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SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIESis funded principally through a grant of the
SPE FOUNDATION
The Society gratefully acknowledges those companies that support the program by allowing their professionals to
participate as Lecturers.
And special thanks to The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) for their
contribution to the program.
Society of Petroleum EngineersDistinguished Lecturer 2006-07 Lecture Season
Challenges on Sand Control and Completions for Productivity in
Ultra-Deep Waters
Luis C. B. Bianco, Ph.D.Senior Petroleum Engineer
PETROBRAS
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 3
OVER VIEW
• Reservoir Conditions at Ultra-Deep Waters
• Challenges in Drilling & Completion
• Completion for Productivity
• Sand Control for Deepwater Viscous Oil
• Conclusion Remarks
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 4
0 20 40 60 km
Cabo Frio
Campos
Rio de Janeiro
Macaé
400 m400 m400 m
1.000 m1.000 m1.000 m
2.000 m2.000 m2.000 m
RoncadorRoncador
Albacora lesteAlbacora leste
MarlimMarlim SulSul
MarlimMarlim LesteLesteBarracudaBarracuda
CaratingaCaratinga
Ultra-Deep Waters - Campos Basin
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 5
5km
Reservoir Conditions at Ultra-Deep Waters
• Deep and ultra-deep waters > 1500 m• Shallow burial sediments < 1000 m• Fracture gradient < 0,57 psi/ft• Temperatures 25 – 60 °C• Viscosities >20 cP
Source: SPE 98342
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 6
Reservoir Conditions at Ultra-Deep Waters
GASOILWater
• Turbidite reservoirs: internal sub-seismic complexity• Non-consolidated sands: non cemented sands• Median to Fine sands: non uniform, high fines content• High porosity and permeability
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 7
Economics X Technology
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
191 10 100 1,000
VOIP (Milhões de m3)
API
deg
ree
10
9
Non-economic
Technology Dependent
Feasible
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 8
Challenges in Drilling & Completion
• Geological uncertainties• Narrow operational window for drilling
Low absorption pressureElevated pore pressure
• Presence of reactive shalesNeeds high performance drilling & completion fluids
• Special wells requiredImproves reservoir drainageCompensates low oil mobility
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 9
Challenges in Drilling & Completion
• Mandatory sand control• Effective control on water injection and
productionNeeds zonal isolation
• Completion reliability and intervention requirements
Offshore submarine operations
• Cold sea bed waters → hydrates, thermal fractures for injectors, etc...
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 10
Collapsed ESP intake retrieved from the well
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 11
Completion for Productivity
• Project considerations for Productivity
Well Geometry Selection
Oil Production Influx Profile
Sand Control System Selection
Control on Water Production and Injection
Oil Lifting or Sand Control?
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 12
Well Geometry Selection
Source: SPE 87966
Fishbone multi-laterals
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 13
Horizontal multi-fractured wells
Well Geometry Selection
Source: Schlumberger
Source: SPE 26796
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 14
Single horizontal well with zonal isolation
Well Segmentation ConceptIn
flu
xP
oten
tial
V
V
Original influx profile
Optimized influx profile
Improved sand screens Annular Barrier
Influx control devices into the sand screens
Source: SPE 98342
Oil Production Influx Profile
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 15
Sand Control System Selection
• What are the limits for each sand control method?
Installationoperation
• What are the implications if some fine sand production is permitted?
Flow linesSurface equipmentsSand handling and disposal
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 16
Control on Water Production and Injection
• How can well productivity be jeopardized due to the early water breakthrough with fines migration?
• How can water injectivity be maximized?
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 17
Oil Lifting or Sand Control?
• Which system will set the rules for the well completion design: sand control or lifting?
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 18
Improvements on well construction
• Extensive use of geo-steering technology• Single-fluid well construction technology
Minimization of the fluid damage
• Sand control systemDelivering low pressure drop through the screen
• Water injection maximization Well segmentation concept
• Artificial lifting system tolerant to larger amount of fines (bellow 70 micrometers)
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 19
Fluid damage removal and return of permeability
• Drilling stability and completion efficiencyHighly inhibited drilling fluids Low invasion profileEfficient mud cake easy to remove
Well simulator
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 20
Damage removal and return of permeability
Radial Flow Test Cell Mud cake efficiencyDamage due to filtrationMud cake removalFines migrationPlugging effects
Formation sand
Gravel
well
Source: SPE 95025
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 21
Damage removal and return of permeability
Drill-in Fluid Invasion - bridging agent and polymers
Source: SPE 95025
DamageDamageZoneZone
UndamageUndamageZoneZone
ZoomZoom
DamageDamageZoneZone
UndamageUndamageZoneZone
ZoomZoom
DamageDamageZoneZone
UndamageUndamageZoneZone
ZoomZoom
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 22
Damage removal and return of permeability
Source: SPE 95025
00,
91,
82,
73,
64,
55,
46,
37,
28,
1 99,
910
,811
,712
,613
,514
,415
,316
,217
,1 1818
,919
,820
,721
,622
,523
,424
,325
,226
,1 2727
,928
,829
,7
0,00E+00
2,00E-04
4,00E-04
6,00E-04
8,00E-04
1,00E-03
1,20E-03
Rel
ativ
ely
Inte
nsity
Cou
nts
per M
inut
es
Depht of invasion (mm)
Drill-in Fluid (Marked polymer and CaCO3)Bottom
IodineCalcium
Invasion profileInvasion profile
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 51 0 0
1 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 3
1 0 4
Z nC u
F e
M n
IC a
K
A r
C l
S i
Cou
nts
E n e rg y (k e V )
T y p ic a l s p e c tru m fo r T y p ic a l s p e c tru m fo r u n c o s o lid a te du n c o s o lid a te d s a n d s to n e s a n d s to n e
