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WILLSANDSUCCESSION
MIDTERMSREVIEWER
June27,2009
1. Whatissuccession?
Article774,
It isamodeofacquisitionbyvirtueofwhichtheproperty,rightsandobligationstotheextentofthe
valueoftheinheritance,ofapersonaretransmittedthroughhisdeathtoanotherorotherseitherbyhis
willorbyoperationoflaw.
ImportantElementsoftheDefinition:
(a)modeofacquisition(orownership)
(b)transferofproperty,rightsandobligationstotheextentofthevalueoftheinheritance,ofa
person(called
grantor
or
transferor,
decedent,
testator,
or
intestate)
(c)transmissionthrudeath(notduringlife)
(d)transmissiontoanother(calledgrantee,ortransferee,heir,legatee,ordevisee)
(e)bywillofbyoperationoflaw(testamentaryoflegalsuccession)
2. Ifapersondies leavingmanyunpaiddebsbutthesonisamillionairecanthesonbeliabletothedebtsof
thefatherwhodied?
NO
3. Supposingtheassetsofthedecedentwereexhaustedandtherearestillunpaiddebts,canthesonbemade
liable?
NO
Thedebtsareonlychargeabletotheestateofthedecedent. Asearlyofarticle1311,evenifthesonisa
millionairethesonisnotobligatedtopaythedebts,thereisnolegalobligation.
4. Issuccessionsameasinheritance?
NO
The inheritance is the legal object of successionwhich consist of all the property, rights etc of the
decedent.
Successionisthelegalmodebywhichinheritanceistransmittedduetodeath.
5. Sowhatisincludedintheinheritance?
Allthepropertiesandrightsandobligationsofthedecedentincludingrightswhichmighthaveaccrued
afterdeath.
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6. Ifexample,afterhisdeath there isaccretion throughalluvium thearea increased,would the inheritance
includealltheareaoftheaccretion?
YES
Article777.
Rights
are
transmitted
from
the
moment
of
death
of
the
decedent.
Therefore,
from
the
momentofdeath,thepropertyalreadytransmittedtotheheirs.
Oneoftherightsofownership,youaretheownerofanyaccretion
7. Thereseemstobeaconflictintermsofunderlyingprinciples,eventheaccessionsofthepropertyoccurred
afterthedeathofthedecedenttheycanbemadeliabletopayforthedeathsofthedecedents.
8. Cantherebetestateorintestatesuccessionwithoutdeath?
YES. Itdealswithpresumptivedeath.
9. Whenis
aperson
considered
dead?
Actualdeath.
10.Mister x sufferedmassiveheartattack,examinedby twodoctorsandagreed thathe isdead.Theyeven
filledoutthedeathcertificate.Hisrelativestookhimhomeforfuneral,around11amhestoodupandask
foraglassofwater. Washedeadfrom7amto11amandwastheresuccessiononthatshorttime?
Inalegalpointofviewthereisnotemporarydeath.
Deathisthemostpermanentthingfromthepointofviewofthelaw,soduringthisperiodhewasnot
dead.Thisisbecausetheeffectofdeathisradical.
11.Canwe
agree
on
astandard
for
determining
whether
aperson
is
dead?
A person is dead if his vital functions, his essential organs and bodily functions have all ceased to
functionandthesameisirreversibleincharacter.(Walangheartbeat,etc.)
12. Itistruethatdeathtransferstherightstothesuccession,butonlyifthefollowingconditionsarepresent:
Note:AlsocalledastherequisitesforsuccessionMortisCausa
1)thatindeedtherehasbeenadeath(eitheractualorpresumed)
2)thattherightsorpropertiesareindeedtransmissibleordescendible
3)thatthetransfereeis:
a)stillalive(nopredecease)
b)willing
(no
repudiation)
c)iscapacitatedtoinherit
13.Death,forpurposesofsuccession,maybepresumedandthereforeopenshissuccession.
However, it isnecessary thathemusthavebeenabsent forat leastten (10)years, itbeingunknown
whetherornothestilllives.
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Exceptions:
First, if the absentee disappeared after the age of seventy five (75), in which case anabsenceoffive(5)yearsshallbesufficientinorderthathissuccessionmaybeopened;
Second,iftheabsenteedisappearedunderanyoneofthethreecircumstancesunderArticle391oftheNCC,inwhichcaseanabsenceoffour(4)yearsshallbesufficient.
a)Apersononboardavessellostduringaseavoyage,oranaeroplanewhichismissing
b)Apersoninthearmedforceswhohastakenpartinwar
c)Apersonwhohasbeenindangerofdeathunderothercircumstances
Seepage11ofJuradosbook
14.AbsencemayeitherbeOrdinaryabsenceorExtraordinaryabsence.
Inordinaryabsencethewaitingperiodis10yearsandincasethepersonismorethan75years,5years
becausethelawisbasedonprobabilities,theprobabilityishighthatifapersonismorethan75hewill
die.
Ifthere
is
ahigh
risk
of
danger
or
probability
of
death
it
is
extraordinary
absence.
15.Whenisdeathdeemedtohaveoccurredinthecaseofextraordinaryabsence?
Itisataboutthetimewhenhedisappearedandnotattheendoffour(4)years.
Inotherwords, at the endof four (4) years, thepresumptionwill arise thatdeathoccurred4 years
before(Paras,page18).
A person boarded an airplane on 2001 andwentmissing thereafter. As of 2004 therewould be a
presumptionofdeath,thenextlogicalquestioniswhenishehavedeemedtohavedied?
Itisatthetimeofthedisappearance,becauseitisforallprobabilityitcrashedatthereforefrom
ordinaryhumanexperience thepersonactuallydied in2001,becauseof theveryhigh riskof
death,but
even
then
we
still
have
to
wait
for
4years
for
the
presumption
to
arise.
16.Howaboutinordinaryabsence?
Itisdeemedthatdeathoccurredattheendofthewaitingperiod.
17. Isthehumanbodypartoftheinheritance?Cantheheirssellthebody?
Itisnotvalidbecauseitiscontrarytomoralityandpublicpolicybecausehisdignitymustbeprotected
evenafterdeath.(viewofDean)
18.Therightsofsuccessionaretransmittedfromthemomentofdeath,ifAdiedfromthisverymoment,there
wouldbe
transmission
of
successional
rights.
This
is
the
rule
in
the
case
of
Lorenzo
v.
Posadas
case
in
bookseepage9ofJurado.
19.LORENZOvs.POSADAS(Jurado,page9)
Successionalrightsaretransmittedfromthemomentofdeath
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Seepage24ofjuradounderarticle660oftheSpanishcodeinfootnote76. Itdependsonthemanner
inwhichthetestatorbequeathsyoupartof
27. Itis
important
to
remember
the
distinction
between
heirs
and
legatee
or
devisee
because
under
some
provisionofsuccessiontheyaretreateddifferently.
Importanceofdistinction:(Jurado,page28)
1) Incaseofpreteritionorpretermission in the testatorswillofone,some,orallof thecompulsory
heirsinthedirectline.
2)Incaseofimperfectirdefectivedisinheritance
3)Incasepropertiesareacquiredbythetestatoraftertheexecutionofthewill.
Withregardstoafteracquiredproperties,itisbettertobeanheir.
28.ThemostimportantprovisionwherethelawtreatsthemdifferentlyisArticle854.
Underthis
article
the
omission
of
one
some
or
all
of
compulsory
heirs
whether
living
at
the
time
of.
deathshallannultheinstitutionofheir;but legaciesanddevisesarerespectedinsofarastheyarenot
inofficious.
29.XhasalegitimatechildS,dieswithawill,provisionnumber1provides,IgiveP10KtoF,therestIgiveto
myfriendG. ThetotalestateisP100K.
Under854,Sispreterited.
ButthelegacyofP10KtoFisvalidbeingnotinofficious.
30.CorrelateArticle
781
with
Article
793.
31.Thecaseofafteracquiredproperties,whatarethese?
Thesearethepropertiesacquiredafterthewillwasexecuted.
32.IgiveMs.Papioallofmycars. Whenthewillisexecutedtherewasonlyonecar. Whentestatordiedhe
had1000cars. HowmanycarscanMs.Papioget?
