Striving for Independence

Africa, India and Latin America

Traditional West Africa• West Africa (Ghana, Songhai & Mali)

– Camel facilitated travel & trade– Trade facilitated spread of Islam

• Slave Trade– 16th Century Europeans find this most

profitable

Traditional East AfricaTraditional East Africa•East Africa (Swahili States)

– Traded with Middle East & Asia

– Established by Muslim traders

Traditional North Africa

• North Africa (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli & Egypt)– Ottoman traders brought gold &

salt to the region – They returned metal-ware, cloth,

horses & glass

Colonization

• Age of Imperialism– Europeans want African

resources– Europeans want captive markets

for their manufactured goods

Berlin Conference

• Portugal wants a plan for African colonization– Otto Von Bismarck uses the opportunity

to expand German control in Africa

• Europe divided up the continent but kept the Congo River basin open to trade

Direct vs Indirect Rule

• Direct Rule:– Centralized administration stressed

assimilation• Make Africa “civilized” (European)• Divide & rule – weaken indigenous powers

• Indirect Rule:– used indigenous rulers to administer colonies

• maintained an inferior role • increased divisions between ethnic groups • gave power to certain "big men" who had never

had it before in pre-colonial history

IndependenceMovements

• Independence movements 1922-93• At least 20 new nations emerge

– Botswana, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

IndependenceMovements

• Independence primarily in 1960• At least 20 new nations

– Algeria, Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia

Independence

Movements

• Independence begins in 1943• Created 2 new countries• Eritrea and Libya

India, the land & people

• Majority were Hindu, except in the north where most were Muslim– Urbanization sparked by drought– Too many native languages – English

becomes language of business & government

British in India• British

colonization meant end of cotton & steel industries– British want raw

materials– India forced to buy

British productsBritish colonists in India

Gandhi, Nehru and the INC

• Mohandas K. Gandhi rose to prominence by advocating non-violent resistance to British rule

• Jawaharlal Nehru spoke out against British policies

• Indian National congress favored Nehru

Nehru - Gandhi

End of British Rule• After WWII British decide to free

India– Muhammad Ali Jinnah & Muslims want

Muslim state– Nehru & Indian National Congress

opposed this

• British break northwestern India off for Muslims - Pakistan

Mexico, the land & people

• Mexican society was divided into “haves” and “have nots”– Very tiny middle class with no political

power• Under Pres. Díaz infrastructure improves

– Wealthy prosper – adopt European cultures– Educated middle class see this as a sign of – Díaz’ failure to protect Mexico from foreign