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 51 0 0
1 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 3
1 0 4
Z nC u
F e
M n
IC a
K
A r
C l
S i
Cou
nts
E n e rg y (k e V )
T y p ic a l s p e c tru m fo r T y p ic a l s p e c tru m fo r u n c o s o lid a te du n c o s o lid a te d s a n d s to n e s a n d s to n e
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 23
Sand Control for Deepwater Viscous Oil
• Horizontal Open Hole Gravel PackMost used sand control method
• Stand Alone ScreensWire WrappedMeshed (single or multilayer) Expandable
• Frac & PackNot used above 60 degree
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 24
Sand Control for Deepwater Viscous Oil
• Open Hole Gravel PackCarrier fluid compatible with the mud cakePressure at the casing shoe limited by the frac pressureLight propantGravel impairment
• Stand Alone and Expandable Screens Screen performance testso Coupon Testso Tangential testso Full scale tests
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 25
Packer
FlapperLocator
Blank pipeScreen
Perforated extension
Seal bore sub
Carrier Fluid Circulation
Work String
Completion Fluid
Packer
FlapperLocator
Blank pipeScreen
Perforated extension
Seal bore sub
Carrier Fluid Circulation
Work String
Completion Fluid
Horizontal Open Hole Gravel Pack
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 26
Gravel Pack Impairment Test
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 27
Gravel Pack Impairment Test
Some Results
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000t (min)
Pf/
Pi
GS 7,2GS 8,0GS 9,6GS 10,1GS 5,82
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000t (min)
Pf/
Pi
GS 6,6GS 7,3GS 8,7GS 9,2GS 5,31
Sand 12/20Ceramic 16/20
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 28
Screen Performance tests
Coupon Test
Source: SPE 98342
Selecting the weave apertures
• Slurry test• Conformance test
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 29
Screen Performance tests
Results for the Coupon test
Pre-Expansion - Time vs PressureOld & New PFM125 Screen
KCl & Oil Conformance Tests - Sand put on top of screen with flow rate @100mls/min
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,01 0,1 1 10 100Time (mins)
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Old, KCl ConformanceNew, KCl ConformanceOld, Oil Conformance (R)New, Oil ConformanceNew, Oil Conformance (R)
Pre-Expansion - Time vs PressureOld & New PFM125 Screen
Viscous Oil Slurry Test - Sand agitated in Oil
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,01 0,1 1 10 100Time (mins)
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Old, 100mls Oil SlurryOld, 100mls Oil Slurry (R)Old, 200mls Oil SlurryNew, 100mls Oil SlurryNew, 100mls Oil Slurry (R)New, 200mls Oil Slurry
Source: SPE 98342
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 30
Screen Performance tests
Transversal Flow Test
Outlet Flow&Transducer Port
Inlet Flow &Transducer Port
Outlet Flow&Transducer Port
Inlet Flow &Transducer Port
Outlet Flow&Transducer Port
Inlet Flow &Transducer Port
Source: SPE 98342
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 31
Screen Performance tests
Results for the Tangential Flow Test
Source: SPE 98342
OLD PMF125 Filtration layer on top NEW PMF125
Baseline
Time vs Pressure
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
Dp
(psi
) )
250cp Mineral Oil with 0.25% Min- U- Sil 30 (<30 µm Fine Silica) @ 10mls/minConductivity Cell & Load Press @1000psi
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 32
Screen Performance tests
Full Scale Test
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 33
Viscosity Effect on Flow Pressure Drop through a Premium Screen
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5Flow Rate (liters/min)
Pres
sure
Dro
p (p
si)
946100232270
VISCOSITIES (cP) Multilayer Premium Screennominal openning size: 175 µm3 ft long
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 34
Screen Performance tests
Results for the Full Scale Test
Hydraulic Conductance and ConductivityOLD and NEW PMF125 expandable screen, 22% Expanded
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (min)
Con
duct
ance
(m
l/min
/psi
/in),
Con
duct
ivity
(mD
/cP)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Mas
s of
sol
ids
prod
uced
(g)
Conductance OLDConductance NEWConductivity OLDConductivity NEWMass of solids OLDMass of solids NEW
initial bridging
plugging process
invasion process
12
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 35
Screen Performance tests
1. Slurry test screen conductanceHow easily oil flows along a certain path through a porous material
2. Conformance test sand pack conductivity
How well a porous material accommodates the flux of oil
PQG∆
=
==
RsRacLn
lGK 34.15
µλ
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 36
Sand Control for Deepwater Viscous Oil
Seepage forces due to flow leads to increase confining pressure at the sand pack reducing the permeability of the sand layer on the screen surface
from Johan Tronvall
Compaction Induced by fluid flow
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 37
Screen Performance tests
Weave surface at the shroud side and internaly (10X)
Cell breakdown
Cut screen after test
Screen envelop
Basepipe
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 38
Screen Removed from Well
Shroud cut and openned
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 39
Conclusion Remarks
• Improvements on the performance of horizontal wells come from proper well design and completion practices. They also depend on understanding the influence and effects of each productivity factor.
• Where traditional completion solutions have not given good results, special or "designed for" solutions need to be conceived, tested and applied.
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 40
Conclusion Remarks
• Viscous Oil exploitation in offshore ultra-deep waters is a challenge that can change the way well construction is done.
• Well geometry, water production control and oil influx profile have high influence on productivity.
• Drilling fluid compatibility, mud cake removal and return of permeability can impact the efficiency of completion.
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 41
Conclusion Remarks
• Screen performance is highly affected by its construction, particles size distribution, amount of migrating fines produced and oil viscosity.
2006-2007 SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES 42
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?