State-building: Iran and Turkey

Attaturk and Reza Shah

From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey

• How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire?

• Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance?

• What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?

• How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s?

• How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?

The Ottoman Empire Dismembered

War of Independence

• Resistance groups • Grand National

Assembly, 1920• National Pact• Obstacles facing

nationalists

Above: meeting in Sivas, 1919Left: assembly in 1920

(In the meantime) On the international front

• Russians• French• Greeks• Armistice of Mudanya

(1922)• Lausanne Conference

(1922) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Istanbul

The New Republic under Atatürk (1923-1938)

• Turkey declared a Republic and Mustafa Kemal its president (Oct. 1923) → later known as Atatürk, “father of the Turks”

• Capital moved to Ankara

• Republican People’s Party (RPP)

The New Republic Under Atatürk

• Politics• The Constitution • Religion

• Who was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk?

Kemalism: Six Principles

• Reformism• Republicanism• Secularism• Nationalism• Populism• Etatism

What’s in a Hat?

WOMEN

• Polygamy forbidden• More grounds to seek divorce

(for women)• Women could marry non-

Muslim men• Universal education• Right to vote in 1934• Encouraged to enter

professions • Campaign against the veil• Miss Europe 1932

Halide Edib, prominent Turkishnationalist

Iran under Muhammad Reza Shah (1920-1941)

• Iran and effects of World War I

• Iran’s special problems

Coming to power of Reza Khan (later Shah)

• 1919 Anglo-Persian Treaty

• Reza Khan, the Cossack, “the man on horseback”

• Normalized relations with Russia

• His program

His rule: social and economic change

• Millspaugh, 1922• Army • 1925: establishment of Pahlavi

dynasty• Modernization and reform from

above • Westernization• Persia ► Iran, 1935• Social change• OIL

Assessment

• What kind of support did he have and why?

• What kind of modernization and what kinds of effects on Iranian society?

• How did this “new” Iran relate to the West?

From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey (back to our questions)

• How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire?

• Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance?

• What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?

Assessment

• How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s?

• How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?