Standard: SPS5a - Molecular Motion

EQ: How is molecular motion is based on temperature?

Activator: : Kinetic theory and the states of matter

Summarizer: The 5 states of matter graphic organizer

HW: Density calculations

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Kinetic Theory Lecture/discussion/notesItem 1

Homework

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Introduction to Density

Standards: SPS5a States of matter, SPS2a - Density

EQ EQ: Why do some objects sink while others float in water?

EQ: How is molecular motion is based on temperature?

Activator: Interpolation and Extrapolation

Summarizer: Complete Dry Ice lab Questions

HW: Complete Q 5 - 11of Graphing Relationships.

Complete Density Lab Questions.

Activator

Density LabItem 1

Homework

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Dry Ice Lab

Measurement Lab Table Test-tube # Color Amount ( ml)

1

2

3

4

5

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Standards: SPS2a DensityEQ: Why do some objects sink while others float in water?

Activator: Density Enrichment

Data Collection for Graphing Relationships

HW: Density calculations

Activator

Introduction to DensityItem 1

Homework

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Density calculations

• Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space

• The word “kinetic” means movement• Three main parts of the kinetic Theory

theory:1. All matter is made of tiny particles

2. These particles are in constant motion

3. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower.

Kinetic Energy and Temperature

• The state of matter is determined by how fast particles move and how often they bump into each other…..

that is…..how much Kinetic energy they have.

• The higher the temperature more kinetic energy the have and the faster the particles move.

Phase change names

EXOTHERMICEXO – out like “exit” • Give off ( lose

energy)• Particles slow down• Decrease in

temperature of substance

ENDO- in like “entrance”

• Take in ( gain Energy)

• Particles speed up• Increase in

Temperature of substance

ENDOTHERMIC

Exothermic and Endothermic

We all know about:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

Plasma

Bose-EinsteinCondensate

Two states of matter you did not know much about

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

4. Neon lights

5. Stars

Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.

Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

6

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

So now we know all about four states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized

gases)

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to

100 nano degrees above

“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

What is absolute zero?

In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose got together to compare bad grey hairstyles... Who won???

Einstein Bose

+

Neither man won but they predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very, very low temperatures

Einstein Bose

+

And named it after the Great men who had theorized about it:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

In 1995, an MIT scientist Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.

Ketterle and his students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as

individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell

them apart!

Some computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

To really understand Bose-Einstein

condensate you need to know

Quantum Physics

Summary…

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE

Phase Changes and Energy Transfer

• Phase change is a physical change.• Molecules and atoms don’t change• The mass doesn’t change but the

volume does change• The particle motion changes

5 States of Matter

Particles are spread out

Particles move all over the place

Particles can flow

Take the volume of whatever container they are in.

Have lots of kinetic energy

Particles are superheated to the point where they become equal amounts of positively and negatively charged particles.

SOLID

Particles are tightly packedParticles vibrate in place ( Definite Shape) Particles can not flowConstant volumeHave very low kinetic energy

Bose-Einstein

Condensate

Particles are able to slide past each otherParticles can flowConstant volumeHave a medium kinetic energy level

Atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart! Almost no kinetic energy

LIQUID

GAS

PLASMA

Lower Temperature

Higher Temperature

Mass, Volume, & Density

MassMeasurement of the amount of matter(or stuff) in an object– Measured in grams (g)

VolumeMeasurement of the amount of space an object takes up

Measured in milliliters (ml) or cm3

Which do you think would have the greater volume and he

greater mass?

1 kg of feathers 1 kg of rocks

Which one is more dense?

Demonstration: People in a square

How about this: Which square is more dense?

Which one is more dense?

Now which one is more dense?

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is a measure of how tightly packed and how heavy the molecules are in an object. Density is the amount of matter (mass) within a certain volume.

Density

Density = Mass g Volume cm³

Units for density - g/cm3 or g/ml

Formula: M = mass V= volume D = density

M = D x V V = M / D D = M / V

Quick Practice

1 Frank has a paper clip. It has a mass of 9g and a volume of 3cm3. What is its density?

2. Frank also has an eraser. It has a mass of 3g, and a volume of 1cm3. What is its density?

3. Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 6g and a volume of 3cm3. What is the density of the rock?

4. Jill has a gel pen. The gel pen has a mass of 8g and a volume of 2cm3. What is the density of the rock?

Behavior of Gases

Particle Collisions and Pressure• We know from kinetic

theory that Gas particles are constantly moving and colliding with anything in their path.

• The collisions of these particles cause pressure.

• Pressure is the amount of force per unit of area.

• P = F/A. • The SI unit of pressure is

Pascal (Pa).

Boyle's Law• According to Boyle's law, if you

decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure of the gas will increase.

• An increase in the volume of the container causes the pressure to drop, while temperature remains constant.

• Boyle’s law is written as P1V1 =P2V2

Graph of Boyle’s Law

• Volume vs. Pressure for a Fixed Amount of Gas at Constant Temperature

Charles' Law• According to Charles's

Law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature long as pressure does not change.

• The volume of a gas shrinks with decreasing temperature.

• Charles’ Law can be written as V1/T1 = V2/T2

60ºC

30ºC

Graph of Charles’ Law• Temperature v. Volume for a Fixed Amount of Gas at Constant

Pressure

Temperature K

Volume m3