ApplytheGeneralrule.
What are given by thewill are only those properties already possessed and owned by the
testatoratthetimethewillwasmade,notthoseacquiredafter.(Paras,page56)
Thereforeshe
is
only
entitled
to
the
cars
present
at
the
time
the
will
was
made.
33.Supposinghesaid,IgiveMs.PapioallmycarsandallImayacquire.
Exceptiontothegeneralrule.(Paras,page56)
Thereforesheisentitledtoallthecars.
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34. IgiveMs.Papiomyentireestateinthewillmadein1985. Hehad1carin1985,whenhidiedin2005hhas
35.Article793onlyappliestolegateesanddevisee.
36.WhatisaWill?
Article783. Awill isanactwherebyaperson ispermitted,with the formalitiesprescribedby law to
controltoacertaindegreethedispositionofhisestate,totakeeffectafterhisdeath
37.Whatarethecharacteristicsofawill? PIVSDMA
1)Itisa strictlypersonalact
2)Itisanindividualandunilateralact
3)Itisafreeandvoluntaryact
4)Itisaformalandsolemnact
5)It
is
adisposition
of
property
6)Itisanactmortiscause
7)Itisambulatoryandrevocableduringthetestatorslifetime
38.Article784
Themakingofawillisastrictlypersonalact
Inotherwords,youmustexecutethewillyourself
39.AwillisessentiallyREVOCABLE. Thetestatorisnotrequiredtostateanyreasonatall.
40.Article787Nondeterminationbythirdperson
Itisapersonalact. Itmustnotbeoperativeuponthediscretionof3rd
person
41. Thewillmuststatethespecificpropertyandamountdependinguponthecircumstance.
42.Article785Discretionofathirdperson
Thisprovisionreinforcestherulethatthemakingpowerofawillisstrictlypersonalact.
Ifforexample,thetestatorsays,IgivemylandtoXforaslongasmyfriendYallows,thiswouldbea
clearcaseofillegaldelegationoftestamentarypower.
43.Whenis
the
ambiguity
patent
and
when
is
it
latent?
Itispatentwhenitisclearuponfirstreadingthatthereisambiguity.
Thelatentambiguityofawilliswhenitisnotobviousuponfirstreadingthatthereisambiguity.
44.Thecardinalruleoftestamentaryconstructionistoascertaintheintentionofthetestatorandgiveiteffect
Testatorialintentionistheguideoftestamentaryconstruction(Article788794)
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Oralevidenceisnotaccepted.
45.A isgivingofhisentireestate tohiscousinnamed JoseSantos. Thereare4 JoseSantoswhoare first
cousins.This
is
acase
of
latent
ambiguity
because
upon
the
reading
of
the
will
it
seems
to
be
clear
but
there
arefourfirstcousinsthathavethesamename.
Thefirstthingtodoistodeterminetheintentofthetestator.
The oral declarations of the testator are excluded because they are inherently unreliable. They are
merelyhearsay. Itisverydangeroustoadmitoraldeclaration.
Thetestatorwillnotbeavailabletorebutthetestimonyofthewitnesses incasetherearesome,such
oraldeclarationofthetestator.
46.Personainsertia,thedispositioninhisfavorwillbeconsideredvoidincasewecannotascertaintheidentity
ofthe
47. Isitpossiblethattheambiguitymaybeclarifiedbyotherprovisionsofthewill?
YES. ThisisanIntrinsicEvidence,onewhichisfoundinthewillitself.
ExtrinsicEvidencearethosefoundoutsideofthewill.
48.SupposingthetestatorwrotealettertoJoseSantosofsuchwillitisadmissibleinevidence.
49.Supposingthetestatorwascaughtonvideoadmittingtosuchprovisionidentifyingthe.
50.Whatiftheambiguityispatent?Igivetotwo(2) ofmyfive(5)brotherstheHouse&LotinQC
Intrinsicand
Extrinsic
evidence
must
be
ascertain.
51.Therulesfortheinterpretationofwillsaresomehowsimilartoprincipleofstatutoryconstruction.
First,determinetheintentionofthetestator;
Second,wordsare tobegiven in theirordinarygrammatical sense. If technical, then itwillbe in the
technicalsense.
52.Thelawpreferstestacyoverintestacy,why?
Ithasbeensaidthatintestatesuccessionisbasedonthepresumedwillofthedecedent.
Testatesuccession
is
based
on
the
express
will
of
the
testator.
AsexplainedbyDean, theprovisionof intestatesuccessionaresimplythestatementofwhatthe law
presumesthetestatorwouldhavedoneifhewasabletomakeawill. Itisanaccuratesuccession.
53.Article795
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Thevalidityofawillas to its formdependsupon theobservanceof the law in forceat the time it is
made.
54.Xmade
awill,
notarial
will
in
1985.
There
were
3witnesses
and
all
the
other
formalities
were
complied
with.
Assume that in1990 the lawwasamended, the law requires4witnesses foravalidwill. Xdied in1992
withoutmakinganewwill. Isthewillbevalid?
YES. Thewillisvalid.(Jurado,page36)
55.Supposingthe1990lawprovidesforretroactivity,canhis1985willbeconsideredtobevalid?
NO
56.Samefactsasabove,providesforretroactivitybutXdies2weeksbeforetheeffectivityofthe1990law. The
willwasenteredforprobatein1992,canthewillbeallowed?
YES,because
2weeks
before
the
1990
law
there
was
already
transmission
of
successional
rights.
PursuanttoArticle777,theyarealreadyvestedwithrightsandthevestedrightsareprotectedbylaw.
57.Theknowledgeinmakingthewillmustbegeneralandnotspecific.
58.WhatisTestamentaryCapacity?
Testamentarycapacityreferstotheabilityaswellasthepowertomakeawill.
59.Whataretherequirementsinorderthatapersoncanmakeawill?
Article796. Allpersonswhoarenotexpresslyprohibitedbylawmaymakeawill.
Theonly
persons
who
are
expressly
prohibited
from
making
awill
are
those
who
do
not
posses
the
necessaryageandmentalrequirements.
Inorderthatapersoncanmakeawill,thefollowingrequisitesarenecessary:
1)Hemustbeatleast18yearsofage
2)Hemustbeofsoundmind
60.Article799TestofSoundnessofMind,2ndParagraph
Whetherthetestatorknows:
1)the
nature
of
the
estate
to
be
disposed
2)theproperobjectsofhisbounty
3)orunderstandsthecharacterofthetestamentaryact
61.Whatisthemeaningofcharacteroftestamentaryact?
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Heshouldknowthatheisreallymakingawillandthatwhatheismakingwillbethebasisofthewillin
thefuture
Thatitisadispositionmortiscausa
Thatit
is
essentially
revocable
62.Whatdoesknowingtheproperobjecthisbountymeans?
Heshouldknowtowhomitwouldbepropertogive.
Heshouldknowallhiscloserelatives, thosepeoplewhoareclosetohimwhointheordinarycourseof
thingsshouldreceivefromhim
Example:Hemust know that he has awife, children, parents, etc. (sino angmga karapatdapat na
makatanggap)
63. Ifthetestatornolongerknowsthepeoplearoundhim,examplehiswifeetc.,hecannolongermakeawill.
64. Isthereamaximumageformakingawill?
NO,solongasallthreerequirementsinparagraph799arepresent.
65.Doesmere lapsesofmemory (senility)of recentevents tantamount to seniledementia (decayofmental
faculties),hencedoesnot render the testator incapacitatedandas longas they satisfy the requirements
underArticle799?
NO,senilitydoesnottantamounttoseniledementia.
Thetwomustbedistinguished. The latter,whenadvancedorabsolute,mayproduceunsoundnessof
mindresultingintestamentaryincapacity.
66.Atthetimehemadethewillhemustbeoflegalage. Indeterminingofthecapacityoftheperson,thetime
oftheexecutionofthewilliswhatistakenintoconsideration. Thetestatormustbecapacitatedatthetime
oftheexecution.
67.Canamarriedmanmakeawillwithouttheexpressauthorityofwife?YES
68.Whataboutthewomen?
