Lichens on rocksLichens on rocks

Crustose lichens on rockCrustose lichens on rock

Lake in early succession Lake in early succession

Secondary successionSecondary succession

Annual weeds and grassesAnnual weeds and grasses

Secondary succession after Secondary succession after firefire

Fire damage Fire damage on Giant on Giant SequoiaSequoia

Fire maintained ecosystemFire maintained ecosystem

Brush fire in Pine BarrensBrush fire in Pine BarrensPine Barrens SocietyPine Barrens Society

New shoots of scrub oak after New shoots of scrub oak after firefire

The Pine Barrens SocietyThe Pine Barrens Society

Epiphyte on trees Epiphyte on trees (bromeliad)(bromeliad)

Mangrove swampMangrove swamp

Keystone speciesKeystone species

Island Island BiogeographBiogeograph

yyMcArthur McArthur

and Wilsonand Wilson

Species on Species on islands closer islands closer to mainlandto mainland

Species on Species on island farther island farther

from from mainlandmainland