Post on 07-May-2015
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SPEECH DISORDERS
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TYPES OF SPEECH DISORDERS
APHASIADYSPHONIADYSARTHRIAFUNCTIONAL/PSYCHOGENICMISCELLANEOUS
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PROCESS OF SPEECH
ABNORMALITIES
HEARING
UNDERSTANDING
THOUGHT & WORD PROCESSING
VOICE PRODUCTION
ARTICULATION
DEAFNESS
APHASIA
APHASIA
DYSPHONIA
DYSARTHRIA
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APHASIA
• Aphasia is defined as an acquired impairment in the use of language due to damage to certain parts of the brain
• This damage could be caused by injury, stroke, or seizures
• The language deficits include difficulties in language comprehension and execution
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF APHASIA
• Fluent aphasias/Receptive aphasia– The inability to understand the language of others
and the production of less meaningful speech then normal. eg; wernicke”s, transcortical sensory,conduction,anomic
• Non-fluent aphasias/expressive aphasia – Difficulty producing fluent, articulated, or self-
initiated speech.eg; Broca”s, transcortical motor,global
• Pure aphasia– are selective impairments in reading, writing, or
the recognition of words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write but not read. Examples of pure aphasias are
– : Pure Alexia, Agraphia,Pure word deafness
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Types of Fluent Aphasias
• Wernicke’s aphasia– People with this type of aphasia- JARGON
APHASIA, have difficulty or inability understanding others speech, and produce meaningless speech
– FLUENT,VOLUMINOUS SPEECH– NEOLOGISMS– SYMANTIC-”sister for mother”– Insight is ABSENT– produced by damage to Wernicke’s area
of the brain-division of middle cerebral artery
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WERNICKE”S APHASIA
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More Types of Fluent Aphasia
• Conduction aphasia – The main symptom of this type of
aphasia is difficulty repeating something someone has just said
– FLUENT SPEECH, but paraphasic– COMPREHENSION INTACT..– REPETITION,NAMING,WRITING
IMPAIRED– FILLED PAUSES-Aaaa….Aaaaa– damage to the ARCUATE FASICULUS
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More Types of Fluent Aphasia
• Anomic aphasia/minimal dysfunction syndrome/nominal aphasia– This aphasia is characterized by
difficulty finding names and difficulty substituting indefinite nouns and pronouns with substantive words. For instance, people with this affliction will use words like, thing, stuff, or it instead of automobiles, groceries, or furniture.
– Primary deficit is WORD FINDING AND NAMING
– SINGLE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE DISTURBANCE IN HEAD TRAUMA AND ALZHEIMER”S D/S
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FLUENT TRANSCORTICAL/TRANSCORTICAL SENSORY
APHASIA
• Similar to WERNICKE”S APHASIA but REPETITION IS INTACT
• They can repeat but cant understand it
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Non-Fluent Aphasias
• Broca’s aphasia– This type of aphasia manifests with difficulties
initiating well-articulated conversational speech
– NON FLUENT, EFFORTFUL,slow, labored, and agrammatical speech, which means words like a, an, or the and verb tense is left out of their speech…incomplete speech
– Insight is PRESENT– Additional defects?– damage to Broca’s area of the brain..superior
div. of middle cerebral artery
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BROCA”S APHASIA
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More Types of Non-Fluent Aphasia’s
– Transcortical motor aphasia– Similar to BROCA”S APHASIA but
REPETITION is INTACT– People with this aphasia do not
speak unless they are strongly encouraged to do so and when they do speak it is labored and non-fluent
– damage to the premotor cortex anterior and superior to Broca’s area… anterior cerebral artery
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More Types of Non-Fluent Aphasia’s
• Global aphasia – As the name suggests, this type of
aphasia is characterized by a severe depression of all language functioning
– NON FLUENT, naming, repetition, comprehension all impaired
– damage around and to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas of the brain …entire middle cerebral artery
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Other Interesting Facts About Aphasia
The handwriting of a person with an aphasia reflects their speech
impediment.
There was an experiment done where people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s
aphasias were presented with a picture and then asked to write down a description of what they say in the
picture.
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This is the picture
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A patient with Broca’s aphasia wrote this
Notice the use of very few words, but the words do make some sense
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A patient with Wernicke’s aphasia wrote this
Notice here that there are many, less forced, words, but they don’t make much sense. Also because they’re not struggling to find their words, the handwriting is better
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Type of aphasia
Repetition
Naming
Auditory comprehen
sion
Fluency
Wernicke’s aphaia mild–
modmild–
severedefective
fluent parapha
sic
Conduction aphasia
poor poorrelatively
goodfluent
Nominal or Anomic aphasia
mildmod–
severemild fluent
Broca’s aphasia
mod–severe
mod–severe
mild difficulty
non-fluent,
effortful, slow
Global aphasia poor poor poor
non-fluent
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DYSARTHRIA
• Is due to defect IN ARTICULATION.• LANGUAGE CONTENT IS NORMAL• TYPES- 4
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TYPES OF DYSARTHRIA
TYPE SITE CHARACTERISTICS
MYOPATHIC MUSCLES OF SPEECH
MYASTHENIC MOTOR ENDPLATE
BULBAR BRAINSTEM{LMN} INDISTINCT,NASAL
SCANNING CEREBELLUMSLURRING,SING-SONG
QUALITY
SPASTIC/PSEUDOBULBAR
PYRAMIDAL TRACTS{UMN}
INDISTINCT/BREATHY,MUMBLING
PARKINSONIAN BASAL GANGLIA STAMMERING
DYSTONIC BASAL GANGLIA
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DYSPHONIA
• Is due to defect in the production of sound
CAUSES
1) Laryngeal diseases-eg;laryngitis
2) Vocal cord lesions
3) Xth cranial nerve palsy
4) hysterical
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OTHERS
1) Cluttering
2) Stammering
3) Dysprosody-in parkinsonian disease
4) Scanning
5) Staccato-each syllable is uttered seperately
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THANK YOU!!!!