©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Stepping  Stones:Ge#ng  to  enhancement  by  focusing  on  disease

Mikhail  G.  Shapiro,  PhDH+  Summit  2010

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Brain-­‐machine  interfacesBrain  reading  and  uploading

Enhanced  learningGreater  cogniEve  abiliEesGreater  sensory  powers

Need  for  mulEple  technology  breakthrougsHigh  performance  requirementsHigh  safety  requirementsLong  and  expensive  investment  proposiEon

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Brain-­‐machine  interfacesBrain  reading  and  uploading

Enhanced  learningGreater  cogniEve  abiliEesGreater  sensory  powers

Spinal  Cord  Injury

Epilepsy

Blindness

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Schizophrenia

Deafness

Depression

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Brain-­‐machine  interfaces

Spinal  Cord  Injury

ALS

Locked  in  syndrome

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro John  Donoghue  et  al,  Brown  University

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

‘mouse’

array

Serruya  et  al,  Nature  (2001)

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Hockberg  et  al,  Nature  (2006)

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Very  late-­‐stage  ALS,  Locked-­‐in

Hundreds  to  few  thousand

ALS,  High  QuadTens  of  thousands

Low  quad,  Paraplegia,  Amputees

Hundreds  of  thousands

Healthy  people

EEG NIRS

Reliability

2D  cursor  &  click

Una\ended  operaEon

EMG TAP Voice EMG

Tongue,  sip&puff,  etc.

Speed,  Low  effort

Wheelchair  control  

Basic  limb  control

MulE-­‐dimensional  device  control

Natural  feeling

Invisible  electronics

Fine  limb  control  (eg  digits)

JoysMckEMG,  PNS

Super-­‐enablement

Must  D

eliver

Compe

Mng  Techno

logies

Market

millions

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Brain  Reading  and  Uploading

Rare  GeneEc  Diseases

Epilepsy

Parkinson’s

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

[ ]

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

InspiraEon:  Hemoglobin  in  fMRI

Heeger,  Ress.  Nat.  Rev.  Neurosci  (2002)

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

LigandHOH

Fe3+

Dopamine

HOH

Fe3+

Shapiro  MG  et  al.,  Nature  Biotechnology  (2010)Alan  Jasanoff,  Frances  Arnold,  Robert  Langer,  Gil  Westmeyer

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Car$er  N  et  al.,  Science  (2009)

Adrenoleukodystrophy

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Rare  GeneEc  Diseases

Parkinson’s

Schizophrenia

Epilepsy

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Enhanced  learning

Alzheimer’s

Learning  disability

Stroke

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Williams  and  Eskandar.,  Nature  Neuroscience  (2006)

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Greater  sensory  powers

Blindness

Deafness

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Blindness Deafness

Boyden  ES,  et  al.  Nature  Neuroscience  (2005) Bi  et  al.  Neuron  (2005)

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Success  factors  for  commercial  clinical  venture  

•  Addresses  a  disease  not  well  served  by  exisEng  technology

•  High-­‐quality  science  demonstraEng  key  scienEfic  principles

•  Technology  is  a  good  fit  for  the  problem  at  hand

•  Big  clinical  market  either  iniEally  or  clear  path  to  one

•  Ability  to  get  to  clinical  trials  within  1-­‐2  years,  market  3-­‐5  years

•  The  usual:  best  people,  strong  backing,  great  management

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Brain-­‐machine  interfacesBrain  reading  and  uploading

Enhanced  learningGreater  cogniEve  abiliEesGreater  sensory  powers

Spinal  Cord  Injury

Epilepsy

Blindness

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Schizophrenia

Deafness

Depression

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

Thank  You

mikhail@thirdrockventures.com