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S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education
Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
12th Annual National Meeting on Alcohol, Other Drug, and Violence Prevention in Higher
Education
Washington, DCOctober 15, 1998
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
CSAP Discretionary Grant Funds and Illicit Drug Use
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Illicit Drug Use CSAP Funding
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S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Prevention Funding Is A Sound Investment
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% 1
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12th Graders Using Drugs Prevention AppropriationBudget: Drug Free Schools Program and Center for Substance Abuse PreventionSources: Monitoring the Future Study, 1995, NCADI
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)
Increases In Substance Abuse in Adolescents
(30-Day Use of Illicit Drugs) 27% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds 73% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds 32% Increase in Marijuana Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds 33% Increase in Cigarette Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds Highest Rates in New Cocaine Users in Youth Highest Incidence Rate in Heroin Use in Youth
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Perceived Risk and Past Month Use of Marijuana Among Youth
Age 12-17: 1985-1997
05
101520253035404550
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
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Per
cen
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f Y
ou
ths
PerceivedGreat Risk inUsingMarijuanaOnce a Month
UsedMarijuanaOnce a Month
Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Need for Prevention of Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse
in Colleges and Universities Drug Abuse Has Been Going Up in America’s Youth
for Past Seven Years National Household Survey Data for 1996-1997
Shows Very Large Increases Increased Drug and Alcohol Use in College-Age
Youth Binge Drinking Deaths on College Campuses Increased Crime and Violence, Date Rapes, and
Deaths
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
30-Day Prevalence: Alcohol and Other Drugs
College Students Using Drugs At Least Once Within 30 Days:
Alcohol 69.7% Tobacco 34.2% Marijuana 18.6% Other Drugs 3.1%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Consequences of Alcohol or Other Drug Use
College Students Experiencing Potential Consequences of Drug Use: Hangover 59.8% Nauseated or Vomited 49.0% Did Something Later Regretted 35.8% Drove Car While Under the Influence33.6% Missed a Class 30.1% Argument or Fight 29.4% Criticized by Someone Knew 28.2% Memory Loss 28.1%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Beliefs Regarding the Social and Sexual Effects of Alcohol College Students Believing Alcohol Affects
Social and Sexual Behavior: Breaks the Ice 68% Enhances Social Activity 66% Gives People Something to Do 62% Allows People to Have More Fun 53% Facilitates Male Bonding 50% Facilitates Sexual Opportunities 47%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Types of Violence Experienced by College Students and Relationship
of Substance Use and Violence% of College Students Experiencing Violent Acts
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
In General Under Influence of Alcohol or Other Drugs
Threats of Physical Violence
Ethnic Harassment
Actual Physical Violence
Forced Sexual Touching
Unwanted Sexual Intercourse
10% 51%
7% 13%
5% 64%
5% 71%
4% 79%
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Need Effective Prevention Approaches for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Colleges and
Universities Department of Education and FIPSE Were Pioneers in
Prevention of Substance Abuse in College-Aged Youth. Department of Education Began Most of the Substance
Abuse Prevention and Education Centers in Colleges and Universities With Seed Grant Funds to Hundreds of Institutions of Higher Learning.
Department of Education Still Has a Small Grantee Program in FY99.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
The Great Disconnect
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Building the Bridge
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
CSAP’s Vision for the Future
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
IIMethods Develop-
ment
IHypothesis Develop-
ment
IIIControlled
Intervention Trials
IVDefined
Population Studies (KDs)
VDemonstra-
tion and Imple-
mentation (KAs)
NIH: NIDA/NIAAA/NIMH CSAP/DoEd/OJJDP/CDC STATES
Research on Applications Applied Research Applications of Research
Sources: Jansen, Glynn & Howard, 1996; Greenwald and Cullen, 1995
Continuum of Substance Abuse Prevention Research
15
Basic Biomedical Research
Nationwide Prevention and Health Services Program (Block Grants)
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
611 9
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Location of the 251 Partnerships
SAMHSA-CSAPCommunity Partnership Program
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
1994-95 1996 Total
AdultsTenth gradersEighth graders
Total:
Annual Site Visits to 24 PartnershipsAnnual Site Visit Reports (N=24)Composite Reports (N=24)
14,807 12,092 26,899 12,842 13,042 25,884 14,151 16,539 30,690 41,800 41,673 83,473
A Rigorous National Evaluation
Age Groups Surveyed in the 24 Partnerships and 24 Comparison Communities
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
•
LESS LIKELIHOOD OFILLICIT DRUG USE
IN THE PAST MONTH
INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
12
Vote for Issue B
639
12
Red Ribbon
Days
•SAMHSA-CSAP
COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP
NEIGHBORHOOD PERCEIVED SAFE FROM DRUGS
DISAPPROVAL OF DRUGS
Adults are Less Likely to Use Illicit Drugs When:
Living in partnership communities, Participating in drug prevention activities, Living in neighborhoods safe from drugs, and Disapproving of drug use.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Strong Core of Partners
Inclusive and Broad-based Membership
Reasonable Staff TurnoverAvoidance or Resolution
of Severe Conflict
High Number of Prevention Contact Hours
Decentralized UnitsShared Vision
Comprehensive Vision
Outcome Evaluation Results:Characteristics of Successful
Partnerships
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Ad
just
ed P
reva
len
ce R
ates
(%
)
Comparison CommunitiesPartnership Communities
Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders
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12
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6
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10
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0
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
0
20
22
24
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28
*one-tailed
30 Day Illicit Drug UseMALES
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Ad
