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Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD© Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade
6th Grade Science
Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Unit 7Beyond Our Planet
Chapter 20: Our Solar SystemSection 1: A Solar FamilySection 2: The Nine PlanetsSection 3: Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 21: Exploring SpaceSection 1: Rocket ScienceSection 4: Living and Working in Space
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
How does the sun differ from planets?
What Do You Think?
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
An astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rotation is the spin of an object in space.
Revolution is the motion of a body as it travels around another body in space.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rotation/Revolution
A Solar Family
Cite: http://www.devastate.com/gif_list/gif_ani/e/earthrot.gifCite: http://www.mcwdn.org/MAPS&GLOBES/Revolution.GIF
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The earth travels around the sun in a path called an orbit.
A Solar Family
Cite:http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps124/fall02/projects/solar/ss.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The corona forms the outer atmosphere.
The chromosphere is the thin region below the corona.
The photosphere is what we know as the visible surface of the sun.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The convective zone is where gas circulates.
The radiative zone is a dense region where atoms are packed tightly.
The core is where energy is produced.
A Solar Family
http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/sun/graphics/sun8.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
There are many ideas about the source of the sun’s energy. One idea is people thought the sun was burning fuel to generate its energy.
A Solar Family
Citehttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/SORCE_20040219/images/elmagt.jpg:
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Another idea about the sun’s source of energy is the sun was thought to have been shrinking because of the release of energy from the sun’s gravitational force (If this were true, it would only burn for 45 million years).
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The sun gets it’s energy from nuclear fusion. This is a process by which 2 or more low mass nuclei join together or fuse to form a massive nucleus.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Solar activity is when thermal energy moves from the sun’s interior by the circulation of gases in the convection zone causing gas in the photosphere to boil and churn.
A Solar Family
Cite :http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/solaranim092501b.gif:
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Sun spots are formed when magnetic fields slow down in the convective zone causing areas on the sun to becomecooler.
A Solar Family
Cite: http://www.celestialimage.com/steve%20lee%20sun.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Solar Sun Spots in action.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Solar flares are giant storms on the sun’s
surface that send huge streams of electrically
charged particles into the solar system.
Solar flares cause light shows in the sky called auroras.
A Solar Family
Click to see a picture of auroras.
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Cite: http://www.spacescience.com/headlines/images/perseids2000a/hershman1.jpg
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Color affects the absorption of radiant energy. Radiant energy is energy due to radiation. Any object that has a temperature is emitting radiant energy. You can use the results of the following lab to better dress for the seasons.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
1. What is the difference between revolution and orbit?
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Revolution is the motion of one body around another, while an orbit is the path of an object as
the object revolves around another object.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
2. Identify the characteristics of the sun.
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Answer vary: The sun is a star that gets it energy from nuclear fusion.
It is the center of the solar system.
A Solar Family
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Name the nine planets.
What Do You Think?
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
In 1610, Galileo
Galilei realized that
planets are not just
points of light – they
are spherical bodies
like the Earth.
The Nine Planets
Cite: http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~idh/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The solar system is divided into two main parts:
Inner planets and the outer planets.
Cite: http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/KeplersLaws/images/planets.jpg:
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The inner planets are called terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky like the Earth .
The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
The Nine Planets
Cite: http://www.manatee.k12.fl.us/sites/elementary/palmasola/inner2.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Nine Planets
The outer planets, except Pluto, are much larger and are made mostly of gasses thus are called Gas Giants.
The gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Cite: http://www.motivate.maths.org/conferences/conf42/Talk_images/outer_planets_small_2.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Some planets rotate clockwise (retrograde rotation) while others rotate counterclockwise (prograde rotation).
The planets that have a retrograde rotation are Venus, Uranus, and Pluto.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Can you think of a way to remember the order of the
planets? (mnemonic)
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mercury is the closest planet
to the sun.
A day = 59 Earth days
(because of slow rotation)
A year = 88 Earth days
Mercury has the biggest range in surface
temperatures.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Venus is more like Earth
than any other planet.
One way it differs,
however, is that Venus
has a retrograde
rotation.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The only planet that is known to support life is Earth.
Earth is warm enough to keep water from freezing and cool enough to keep it from boiling.
Liquid water is a vital resource for life on Earth.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Cite: http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/earth/images/earth_full_hires%20copy.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun. There is strong evidence that water once existed here.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mars has the
largest mountain in the solar system. The name of the mountain is Olympus Mons and it is an extinct shield volcano.
The Nine Planets
Citehttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/olympus_mons.jpg:
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mar's surfacePicture taken by the Viking lander
Cite: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/vikinglander2-2.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Nine Planets
Jupiter is the largest gas giant.Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it receives from the sun.