YES. Womenhaverightofdispositionbutsubjecttotheresultofthesettlementor liquidationofthe
partnershiporofthecommunity.
Furthermore,what
can
be
disposed
of
would
be
merely
the
ideal
share
of
the
spouse
making
the
will
andnotanyspecificordeterminatepropertybelongingtothepartnershiporcommunity
July4,2009
1. FORMALITIESOFAWILL(NOTARIALANDHOLOGRAPHICWILL)
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2. Article804
Everywillmustbeinwritingandexecutedinalanguageordialectknowntothetestator.
Kindsof
Wills
allowed
under
the
New
Civil
Code:
1) OrdinaryorNotarialwill(Art.805809)
Thatwhichrequires,amongotherthings,anattestationclause,andacknowledgmentbeforea
notarypublic.
2) HolographorHolographicwill(Art.810814)
Themostimportantfeatureifwhichisitsbeingwrittenentirely,fromthedatetothesignature,
inthehandwritingofthetestator. Here,neitheranattestationclausenoranacknowledgment
beforeanotarypublicisneeded.
3. Article805809NotarialWill
FORMALITIESOFWILLS
(EXTRINSICVALIDITY)
COMMONFORMALITIES
1. Everywillmustbeinwriting;and
2. Executedinalanguageordialectknowntothetestator.
SPECIALFORMALITIES
NOTARIALORORDINARYWILL
a. SUBSCRIPTIONmadeattheendthereofbythetestatorhimselforbythetestator'snamewritten
bysomeotherpersoninhispresenceandbyhisexpressdirection;
Subscription refers to themanual act of testator and also of his instrumental witnesses of
affixingtheirsignaturetotheinstrument.
b. ATTESTATIONANDSUBSCRIPTION (evidencedbyanattestationclause)by3ormorecredible
witnessesinthepresenceofthetestatorandofoneanother;
Attestationconsistsintheactofwitnessesofwitnessingtheexecutionofthewillinordertosee
and take notementally that such will has been executed in accordancewith requirements
prescribedby
law.
ATTESTATION SUBSCRIPTION
1.anactofthesenses 1.anactofthehand
2.mentalact 2.mechanicalact
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3.purposeistorenderavailable
proofduringprobateofwill
3.purposeisidentification
c. MARGINALSIGNATURES
affixed
by
the
testator
or
the
person
requested
by
him
to
write
his
name
andthe instrumentalwitnessesofthewilloneachandeverypagethereof,exceptthe last,onthe
leftmargin;
Exceptions to the rule thatall of thepages of thewill shall have to be signed on the left
marginbythetestatorandwitnesses:
(1)inthelastpage,whenthewillconsistsoftwoormorepages;
(2)whenthewillconsistsofonlyonepage;
(3) when the will consists of two pages, the first of which contains all the testamentary
dispositions and is signed at the bottom by the testator and thewitnesses and the second
containsonlytheattestationclausedulysignedatthebottombythewitnesses.
Theinadvertentfailureofonewitnesstoaffixhissignaturetoonepageofatestament,dueto
thesimultaneous liftingoftwopages inthecourseofsigning, isnotpersesufficienttojustify
denialofprobate(Icasianovs.IcasianoIISCRA422).
d. PAGENUMBERINGSWrittencorrelativelyinlettersplacedontheupperpartofeachpage;
NOTE:Thisisnotnecessarywhenallofthedispositivepartsofawillarewrittenononesheetonly.
e. ACKNOWLEDGMENTDonebeforeanotarypublicbythetestatorandtheinstrumentalwitnesses.
NOTE:The
notary
public
before
whom
the
will
was
acknowledged
cannot
be
considered
as
the
third
instrumentalwitnesssincehecannotacknowledgebeforehimselfhishavingsignedthewill. Ifthe
thirdwitnesswere thenotarypublichimself,hewouldhave toavow,assent,oradmithishaving
signedthewillinfrontofhimself.Toallowsuchwouldhavetheeffectofhavingonlytwoattesting
witnesses to thewillwhichwouldbe in contraventionofArts.805and806. (Cruzvs.Villasor54
SCRA31)
MANNEROFSIGNING:
Theuseofanysignature,marksordesignintendedbythetestatortoauthenticaterendersthe
willsufficientlysignedbythetestator.
Asignaturebymarkwillbesufficientevenifatthetimeofplacingit,thetestatorknewhowto
write
and
is
able
to
do
so.
It issufficientlysignedbywritinghis initials,orhisfirstname,orhemayuseevenanassumed
name.
A complete signature isnotessential to the validityof awill,provided thepartof thename
writtenwasaffixedtotheinstrumentwithintenttoexecuteitasawill.
ATTESTATIONCLAUSE
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memorandumorrecordoffactswhereinthewitnessescertifythatthewillhasbeenexecuted
before them,and that ithasbeenexecuted inaccordancewith the formalitiesprescribedby
law.
Absenceofthisclausewillrenderthewillanullity.
ItmuststatethefollowingESSENTIALFACTS:
1. thenumberofpagesuseduponwhichthewilliswritten;
HOWEVER,evenifnumberofpagesisomittedintheACBUTifthereisanacknowledgmentclause
whichstatesthenumberofpagesorthewillitselfmentionedsuchnumberofpages,itmaystillbe
consideredvalidapplyingtheLiberalInterpretationofthelaw.(Tabuadavs.Rosal)
2. thefact
that
the
testator
signed
the
will
and
every
page
thereof,
or
caused
some
other
person
to
writehisname,underhisexpressdirection,inthepresenceoftheinstrumentalwitnesses;
Whenthetestatorexpresslycausedanothertosigntheformersname,thisfactmustberecited
intheattestationclause.Otherwise,thewillisfatallydefective.(Garciavs.Lacuesta90Phil489)
3. that thewitnesseswitnessedand signed thewillandall thepages thereof in thepresenceof the
testatorandofoneanother.
TESTOFPRESENCE:Notwhether they actually saweachother sign,butwhether theymight
have seen each other sign had they chosen to do so considering theirmental and physicalcondition and position with relation to each other at the moment of inscription of each
signature.(Jabonetavs.Gustilo)
Inthecaseofanordinaryorattestedwill,itsattestationclauseneednotbewritteninalanguageor
dialectknowntothetestatorsinceitdoesnotformpartofthetestamentarydisposition.
The languageused in theattestationclause likewiseneednotevenbeknown to theattesting
witnesses. Art. 805 merely requires that, in such a case, the attestation clause shall be
interpretedtosaidwitnesses.(Canedavs.CA222SCRA781)
Effectsof
defects
or
imperfections
in
the
Attestation
Clause:
Ifthedefectoftheattestationclausegoesintotheveryessenceoftheclauseitselforconsistsinthe
omission of one, some, or all of the essential facts, and such omission cannot be cured by an
examinationofthewill itself,thedefect issubstantial incharacter,asaconsequenceofwhichthe
willisinvalidated.
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However,Intheabsenceofbadfaith,forgery,fraud,orundueandimproperpressureandinfluence,
defectsandimperfectionsintheformofattestationorinthelanguageusedthereinshallnotrender
the will invalid if it is proved that the will was in fact executed and attested in substantial
compliance with Art. 805 (formal requirements). This is known as the DOCTRINE OF LIBERAL
INTERPRETATION(Art.809)
Purposesofrequiringwitnesstoattestandtosubscribetoawill:
1. identificationoftheinstrument
2. protectionoftheinstrument
3. theascertainmentofthetestamentarycapacityofthetestator
NOTE: Certainpointstoconsider(Tolentino)
1. Mereknowledgebytestatorthatanother issigning,andacquiescing in it,therebeingnoexpress
direction,isNOTsufficient.
2. Notrequired
that
the
name
of
the
person
who
writes
the
testators
name
should
also
appear
on
thewill;enoughthattestatorsnameiswritten.
3. If the requirednumbersofattestingwitnessare competent, the fact thatanadditionalwitness,
whowasincompetentalsoattestedtothewill,cannotimpairthevalidity.
