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Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
CHP – one Possibility to reduce CO2
Karsten Brinkmann
Promotion for CHP Berlin 2008
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
CO
2 in
Mio
t/y
CO2 CO2 + CO2 equiv
Germany – CO2 Reduction Targets
German targets:Reduction based on 1990 values
40%
(if EU promises total 30%)
730 Mio t/y
2020
20%
Following the Kyoto protocol and as a driver in EU German politics defined ambitious CO2 reduction targets
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Germany – Reduction Subsectors 2020
Total Savings 270 Mio t CO2/year
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ewab
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gS
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icie
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ow
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ub
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Ren
ewab
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Hea
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t C
O2 /
year
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Efficiency Advantage of CHP
20-35 % Primary Energy Consumption Reduction + Emission Reduction (depending on fuel)
Conventional Generation
Powerplant
BoilerFuel56(51)
Losses 11(6)
80%(90)
31%(40)Fuel97(75)
Heat 45 units
Combined Heat&Power
Heat45
CHP
Power 30 units
Losses 25
Losses 67(45)
Total Fuel100 unit75%
Total Fuel153 (126) units
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Carnot’s Law
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01002003004005006007008009001000
Temperature of Useful Heat [°C]
Req
uir
ed
Fu
el
En
erg
y /
Usefu
el
Heat
[kW
h/k
Wh
]
Carnot Law
CHP effect
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers CHPs are not all alike
Type: Private5 kW (electricity)
12 kW (heat)
Household CHP
Type: Industrial CHP20.000 kW (electricity)
20.000 kW (heat)
Location: Bauernfeind
Type: Utility CHP3.000.000 kW (electricity)
1.000.000 kW (heat)
Location: Scholven
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
Steam turbine Gas turbine
Engines
- With heat recovery
- Piston steam engine
- Extraction condensing
- Back pressure
- Micro turbinesSteam gas cycle
-Stirling engine
- Steam screw engine
innovative
- STIG
Organic Rankine Cycle
- Extraction condensing
- Back pressure
Types of CHP processes
- Diesel and Gas engine
Fuel Cells
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Characteristics of Different CHP technologies
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
MicroTurbines
Fuel Cells
Rich Burn Engines
Lean Burn Engines
Gas Turbines
Applicable Size Range, kWe
Strong Market Position
Market Position
Emerging Position
Steam Turbines
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Criteria for Choice and Design
Usual for CHP and non-CHP:
• Output
• Fuel: availibility, price, safety • Efficiency (load behaviour)
Additionally for CHP:• Power/Heat ratio (load behaviour)
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers CHP-Technologies: Suitable Fuels
So
lid
bio
mas
s
ExperiencedPossibleImpossible
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Residential
Commercial
Industrial
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xN
atu
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Gas
Lig
ht
oil
Hea
vy f
uel
oil
Co
al
Bio
ga
s
So
lid
was
te
< 0,015
0,015 – 0.100
0,1 - 1
1- 5
1- 5
5 – 50
> 50
Plant size (MW)
x
x
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Example CHP with Steam Turbines
Fuels
coal, oil, municipal waste, biomass, in principle almost every fuel can be applied
Advantages
largest capacities
wide fuel range – low fuel costs
mature technology
Disadvantages
limited electrical efficiency
expensive in operation in small scale
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
Fuels
liquid and gaseous fuels (oil, natural or synthesis gas)
Advantages
low investment costs
mature technology (> 1 MWel)
Disadvantages
constant power to heat ratio
partload behaviour
Example CHP with Gas Turbines
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Example CHP with Diesel- and Gas Engines
Fuels gas, biogas, oil, methanol
Advantages
mature technology
easy handling
two heat sources
Disadvantages
limited temperature
higher investment
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
Significant energy consuming industries are e.g. :
• Sugar• Pulp&Paper• Food• Fertilizers• Petrochemicals
Energy Consuming Industries
Food
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Temperature
equ
ival
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el c
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pti
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Chemical
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ival
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pti
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Wh
Chemical
PetrochemicalsFood
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
Distilleries20%
Rice mills7%
Fertilizer6%
Paper & pulp6%
Sugar35%
Diverse13%
Petrochemical3%
Brew eries2%Iron & steel
2%
Caustic soda3%
Cotton textile3%
Sugar Distilleries Rice mills Fertilizer Paper & pulp Cotton textile
Caustic soda Petrochemical Iron & steel Brew eries Diverse
CHP - Potentials in Indian Industry
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Decentralisation Production Structure
Extremely decentralised CHP (example Denmark)
1984 2004
Distance of Heat transport limited to some km.
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
.
CHP Fuel structure – Example Netherlands
20%
5%
13%62%
Gas engine Steam turbine
Gas Turbine CCP
Distribution of installed capacity 2006
48%
6%27%
12% 7%
Industry Refineries DH
Horticulture Other
Distribution of Users 2006
CCP GT
GE
ST Industry
DH
Horti
Refineries
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers Germany – Funding in Energy Sector
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
200
19
65
Do
mes
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9,9
2009
C
HP
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CH
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uel
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Tec
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O
il &
Gas
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Additional to the shown: European & regional programs
bn
US
$
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&D
, N
ucl
ear
Dem
o p
lan
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1991
RE
Fee
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HP
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1991
reh
abil
itat
ion
Eas
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2,7
197
8 D
H
24 bn US$
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
0
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15000
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25000
30000
Denmar
k
Nether
lands
Finlan
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Portu
gal
Spain
Germ
any
CH
P c
apac
ity
MW
el
2000
2020
0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000
100000
Denmar
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CH
P G
ener
atio
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Wh
el
2000
2020
ion
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Denmar
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Portu
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CH
P c
apac
ity
MW
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2000
2020
CHP Generation el
CHP Capacity el CHP Capacity el
with present policy
Assumed:• All benefits of CHP internalised into costs• Micro generation feasible• Fuel cells are a possibility• Politics focussed on decentralisation• Increased efficiencies
CHP – Scenarios Europe
Status:9.10.2008 Karsten BrinkmannPowerMex-CHP_CO2
bensheimengineers
Behind Renewables and maybe nuclear energy CHP will play the most important CO2 reduction role
CHP share will grow in all countries
Each country will have unique CHP solutions regarding domestic fuels, industry structure, climate
Large CHP will participate in development of large units where possible
Decentralisation will increase
Conclusions