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Saturn is the second largest planet.
Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Saturn has the largest rings, which are made of icy particles.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Nine Planets
Uranus is a small giant. It may have been tipped over on its side when it was hit by a massive object.It has a blue-green color due to methane.
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Neptune has a great dark spot. It’s atmosphere contains belts of visible clouds.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Pluto is the farthest planet from the sun.
It is covered by frozen nitrogen and
it’s moon is more than half its size.
The Nine Planets
Cite: http://www.xtec.es/centres/b7001413/imatges/pluto.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Determine your weight on each planet. Remember your weight is determined by the planet’s gravitational pull.
What is my weight on another planet?
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Select a planet of your choice and create a power point about your planet.
The Nine Planets
Activity
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Examine the planetary distance of each planet from the sun and create a scale model of each planet’s distance from the sun.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
1. How are the gas giants different from the terrestrial planets?
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Gas Giants are much larger and more massive, they occupy the outer solar system, and they are much more widely spaced than
the terrestrial planets.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
2. Explain what is so unusual about Uranus’s axis of rotation.
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Uranus’s axis of rotation is tilted so that each pole points toward the sun for part of Uranus’s year.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
3. What conclusion can you draw about a planet’s properties just by
knowing how far it is from the sun?
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Planets farther from the sun tend to have lower surface temperatures; they are space farther apart; their
period of revolution is much longer; they are most likely larger
and have more moons.
The Nine Planets
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
What are some other objects out in space besides planets?
What Do You Think?
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Our moon’s name is Luna. It is about4.6 billion years old and has numerous impact craters.The dark areas or lava plains on the moon are called marias.
Cite:http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around a larger body.
Moons are natural bodies that revolve around a larger body.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Asteroids are small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun = stony or metallicMany are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Cite: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/asteroids-label.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Ceres is the largest known asteroid.
Moons and Other Bodies
Cites: http://www.maiaw.com/dimetra/Dabout/Ceres.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Meteoroids are like asteroids but smaller.
Meteorites are meteoroids that hit the ground.
Meteors are the bright streaks of light in the sky.
Moons and Other Bodies
Cite: http://www.lvaas.org/gallery/2001/bus-trip/willamette-meteorite.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Stony made of rock material.
Metallic made of iron and nickel.
Stony-iron made of rocky material
iron and nickel.
Open you textbook to page 561 to look
some pictures of these types of meteorites.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Comets are small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust.
They are also known as “snowy dirtball”.
Cite:http://www.mpe.mpg.de/Pictures/x-comets.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
– Nucleus is the solid center.
– Ion tail is made of electrically charged particles.
– Dust tail is dust debris due to the sun’s radiation.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Comets orbit is elongated.
The tail always blows away from the sun due to solar winds.
Cite: http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/ion/past/90s/thumbs/t-borrelly.jpg
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Animation of a CometMoons and Other Bodies
Cite: http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/comet_diagram.gif
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Let’s look at some photos of comets : icy bodies that orbit the sun.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
What makes a story science fiction? List the characteristics of a science fiction story.
Read the story The Mad Moon from Holt Anthology. Does this story have any of the characteristic that you listed before you read the story that makes it science fiction? If so, what are they?
Pre-AP Extension
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
1. When a comet approaches the sun, why does its tail move away
from the sun?
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The solar winds blow the tail away from the sun.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
2. Identify and describe how the solar system is combination of
two or more systems.
Let’s Review
Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The solar system is a large system that is made up of smaller systems, such as Jupiter’s
system.
Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Why can’t a commercial airplane be used for space exploration?
What Do You Think?
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rocket Science
A rocket is a vehicle or device that contains all the substances needed to burn fuel, and uses escaping gas from the burning of fuel to move.
Cite: http://www.colman-egan.k12.sd.us/school/clipart/animation%20by%20students%202000/rocket.gif
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (kahn stan teen tsee uhl hahv skee) believed that rockets were the key to space exploration. He is known as the “Father of Rocket Theory”
Rocket Science
Cite:http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/Tsiolkovsky.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Robert Goddard is considered the “Father of modern rocketry”.
He tested numerous rockets between 1915 and 1930.
Rocket Science
Cite: http://cyberquebec.ca/spoutnik/goddard.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
History: During WWII Germany made V-2 rocket to use as a bomb. Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket but he wasn’t happy that it was used as bomb.
At the end of WWII, Wernher von Braun and his team surrendered to the USA.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
V-2 Rocket
Rocket Science
Cite: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/V-2.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
At the end of WWII, the cold war (arms race) began with the Soviet Union.
NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration formed as a result to the alarm Americans felt over Soviet advances in space.