4. Immaterialinwhatordertheactsareperformedprovidedthesignatureoracknowledgmentbythe
testator and the attestation of thewitnesses be accomplished in one occasion, and as part of one
transaction.
5. The lawreferstopageandnottosheetor leaforfolio,soeverypageused inthewillshouldbe
signedontheleftmargin.
6. An attestation clause need be signedONLY by thewitnesses andnot by the testator as it is a
declarationmadebythewitnesses.
7.
date
of
will:
a. ordinarywill:notanessentialpart;
b. holographicwill:anessentialpart.
8. Failureorerrortostatetheplaceofexecutionwillnotinvalidatethewill.
9. Signingofawillbythetestatorandwitnessesandacknowledgmentbeforeanotarypublic,need
notbeasingleact.
10. Testamentarycapacitymustalsoexistatthetimeofacknowledgment.
ADDITIONALREQUIREMENTSFORSPECIALCASES
1. Deafordeafmutetestator:a) personalreadingofthewill,ifabletodoso;OR
b) ifnotpossible,designationof2personstoreadthewillandcommunicatetohim,insome
practicablemanner,
the
contents
thereof.
(Article
807)
2. Blindtestator: Doublereadingrequirement:
a. first,byoneofthesubscribingwitnesses,AND
b. second,bythenotarypublicbeforewhomthewillisacknowledged.(Article808)
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Art.808appliesnotonlytoblindtestatorsbutalsotothosewho,foronereasonoranother
areincapableofreadingtheirwills(e.g.poor,defectiveorblurredvision).
In a casewhere the testatordidnot read the finaldraftof thewill,but the lawyerwho
drafted thedocument, read thesamealoud in thepresenceof the testator,3witnesses,andnotarypublic,theCourtheldthattheformal imperfectionsshouldbebrushedasidewhenthe
spiritbehindthelawwasservedthoughtheletterwasnot.(Alvaradovs.Gaviola226SCRA347)
WITNESSTONOTARIALWILLS
(ARTS.820&821)
Requirements:
1. ofsoundmind;
2. abletoreadandwrite;
3. notblind,deafordumb;
4. atleast18yearsofage;
5. domiciledin
the
Philippines;
6. hasnotbeenconvictedoffalsificationofadocument,perjury,orfalsetestimony
NOTE: Awitnessneednotknowthecontentsofthewill,andneednotbeshowntohavehadagood
standinginthecommunitywherehelives.Also,theacknowledgingnotarypubliccannotbeoneofthe3
minimumnumbersofwitnesses.
Interestedwitness
A witness to a will who is incapacitated from succeeding from the testator by reason of a
devise/legacyorothertestamentarydispositionthereininhisfavor,orinfavorofhisspouse,parent,or
child.However,hiscompetenceasawitnesssubsists.
4. WesometimescallArticle809asthedoctrineofliberalinterpretation.
Thisarticleprovides the rule for substantialcompliance that is,as longas thepurpose soughtby the
attestationclauseisobtained,thesameshouldbeconsideredvalid.
5. Doesarticle804appliestoholographicwill?YES
6. WhatisthereasonfortherequirementofArticle804?
7. Supposingthe
testator
only
speaks
in
pampango
and
the
will
was
written
in
English
by
his
lawyer
but
the
will
wasinterpretedortranslatedtohim,isitavalidwill?NO
8. Isitessentialforthevalidityofthewillthatthewillitselfshouldcontaina,thatthewillwasinalanguage
knowntothetestator?
NO,itcanbecontestedandadmittedthroughevidence,itneednotbewritteninthewill.
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9. Whatisthedifferenceifanyofattestationandsubscription?(Referto#2,samedate)(Jurado,page60)
10.Article805
subscribed
at
the
end
thereof
=>
very
important!
11.Testator,anoldman,askedhisgrandsontowritehisname. Isthisvalid?
YES,butmustbewritteninhispresenceandbyhisexpressdirection.
12.Article806 NotarialAcknowledgement
Acknowledgementcanbedonebythewitnessesevenonseparatedates.
13.Thetestatormustsignthewill,andisalsorequiredtosignintheleftmargin,canhesignhiswillwithhisnick
nameoraliasorinitialorthumbmark?
Aslong
as
it
is
intended
by
him
to
authenticate
the
will.
Canthetestatorsignusinghistoemarkorhislips?
YES,forthesamereason. Doesnotnecessarilymeansthatthesignatureisinthehandwritingof
thetestator.
14.Whenwespeakofsignatureitistakenfromthewordsignummeaningmark.
15.AssumethatthewillwasnotarizedinAngelesCity,butthenotarypublichadanotarycommissionissuedin
Bulacan,wouldthatbeavalidwill?NO
GUERREROvs.
BIHIS
Hadheexercisedhisnotarialcommissionproperly,the intentofthe lawtoeffectuatethedecedent's
finalstatementsasexpressedinherwillwouldnothavecometonaught.
Anotarypublicwhoactsoutsideofhisjurisdictionarea(notarialcommission)doesnotdoanyvalidact.
Anotarypublicisauthorizedtoperformnotarialacts,includingthetakingofacknowledgments,within
thatterritorialjurisdictiononly.Outsidetheplaceofhiscommission,heisbereftofpowertoperformany
notarialact;heisnotanotarypublic.
16.Thewillcanhaveanynumberofwitnessesstartingwith3.
17. Ifthetestatorisverysick,hecanaskanotherpersontosignthewillforhim. Supposingthetestatoriswell,
canheaskanotherpersontosignthewillforhim?
YES,there isnoprohibitiontothateffectorthe lawdoesnotdistinguishastowhetherthetestator is
capableornot.
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18. Isacquiescenceenoughtocausesomeotherperson?(Jurado,page57)
No.Mereacquiescencewillnotsuffice,whatisrequiredbylawisexpressdirection.
Althoughanexpressdirectiontosignforthetestatormaybegivenbyhimwithoutusingwords,amere
impliedassent
to
the
signing
by
another
person
is
not
sufficient
to
meet
the
requirement
of
an
express
direction
19.Youcannothaveavalidnotarialwillwithoutattestationclause.
20.Supposingthattheattestationclauseisinalanguagenotknowntothetestator,isthewillvalid?
YES,becausetheattestationclauseisamerememorandumorrecord.
Itistheactofthewitnessesandnotthetestator.
21. Isitessentialforthevalidityofthewillthatthenotarypublicbepresentatthetimeoftheexecutionofthe
will?
Thepresenceofthenotarypublicisnotessentialatthetimeoftheexecutionofthewill.
22.Canthewitnessesacknowledgethewillallinthepresenceofoneanotherbeforethenotarypublic?Orcan
theydoitseparately?
Acknowledgement isdifferent from signing thewillaswitnesses, in such case thepartiescando the
acknowledgeseparately.
23.Testatorinvitedhisthreeclosefriendstobehiswitnessesforhiswill. Whenthewitnessesweretherethe
testatorshowed
the
will
to
them,
then
asked
the
witnesses
to
sign
the
same,
is
that
avalid
will?
Thetestatorshouldactuallyaffixedthosesignatureinthepresenceofthewitnesses.Thereforethewill
isnotvalid.
24.Woulditaffectthevalidityofthewillifthewitnessessignedthewillwiththeirthumbmarks?
NO, itwontaffect aslongastheyareliterate.
25.Athirdpersonwasdirectedbythetestatortosignthenameofthetestator. Thatfactwasnotstatedinthe
attestationclause,willthataffectthevalidityofthewill?
YES,becausethelawexpresslyprovidesthatthesamebewrittenintheattestation.
26.AssumeJuanDelaCruzistheTestator,PedroSantosisthe3rd
person,buthewroteby:PedroSantos
Itisinvalidbecausethenameofthetestatormustbewrittenasexpresslyrequiredbylaw.
27.Testator in thepresenceof the3witnessessignedhiswill. Thenwhen itwas their turn tosign, testator
coveredtheprovisionofthetestatmentaryprovisions,isthatavalidwill?
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YES,thereisnorequirementforthewitnessestoknowtheprovisionsofthewill.
28.Thelawrequiresamongothersthatthetestatorwillsubscribethewillattheendthereof,whereistheend?
