble techniques
Long-term hydrological assessments based temperature increments
Huetamo Serdan
Monthly minimum temperatures and rainfall at Serdan, Puebla, Mexico (2676 m above sea level, annual rainfall 813 mm)
-20
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months
Min
imum
tem
pera
ture
s (C
); R
ainf
al
(mm
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Rainfall Minimum temperatures
Intra-Summer Drought
Great Winter Drought
Great Winter Drought
Frost period Frost period
Residual soil humedity
Planting Late variety
Intermediate variety
Early variety
Assemble to rain fall and temperatures conditions of the maize varietal pattern from Mexican central high valleys
Use of hydrological modeling to predict short- and long-term agricultural drought integrated into the Genetic Drought Resistance Modeling Framework
Acknowledgments
• Shraddhanand Shukla, UW
• Alan Hamlet, UW
D0 D1
Yie
ld o
r A
ccum
ulat
ed E
nerg
y
Drought Level
G1
G2
+g-g
+d
-d
D0
D1
+g*d
-g*d
0
0
Yie
ld o
r A
ccum
ulat
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nerg
y
D0 D0D0
D0D0
D0
D1
D1 D1 D1
D1 D1
6 cases (P=Yield)
1) PG1=PG2 ( in D0); PG1>PG2 (D1)
2) PG1>PG2 ( in D0); PG1=PG2 (D1)
3) PG1>PG2 ( in D0) = PG1>PG2 (D1)
4) PG1=PG2 ( in D0) > PG1=PG2 (D1)
5) PG1=PG2 ( in D0) < PG1=PG2 (D1)
6) PG1>PG2 ( in D0) ; PG1<PG2 (D1)
Plus n intermediate cases