just
ed P
reva
len
ce R
ates
(%
) Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders
Comparison CommunitiesPartnership Communities
28
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60
62
64
66
0t1 t2
44
46
48
0 p005*
t1 t2
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30
32
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*one-tailed
30 Day Alcohol UseMALES
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Ad
just
ed P
reva
len
ce R
ates
(%
) Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders
Comparison CommunitiesPartnership Communities
4
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1
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5
6
0
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18
20
0p026*
t1 t2
18
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30 Day Illicit Drug UseFEMALES
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Ad
just
ed P
reva
len
ce R
ates
(%
) Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders
Comparison CommunitiesPartnership Communities
0t1 t2
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42
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S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Best Practices in Higher Education Prevention
Broaden Approach to Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Beyond Traditional Programs Awareness Education Peer Education Curriculum Infusion
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs
Members: Presidents Deans Other College
Administrators Faculty Student Leaders AOD Prevention
Coordinators
Campuswide Task Force
Health Care Counseling Staff Police and Campus Security
Officials Athletics Staff Greek Officers Alumni Parents Representatives from the
CommunitySource: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs (continued)Campuswide Task Force Strategies
Environmental Strategies
•Admissions Procedures•Faculty Advisor Duties•Academic Requirements•Service Learning Programs•Class Scheduling•Residential Life Options•Extracurricular/ Recreational Options•Alcohol Availability•Responsible Beverage Service•Alcohol Industry Advertising/Sponsorship
•Student and Employee Assistance Programs•Counseling and Support Groups
•Targeted Policing Strategies•Disciplinary Procedures and Sanctions•Campus Judicial System
Educational Strategies
Early Intervention Strategies
Enforcement Strategies
•Awareness & Information Training•Curriculum Development and Infusion•Peer Education•Student Leadership Training
Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Campus and Community CoalitionMembers:
Effective Alcohol and Other Drug
Prevention Programs (continued)
College Officials and Community Representatives Such As Elected Officials and Other Government Officials
Alcohol and Other Leaders Parents Students Community Development
Officials Alcohol and Other Drug
Treatment Providers
Restaurant and Bar Owners Alcohol Beverage Control
Officials Law Enforcement Officials Deans Other College Administrators Faculty Student Leaders AOD Prevention Coordinators
Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs (continued)
Campus and Community Coalition Strategies
Environmental Strategies
•Community Business Development•Zoning Ordinances•Permit and Licensing Restrictions•Advertising Restrictions•Responsible Beverage Service
•Counseling and Support Groups
•“Sting” Operations•Sobriety Checkpoints•“Killer Bar” Patrols•ID Checks•Criminal Prosecution
Educational Strategies
Early Intervention Strategies
Enforcement Strategies
•Awareness & Information Campaigns•Media Advocacy•Social Marketing•Leadership Training
Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention ProgramsAdolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids: The ATLAS Program (Goldberg, 1996)
Intervention: Male High School Athletes Reduce Risk Factors for Use of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs Healthy Sports Nutrition and Strength-training Alternatives
Outcomes: Increase Understanding of Effects of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs Increase Perception of Risk with Drug Use Increase Positive Drug Use Norms Increase Drug Refusal Skills Increase Confidence in Personal Ability to Build Muscle and Strength Without Steroids Increase Self-esteem Decrease Desire to Use Anabolic Steroids
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued)
Oregon State University and Midwestern University Drug Education and Prevention Program (DEPP) (Tricker et al., 1996)
Intervention: Life Skills Program for College Athletes
Outcomes: Increased Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Drugs and Perceptions of Effectiveness of Drug Education for College Athletes
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued)
New Jersey Collegiate Substance Abuse Program (Bennett et al., 1996)
Intervention: Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for College Students (Residential, Partial-residential, and Intensive Outpatient Care) and Peer Network
Outcomes: 74.5 Percent of Participants Who Completed Program Were Abstinent at the 6-Month Assessment
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and
Other Drug Problems
California State Polytechnic University Social Marketing Approach Increased Campus
Norms to Healthy Behaviors Regarding Alcohol and Other Drug Use
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
Mandatory Counseling for College Athletes and Members of Fraternities and Sororities
Prohibition of Kegs in Dormitories Banned Open Containers of Alcoholic Beverages on
Campus Property Banned Alcohol Advertising at Sporting Events Policing of Public Drinking Before Football Games for
Ticket-holders (Including Alumni) Source: Naughton, 1996
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)Brown University Task Force
Party Organizers Verify Identification, Hold ID of Non-Brown Partygoers
Five Students from Sponsoring Organization Must Remain Sober
Bar Closes 10 Minutes Every Hour Close Overcrowded Parties
Campus Parties May Not Be Advertised Off CampusSource: Berne, 1997
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)
University of Vermont Create a New Normative Environment by Focusing on
Student Volunteerism and Environmental Activism Including Informing Prospective Students, Parents and Alumni
Address Harmful Effects of Binge Drinking
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Evaluation Issues of Measurement
1.Staffing: Get University Researchers Involved
2.Selection of Measures Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
3.Data Collection Issues Mail Out (Low Return Rate 20-40%) Classroom (High 90-99% Return Rate) Telephone Interviews Face to Face Interviews Combination
36
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Evaluation Issues of Measurement (continued)
4.Design Issues: Control or Comparison Groups Internal Statistical Designs
5.Data Analysis Suggestions Needs Assessments Internal Modeling Approaches
6.Publish Data on Outcomes and Process of Implementation
7.Calculate Cost-Benefit Data
8.Change Policies