Afterthe
last
testamentary
provisions.
29.Supposingthatitisafive(5)pagewillandthetestatorandthewitnessessignedontheleftmarginonallthe
pages. Thetestatordidnotsignontheendisitallowed? NO
30.Supposingthatpage5ofthewillcontainsonlytheattestationclause. Assumingthatthewitnessessigned
belowtheattestationclauseandyoudontfindthesignatureofthetestator intheendofsuchpage. Is it
valid?
YES,ifthelastpagecontainstheattestationclause.
31.Thewitnesses
however
did
not
sign
at
the
end
of
the
attestation
clause
but
their
signature
is
in
the
left
margin,valid?NO.
NO,itispreciselyoneofthepointsinAZUELAvs.CA
Awillwhoseattestationclauseisnotsignedbytheinstrumentalwitnessesisfatallydefective.
Marginalsignatureisdifferentfromthesignatureatthebottom.
Theabsenceofthesignaturebelowtheattestationclausenegatesthepurposeofthesaidrequirement.
32.Woulditmakeanydifferenceifthewitnessesofthewillsignaheadofthetestator?
Thewillwouldstillbevalidaslongastheyallsignedinonecontinuousoccasion.
33.ALVARADOvs.CABIOLA
ContrarytotheexplicitprovisionsofArticle808,thereisnoquestionthatthewill wasreadonlyonce,
andyetthewillwasallowed.Why?
Therewassubstantialcompliancebecausethethree (3)witnessesandthenotarypublicwere
givenacopyandwhilethelawyerwasreadingthewillthewitnesseswerefollowingbyreading
theircopy.
34.Assumethat
the
testator
signed
the
will
on
his
table,
while
signing
the
witness
was
looking
out
the
window,
wastheresigninginthepresence?Whatisthetestofpresence?
Aslongasthereisnoobstacle/obstructioninthelineofvision(Dean)
Notwhethertheyactuallysaweachothersign,butwhethertheymighthaveseeneachothersignhad
theychosentodosoconsideringtheirmentalandphysicalconditionandpositionwithrelationtoeach
otheratthemomentofinscriptionofeachsignature.(Jabonetavs.Gustilo)(Jurado,page65)
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35.Supposingthetestatorisblindhowwillyousatisfyinthepresenceofthetestator?
Thetestatorcanperhapsholdthepartofthepaperorhemaylistenvisionisnottheonlyway.
36.Supposing that the testator isvery sickanddecided tomakehiswill,calledhis lawyer,witnesses,notary
public. Thetestatordictatedtothelawyer,andasktowritethename,andthelawyerrushedtohisofficeto
print it. Whenhecameback the testator iscomatose.Tthe lawyerasked thewitnesses to sign thewill,
valid?
NO, thetestatorisnolongerconsciousofwhatisgoingon.
37.5pagewill.Onpage3, thetestatorfailedtosignontheleftmargin,canthewillbeallowed?
Intheabsenceofthemarginalsignatureeitherthetestatororwitnesseswouldinvalidatethewill.
ICASIANOvs.ICASIANO(Jurado,page68)
Theinadvertent
failure
of
one
witness
to
affix
his
signature
to
one
page
of
atestament,
due
to
the
simultaneous liftingof twopages in the courseof signing, isnotper se sufficient tojustifydenialof
probate.
Thecourtallowedthewillinthecase. Thecourtwasnotconvincedthattherewasforgery.
Theoppositorshaveinvokedbothfraudandundueinfluence. Theycannotcoexist.
Mereinequalityofdistributiondoesnotfollowthatitwasdoneneitherinundueinfluencenoroffraud.
Thatsthereasonwhy apersonmakesawill. Otherwise,dieintestateifyouwantyourchildrentohave
equalshares
38. Inpreviousrulings,ifthereisamissingmarginalsignatureeithertestatororwitnessitisvoid.
The
Icasiano
case
is
limited
to
the
precise
circumstance
in
the
said
case.
Inthatcase,therecouldbenodoubtthattherewasavalidwillbecausetherewasaduplicateoriginal.
Therefore, ifthere isnoduplicateoriginalandthere isamissingmarginalsignaturethewillshouldbe
void.
39.Butthemarginalontheleftisdirectory
40.Howdoyounumberapagecorrelativelyinnumber?
Spellitoutone.ButyoucanputRomannumeralorletters.
Theplacing
of
the
page
is
not
material
insofar
as
the
validity
is
concern.
41.SupposingthereissomethingmissingintheAttestationClause,willitmeanthewillisvoid?YES
42.ButinthelastparagraphofthewillIherebysignthisconsistingof5pages
Ifwhatismissingisstatedinanotherpartofthewill,itissufficient. Thewillmaybeallowed.
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Whatisnotallowedisthattoprovethatsomethingthroughanextrinsicevidence.
43.Missing thetestatorsigns
44.Whydoesthelawrequireattestationclause?
Torenderavailableproofduringtheprobateproceedingsthatthewillhasbeenexecutedinaccordance
withtherequirementsprescribedbylawandthattheinstrumentofferedforprobateisauthentic.
Subscriptionontheotherhand,as it isused inthispartoftheCode,consists inthemanualactofthe
instrumentalwitnessesinaffixingtheirsignaturestotheinstrument. Itsonlypurposeisidentification.
45.Cananilliteratemanmakeavalidnotarialwill? YES
Anyspecialsafeguards?
Theprovisionsfortheblindunderarticle808isasafeguardtothetestatorbecauseheislikea
blindtestator.
46. Isitnecessarythattheattestationshouldbereadtohimtwiceifthetestatorisblind. YES
47.Requirementsforavalidholographicwill?
Completelywritten,signedanddatedbythehandofthetestatorhimself.
48.Supposingthatthereare3witnessesinaholographicwill?VALID
49.Supposingthetestatorusedthepage inhisplanner. Hedidnotwritethedatebecausethere isalreadya
printeddate?
INVALID
50.Shouldthedatewillbecomplete?
Ifthereissubstantialcomplianceitisvalid.
51.Supposingthatthereisnoseparatedatebutthedatewasmentionedinpassing,wouldthatbesufficient?
YES,thedatemaybeplacedanywhere,eveninoneoftheprovisions.
LABRADORvs.CA
The lawdoesnot specifyaparticular locationwhere thedate shouldbeplaced in thewill.Theonly
requirementsarethatthedatebeinthewillitselfandexecutedinthehandofthetestator.
52.There is no requirement for witnesses, it may happen that the testator is the one who knows the
holographicwill,whatistheguaranteeagainstfraud?
At the timeof theprobate,awitnessmustbepresentedwho is familiarwith thehandwritingof the
testator.
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53.Whereshouldthetestatorsigntheholographicwill?
Thereisnospecificplace. Itcanbeanywhere.
Isubmitthatthetestatorshouldsigntheendoftheholographicwill.
Thiscan
be
reduced
under
Article
812.
The
law
makes
the
signature
as
the
point
of
reference
in
any
additionaldispositions.
July18,2009
1. Article810
HOLOGRAPHICWILL(Article810)
a. entirelywritten
by
the
hand
of
the
testator;
b. entirelydatedbythehandofthetestator;and
c. entirelysignedbythehandofthetestator.
NOTE: The law exacts literal compliancewith these requirements. HENCE, THE DOCTRINE OF LIBERAL
INTERPRETATIONCANNOTBEAPPLIED.
Nevertheless, theCourtheld ina case thatasageneral rule, the date inaholographicwill should
includetheday,month,andyearofitsexecution. However,whenthereisnoappearanceoffraud,bad
faith,undue influenceandpressureandtheauthenticityofthewill isestablishedandtheonly issue is
whetherornotthedateFEB./61appearingonthewillisavalidcompliancewithArt.810,probateof
theholographicwillshouldbeallowedundertheprincipleofsubstantialcompliance.(Inthematterof
IntestateEstateofAndresdeJesusandBibianaRoxasdeJesus,134SCRA245)
Ruleincaseofinsertion,cancellation,erasureoralteration:
TestatormustauthenticatethesamebyhisFULLSIGNATURE.(Article814)
NOTE: In the case of Kalaw vs. Relova (134 SCRA 241), the holographic will in dispute had only one
substantialprovision,whichwasalteredbysubstitutingtheoriginalheirwithanother,butwhichalteration
didnotcarrytherequisiteoffullauthenticationbythefullsignatureofthetestator,theeffectmustbethat
theentirewill isvoidedorrevokedforthesimplereasonthatnothingremains inthewillafterthatwhich
couldremainvalid.