Rocket Science
Cite: http://cgi.cnn.com/TECH/space/9901/04/space.trio/story.nasa.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Saturn V
Rocket Science
Cite: http://www.wilhelm-aerospace.org/Photos/spring-break-03/saturn-v-composite.jpg
Click for information on the Saturn V.
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Saturn V, developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun, was the largest in a family of liquid-propellant rockets that solved the problem of getting to the Moon. In all, 32 Saturns were launched; not one failed.The Saturn V was flight-tested twice without a crew. The first manned Saturn V sent the Apollo 8 astronauts into orbit around the Moon in December 1968. After two more missions to test the lunar landing vehicle, in July 1969 a Saturn V launched the crew of Apollo 11 to the first manned landing on the Moon.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
How does a rocket work? Rockets use Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Turn to page 574 in your textbook to read about how rockets work.
Cite: http://www.astro.psu.edu/xray/rockets/launch_animation.gif
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rockets must reach orbital velocity in order to orbit the Earth. The lowest speed is 8km/s. Speeds less then this are suborbital.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Escape velocity is the speed and direction a rocket must move in order to completely break away from the planet’s gravitational pull. This speed is 11km/s.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Suborbital less than 8km/s.
Orbital Velocityabout 8km/s.
Escape Velocity is about 11km.s.
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rockets need more than just fuel to propel them into space. They also need oxygen.
Rockets that go into space must carry oxygen with them to burn their fuel.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Click on the following website to see how the space shuttle engines work or the solid booster rockets work.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/missions/index-how-it-works.html
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Make your own rocket using effervescent tablets, Fiji film canisters, water, constructions paper and tape.
Your teacher will place the tablet and water in the Fiji canister for you.
Rocket Science
Activity
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
1. How does a rocket engine work?
Let’s Review
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rocket engines use the pressure of expanding gas to generate thrust.
Newton’s third law of motion explains why rockets move in a
direction opposite to the direction of the escaping gas.
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
2. What force must be overcome to reach outer space?
Let’s Review
Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Gravity
Rocket Science
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Living and Working in Space
Cite: http://www.harcourtschool.com/explorations/activity/space_station/images/iss_living_in_space.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
How can we live in space?
What Do You Think?
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Yuri Gagarin first Soviet cosmonaut to orbit the Earth on April 12,1961.
Allan Shepard first American in space on May 5, 1961.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
John F. Kennedy’s Speech to send Americans into space.
Living and Working in Space
Because the Soviets were first in space, they appeared to be winning the Cold War. President John F. Kennedy made a speech on May 25, 1961 that challenged Americans to go to the moon.
http://www1.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech.html
Click on the following website to read part of Kennedy’s speech:
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Living and Working in Space
The Apollo missions were set into motion to get America to the moon.Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon.
Cite: http://www.neatherd.org/astronomy/Apollo%2011%20Moon%20Orbit.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Kennedy’s challenge was met on July 20, 1969. The Apollo 11 landing module landed on the moon. “The Eagle has landed”.
Living and Working in Space
Cite: http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/story.kennedy.moon.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Living and Working in Space
The space shuttle is a reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane.First launched in April 12, 1981.Tragedy struck twice- January 28, 1986 and February 1, 2003.
Cite: http://content.honeywell.com/dses/assets/product_images/space_shuttle_launch.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
On April 19, 1971 Soviets became the first to place a manned space station in space.
A space station is a long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or research carried out.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Skylab was America’s first space station. Skylab began to decay in 1979 and fell to the Earth.
In 1986, Soviets began building the Mir which many countries visited.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Living and Working in Space
March 20, 2001 end of Mir.1979 end of Skylab.
Cite: http://www.cosmoworld.ru/mirstation/photos/Mir-v-81.jpgCite: http://www.nationmaster.com/images/enc/S/Skylab.jpg
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
In 1993, Russia , the U.S. and many other countries began building the ISS or the International Space Station.
The purpose of the ISS is to conduct experiments, test new technology and promote cooperation.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Cite:http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/iss/images/iss-gal08.jpg
Living and Working in Space
ISS
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Click on the following website to get updated information on the International Space Station.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
How can you build a piece of equipment that models how astronauts work in space?
Pre-AP Extension
See speak notes for lab.
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
1. How was the race to explore our solar system influenced by the
Cold War?
Let’s Review
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The Cold War tensions greatly accelerated the space programs
of the United States and the Soviet Union.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
2. How did the missions to the moon benefit space science?
Let’s Review
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The missions to the moon helped us understand the geology of the
moon and measure the solar wind.
Living and Working in Space
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
3. How will space stations help in the exploration of space?
Let’s Review
Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space stations will serve as refueling, construction, and
research stations.
Living and Working in Space