Effectsof
words
written
by
another
and
inserted
in
the
words
written
by
the
testator:
(Jurado,
page
95)
a. Ifthe insertionwasmadeaftertheexecutionofthewill,butwithouttheconsentofthetestator,such
insertionisconsideredasnotwritten,becausethevalidityofthewillcannotbedefeatedbythemaliceor
capriceofthirdperson.
b. Iftheinsertionaftertheexecutionofthewillwaswiththeconsentofthetestator,thewillremainsvalid
buttheinsertionisvoid.
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c. If the insertion after the execution is validated by the testator by his signature thereon, then the
insertionbecomespartofthewill,andtheentirewillbecomesvoid,becauseoffailuretocomplywiththe
requirementthatitmustbewhollywrittenbythetestator.
d. Iftheinsertionmadebyathirdpersonismadecontemporaneoustotheexecutionofthewill,thenthe
willisvoidbecauseitisnotwrittenentirelybythetestator.
ProbateofHolographicWill
1. IfUNCONTESTED, requires that at least 1witnesswho knows the handwriting and signature of the
testatorexplicitlydeclare that thewillandsignatureare inthehandwritingof the testator; ifnowitness,
experttestimonymayberesortedto.
2. IfCONTESTED,requiresatleast3ofsuchcrediblewitnesses,ifnoneexpertwitness.(Codoyvs.Calugay)
NOTE:Wherethetestatorhimselfpetitionsfortheprobateofhisholographicwillandnocontestisfile,the
factthatheaffirmsthattheholographicwillandthesignatureareinhisownhandwriting,shallbesufficient
evidence thereof. If theholographicwill iscontested, theburdenofdisproving thegenuinenessanddue
executionthereof
shall
be
on
the
contestant.
A photostatic or xerox copy of a lost or destroyed holographic willmay be admitted because the
authenticityofthehandwritingofthedeceasedcanbedeterminedbytheprobatecourt,ascomparisoncan
bemadewiththestandardwritingsofthetestator.(Rodelasvs.Aranza,119SCRA16)
2. Ifsomeoneusedapageofaplannerwithaprinteddateandwrotethereinhisholographicwill?INVALID
3. Whatisthepurposethataholographicwillmustbeentirelyhandwrittenbythetestator?
Thatistheonlyguarantyofthewillsauthenticitytherebeingnowitnessesandneednottobenotarized
4. Inprobateproceeding,aphotocopyatleastmustbegiventothecourttodeterminethehandwriting.
Oldrule:GANvs.YAP(Jurado,page98)
"theexecutionandthecontentsofa lostordestroyedholographicwillmaynotbeprovedby
thebaretestimonyofwitnesseswhohaveseenand/orreadsuchwill.Thewill itselfmustbe
presented; otherwise, it shall produce no effect. The law regards the document itself as
materialproofofauthenticity."
RODELASvs.ARANZA
aphotostaticorxeroxcopyofa lostordestroyedholographicwillmaybeadmittedbecause
theauthenticityofthehandwritingofthedeceasedcanhedeterminedbytheprobatecourt,as
comparison
can
be
made
with
the
standard
writings
of
the
testator.
5. WhataretherequirementintheprobateofaHolographicwill?
IfUNCONTESTED, requires that at least 1witnesswho knows the handwriting and signature of the
testatorexplicitlydeclarethatthewillandsignatureareinthehandwritingofthetestator;ifnowitness,
experttestimonymayberesortedto.
IfCONTESTED,requiresatleast3ofsuchcrediblewitnesses,ifnoneexpertwitness.(Codoyvs.Calugay)
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6. AZOALAvs.SINGSON(Jurado,page100)
TheSCheldthattheruleofthefirstparagraphofArticle811oftheCivilCodeismerelydirectoryandis
notmandatory.
7. CODOYvs.CALUGAY
Inthispetition,thepetitionersaskwhethertheprovisionsofArticle811oftheCivilCodearepermissive
ormandatory.
Thearticleprovides,asarequirementfortheprobateofacontestedholographicwill,thatatleastthree
witnessesexplicitlydeclarethatthesignatureinthewillisthegenuinesignatureofthetestator.
TheSC held,basedonthelanguageused,thatArticle811oftheCivilCodeismandatory.
Theword"shall" inastatutecommonlydenotesan imperativeobligationand is inconsistentwiththe
idea of discretion and that the presumption is that the word "shall," when used in a statute is
mandatory.
8. DateinaHolographicwillisessential
9. ROXASvs.DEJESUS(Paras,page110)
As a general rule, the date in a holographic will should include the day,month, and year of its
execution.
However,whenas inthecaseatbar,there isnoappearanceoffraud,bad faith,undue influenceand
pressureand theauthenticityof thewill isestablishedand theonly issue iswhetherornot thedate
Feb./61appearingontheholographicwillisavalidcompliancewithArt.810oftheCivilCode,probate
oftheholographicwillshouldbeallowedundertheprincipleofsubstantialcompliance.
10.DeanNavarrospeaking,NodateisrequiredinaNotarialWill.
Isthisalegislativeoversight?
NO,becauseNotarialAcknowledgementisrequired. Justrefertothedateindicatedtherein.
11. IncaseofNotarialwills,itshouldbesubscribedattheendthereofbythetestatorhimself.
IncaseofHolographicwills
Article812,signatureiswrittenafterthelasttestamentarydisposition.
Thelawassumesthatthelastthingyouwillfindisthetestatorssignature
12.Article813
Additional
dispositions
Sample
July11,1986
IgiveeverythingtoMarvinSantos.
Sgd:PedroSantos
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IgiveP10KtoEscolin.
IgivemyHouse&LottoJumamil.
ThedateevenonlyincorporatedinthewillsufficientLabradorCase
Last2dispositionsisinvalid,becauseitisnotdatedandsign.
Ifthelast2aresigneditisvoidbecausenotdated.
Ifthelastdisposition,Jumamil,issignedanddateditvalidateseventhedispositiontoEscolin
Ifitissignedbutnotdatedbutthelastisdatedandsigned,thelawcanreasonablyassumetheallofthe
dispositionsweremadeatthesametime.
IfEscolinisdated,notapplicable. Itisvoid.
IfdatewasplacedaboveEscolinandthesignatureafterJumamil,itisvalid.Itisconsideredanotherwill.
Example: Date
IgiveP10ktoCharlesEscolin.
IgivemyhousetoJumamil
Signature
13.Article814Insertion,cancellation,erasureoralterationinaholographicwill
Thetestatormustauthenticatethesamebyhisfullsignature
Fullsignatureisdeemedtobetheusualcustomarysignature
14. In
alteration,
full
signature
is
required.
Must
it
contain
the
full
name
and
surname?
No,youshouldonlyuseyourUSUAL,HABITUAL,CUSTOMARYsignature
15.AssumePedroSantoscancelledthenameofMariaSantosandinsertedPedroSantos.Noauthentication.
KALAWvs.RELOVA
Cancellationisnotvalidnoauthentication
Disregardingtheobviouschangeofmindofthetestator
PrincipalRuleinTestamentarySuccession:AscertaintheINTENTIONofthetestatorwhichshouldbethe
principalguidingstar.
16.Thetestatorcansignhisholographicwithhisinitialsbutinalteration,itshouldbehisfullsignature.
Thisislogicalbecauseitiseasiertodoanalterationthantofalsifythewholewill.
Thus,thealterationisaproofthathedidsuchthing.
17.AHolographicWillmaybeintheformofaletter.
Butitmustbecleartheheisconsideringthelettertobehislastwill.
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18.Rulesregardingthecaseofinsertionsorinterpolationsbythirdpersons(Referto#1)(Jurado,page95)
19. Intrinsicvalidityofawill.
Followthe
law
of
the
testators
nation;
National
law
of
the
decedent
Article815819
20.X,aSpanishcitizenbutaresident inSanFrancisco,California,USA,executedawill inTokyo,Japan. May
suchwillbeprobated in thePhilippinesandhisestate in this countrydistributed in conformitywith the
provisionsofthewill?Explainyouranswer. (Jurado,page105)
YES,thewillofXmaybeprobatedinthePhilippinesandhisestateinthiscountrymaybedistributedin
conformitywiththeprovisionsofthewill,providedthatsaidwillwasexecutedinaccordancewiththe
formalitiesprescribedbyanyofthefollowinglaws:
(1) ThelawoftheplacewhereXresides(SanFrancisco,CA) domicile;or
(2)The
law
of
his
own
country
(Spain)
national
law;
or
(3) TheCivilCodeofthePhilippinesleslocicelebrationis;or
(4) The lawof theplacewhere thewillwasmade (Tokyo, Japan). (Arts.17,par1,816,CivilCode)
execution
21.CitizenshipofthewitnessinaholographicwillisimmaterialaslongasdomiciledinthePhilippines.
22.XandYarebothFilipinos. TheymadeaJointWillinGermany
WillitbeallowedinthePhilippines?NO
23.Aand
W,
Brazilian
Citizenship
only
(Ask
Amie)
24.XisFil,WisaBrazilianmodel. Filipinovoid. Brazilianvalid.
25.HandWarebothBrazilians.WhileinthePhilippinestheyexecutedajointwill,theirlawallowsit.Possible?
Thereare2views:
(a) VOID,contrarytopublicpolicy
(b) VALID,allowedbytheNCCbecausetheirnationallawallowsit.
26.WhatisaJOINTWILL?(Jurado,page106)
Isdefinedasasingletestamentary instrumentwhichcontainsthewilloftwoormorepersons,jointly
executedby
them,
either
for
their
reciprocal
benefit
or
for
the
benefit
of
athird
person.
MUTUALWILLSarewillsexecutedpursuanttoanagreementbetweentwoormorepersonstodispose
oftheirpropertyinaparticularmanner,eachinconsiderationoftheother.
RECIPROCALWILLS arewills inwhich the testators name each other as beneficiaries under similar
testamentaryplans.
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It isclearfromthesedefinitionsthatajointwillmaybeeithermutualorreciprocal,although it isnot
necessarily so, just as mutual or reciprocal wills may be join If they are contained in a single
testamentaryinstrument.
27.HwrotehisWillinfrontandWwroteherattheback
Notajointwill. JointWillrequiresthatthereisonlyonewillandtestament.
28.WhyJointWillnotallowed?
Whenawill ismadejointlyor inthesame instrument,thespousewho ismoreaggressive,stronger in
willorcharacteranddominantisliabletodictatethetermsofthewillforhisorherownbenefitorfor
thatorthirdpersonswhomheorshedesirestofavor.
Wherethewillnotonlyjointbutreciprocaleitheroneofthespousesmayhappentobeunscrupulous,
wicked, faithless,ordesperate, knowing asheor shedoes the termsof thewillwhereby thewhole
propertyof
the
spouses
both
conjugal
and
paraphernal
goes
to
the
survivor,
may
be
tempted
to
kill
or
disposeoftheother.
29.WhatdeterminestheIntrinsicValidityofawill?
Nationallawofthetestator.
30.Whyshouldthewitnessesbedomiciledinthecity? (AskAmie)
31. Isitpossiblethataftertheexecutionofthewillthewitnessisnolongerdomiciledhere?
Thedetermining
factor
is
at
the
time
of
the
execution
of
the
will
32. IfyouareinTibetandyouwanttomakeawillinaccordanceofPhilippinelaw,shouldtherebe3witnesses?
Therearetwo(2)views:
(a) Excused
(b) Required(thebetterview)
33. Ifyouareabroad,donotinsistinmakinganotarialwill. Makeaholographicwillinstead.
34.CitizenshipofthewitnessinaHolographicWillisimmaterial.
Provided,he
is
domiciled
in
the
Philippines.
35.Article823three(3)otherwitnesses
Parent,child&spouse=>notgrandparent
COMMENT: Witnessescannotinherit(Paras,page130)
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Observethatthepersonsnamedinthisarticleareincapacitatedtoinherit,butnotincapacitated
aswitnesses. Hence,onlythepartappertainingtothemshouldbeconsideredvoid.
36. Ifyou
are
one
of
the
3witnesses,
then
you
were
given
asmall
legacy
of
P100M,
and
at
the
time
she
was
startingtosignthewill,sumakitandtIyanandrushedtothecomfortroom.Thewillwasnotsignedinyour
presence.
Isthatvalid? NO
37.Witnessstand:Wherewereyouwhileshewassigningthewill?
If there isnoArt.823 the temptation is great. Butbecauseof this youwillbe forced tell the truth
becauseyouarenotallowedtothelegacyanyway.
38.NotaryPublicbeingawitnessyoucannotacknowledgetoyourownself
39.WhatisCODICIL?
Article825
Acodicil isa supplementoraddition toawallmadeafter theexecutionofawillandannexed tobe
taken as apart thereof,bywhichanydispositionmade in theoriginalwill isexplained,added to,or
altered.
Acodicil,sinceitreferstoawill,cannotbemadebeforeawill;itisalwaysmadeafter. Ofcourse,even
thecodicilmaylateronberevokedbyanotherwillorcodicil.
Incaseofconflictbetweenawillandacodicil,itisunderstoodthatthelattershouldprevail,itbeingthe
laterexpressionofthetestatorswishes.
40.Article826
Inorderthatacodicilmaybeeffective,itshallbeexecutedasinthecaseofawill.
FormalitiesofCodicils:
Asinthecaseofwills,therecanbe:
1)Notarialorordinarycodicils
2)Holographiccodicils
Anotarialwillmaybe revokedbyeitheranotarialorholographiccodicil; similarly,aholographicwill
mayberevokedbyaholographicornotarialcodicil.
Ifacodicilisnotexecutedwiththeformalitiesofawill,saidcodicilisvoid.
Avalid
will
can
never
be
revoked,
expressly
or
impliedly,
by
an
invalid
codicil.
41.RABADILLAvs.CA
In simple substitutions, the secondheir takes the inheritance indefaultof the firstheirby reasonof
incapacity,predeceaseorrenunciation.
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Inthecaseunderconsideration,theprovisionsofsubjectCodicildonotprovidethatshouldDr.Jorge
Rabadilladefaultduetopredecease,incapacityorrenunciation,thetestatrix'sneardescendantswould
substitutehim.What theCodicilprovides is that,shouldDr. JorgeRabadillaorhisheirsnot fulfill the
conditionsimposed
in
the
Codicil,
the
property
referred
to
shall
be
seized
and
turned
over
the
testatrix's
neardescendants.
42.Article827. Incorporationbyreference
Thepurposeofthisarticleistoprovideforthosecaseswhenatestatorwishestoincorporatetohiswill
only by reference (i.e., without copying the whole thing) certain documents or papers, especially
inventoriesandbooksofaccounts.
Thereby,thetestatorisabletosavetimeandenergy.
Saiddocsorinventories,whenreferredtoinanotarialwill,donotneedanyattestationclause,because
theattestationclausesofthewillitselfissufficient.
43.Testamentaryprovisionsshouldalwaysbeinthewill
44.REVOCATIONOFWILLSANDTESTAMENTARYDISPOSITIONS
45.RevocabilityofaWill(Paras,page135)
UntilthedeathoftheT,awillisambulatoryandrevocable,sinceafterall,thewillconcernsadisposition
ofpropertiesandrightseffectiveafterdeath
TheheirsdonotacquireanyvestedrighttothedispositioninawilluntilaftertheTsdeath.
Provisions inawillwhichareorderedtobeeffected immediately,evenduringtheTs lifetime,areall
right,provided
the
proper
formalities
and
requisites
are
present,
but
they
are
not
really
testamentary
disposition.
46.Variouswaysofrevocation
Article830.
(a) byimplicationoflaw;or
(b) bysomewill,codicil,orotherwritingexecutedasprovidedincaseofwills;or
(c) byburning,tearing,cancelling,orobliteratingthewillwiththeintentionofrevokingit.
47.Article44and50oftheFamilyCode
48.Whenis
there
an
express
or
implied
revocation?
Express: REVOCATORYCLAUSE
Implied: SUBSEQUENTWILLORCODICIL
49.Whatarethephysicalactsofdestruction?
Exclusiveenumeration! Theseareburning,tearing,cancelling,orobliteratingthewill.
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50.ThewordCANCELLEDorREVOKEDshouldbewritteninthewillnotonablankpartofthewill.
51.Thereis
no
Automatic
Revival
of
aWill
that
has
been
revoked.
52.VDA.DeMOLOvs.MOLO
SCheldthattheTestatorwouldchoosetheexecutionofthewillratherthanintestacy
53.PERKESvs.PERKES(Paras,page141)
SCheldthatthewillwasNOTrevokedfortheactoftearingwassubjectivelynotyetcomplete,inasmuch
ashehadintendedtotearupthewillsomemore.
54.AccordingtoDean,thewillislikeHUMPYDUMPY.
Oncethewillistornapart,itcannotbepastedbacktogethertorestorevalidity.
55.Article833.Thecauseofrevocationmustbestatedinthewillitselfbeforeinvokingit.
In relation toArt.830, thisarticle isoneof theaspectsof dependant relative revocation,ormore
properly,atleastforthepurposeofthisArticle,arevocationmadeunderamistake.
56.REPUBLICATIONANDREVIVALOFWILLS
57.ARTICLE835
Republication isdefinedastheprocessofreestablishingawill,whichhasbecomeuselessbecause it
wasvoid,orhadbeenrevoked.
58.Whatarethewaysofrepublication?
Republicationmaybemadeby:
(a) reexecution oftheoriginalwill(theoriginalprovisionsareCOPIED)
(b) executionofacodicil(alsoknownasimpliedrepublication).
59.AvoidWillcannotberepublished
60.AWillexpresslyrevokedcannotberevived. Whatistheremedy?
MakeanotherWill.
July25,2009
1. ALLOWANCEANDDISALLOWANCEOFWILLS(PROBATE)
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2. PROBATE
The actofprovingbefore a competent court thedue executionof awillby apersonpossessedof
testamentarycapacity,aswellasapprovalthereofbysaidcourt.
3. Probateismandatory.
Art838 nowillshallpassanyrealandpersonalunlessprovenandallowedbycourt
Aslongasthepersondiesleavingalastwill,actionforprobatemustbeeffected.
Toprotect the interestof the testator. Ifprobate isnotmandatory,nobodywillmakewillsanymore
sincetherelativesmayjustdisregardit. Whentestatordies,hecannotcertainlybringhiswilltocourt.
4. Probateisamatterofpublicpolicy.
Arisesfromthefactthatitisamatterofpublicpolicy. Itprotectsnotonlytheinterestofheirsbutalso
theinterestofthetestator(inseeingtoitthathiswillisfollowed).
Successionismerelyanextensionoftherightofownership. Ifyouaretheowner,youhavetherightto
choosewho
will
succeed.
5. Sinceprobateismandatory,itfollowsthatitmustalsobeimprescriptible.
Why? Because if youwill subject it to Prescription, youwill defeating themandatory nature of the
proceeding. The law itselfthenwillbetheonewhowillputa limitation to itwhich isagainstpublic
policy
6. ProbateisaSpecialProceeding(Rule75,ROC).
Aperson inpossessionofthewillmustpresent ittocourtw/in20daysfromthetimehe learnsabout
thedeathoftheperson(testator).
Dateofhearingispublishedsinceitisaproceedinginrem. Itbindsallpersoneventhosewhodidnot
directly
participate.
TheFINALAllowanceisbindingonallpersons.
7. Duringtheprobateofthewill,thereareonly3questionswhichtheprobatecourtcaninquireinto:
a) Capacity(Wasthetestatorcapacitated?)
b) Identity(Isthisthelastwill?)
c) Dueexecution(Weretheformalitiesfollowed?)
The court shld not go beyond, other qnsmay be resolved on the later part of the proceeding eg
distribution.butgenerallyonlythe3maybeinquiredinto.
Nevertheless,theSCallowssomeexception:NuguidandNepomucenoCases.
NuguidvsNuguid
Testatrix institutedhersisterassoleheirandcompletelyomittedherparents. Therebeingpreterition, it
ruledthatitwillnullifytheinstitutionofheirs. Soitwastheprobateproper,ordinarilyatthatptitwillnot
bepropertoinqintothevalidityofthewillbutitwasptdoutthatitwillonlybeawasteoftimeifwewillgo
ontotheprobatewhenwealreadyknowthatthewillisineffectivebecofpreterition.
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NepomucenoCase
Peoplewhoareincapacitatedtodonatetoeachotherisincapacitatedtobeinstitutedasheirs.CA thewill
isvalid but thisprovision in favorof themistressarevoid went toSCbec they shldnotyet resolve the
intrinsicvalidity.SC CAdidnotcommitanyerror,becitwasplainonitsfacethatthoseprovisionsarenot
valid.
HoweveritissubmittedthattheGeneralruleisstillTRUE.(cap,identityanddueexecution)
8. Aprobatemaybeinitiatedeitherduringthelifetimeofthetestator(antemortem)orafterhisdeath(post
mortem).
advndisadv
a) Antemortem(submittedtobethebetteroption)
Advantages:
Willmay
still
be
CORRECTED
since
Testator
is
still
alive.
Thetestatorhimselfwillpersonallyappearandtestifyastotheidentityofhiswillandsignature easier
toestablishthevalidityofthewill,errorsmaybecorrected.
Thecourtmaybeallowedtopersonallyexaminetestatorifheisofsoundmind.
Thetestatorespeciallyifhehaschildrenorrelativeswillbeinthepositiontoexplainthewilltohisheirs
therebypreventingpossiblefamilyfeudslateron.
9. Whatwillbetheeffectofallowanceofthewill?
Bindingtoallpersons(inrem)
Art838: Subjecttotherightofappeal,itshallbeCONCLUSIVEastoitsdueexecution. Hence,thecase
willforeverbeclosedastoitsdueexecutionsubjecttoappealwithinreasonabletime.
MercadovsSantos
Atthetime,theallowanceofthewillhas longattainedthecharacteroffinality. Inthiscase,16mosafter
finaljudgemntofallowanceofthewill,acomplaintforforgerywasfiled. Itwasheldthatthis isno longer
possible. Youcannolongermaintainthiscriminalcasebecausetheprobateofthewillrenderedconclusive
itsdueexecutionwhichmeans that itwasnot falsified. Hence,acriminalprosecution for forgerywillno
longerprosper.
10. Maythetestatorwhilealivestillrevokewillevenifwillwasalreadypreviousallowedantemortem?
Yes. Testator during his lifetime can revoke it even itwas already allowed. Such allowance ante
mortemwillnotpreventtestatorfromrevokingit.
Awillisessentiallyambulatory(essentiallyrevocable).
11. Iftestatorleftbothwillandcodicil,thewillandcodicilneednotbeprobatedsimultaneously.
MacamvGatmaitan
12. RabadillavsCA
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Theprovisionsofthewillmaynotbethesubjectofacompromiseagreementbecausethewillexpresses
the testators intention as to the matter of how his property will be disposed of. A Compromise
agreementcannotdefeattheverypurposeofmakingawill.
13.Article839. GroundsforDisallowingaWill(Art.839)a) Formalities
b) Insanity
c) Force
d) UndueandImproperPressureandInfluence
e) Fraud
f) If Testatoractedbymistakeordidnotintendthattheinstrumenthesignedbehiswill
Undueinfluence
Even in the lawon contracts, it isdifficult tomakeup a case in annulmentof a contractby
undueinfluence.
Aslong
as
our
will
is
not
overpowered
by
the
will
of
another,
there
is
no
undue
influence.
IcasianovsIcasiano
Ifafatherhas4childrenwhoareABCD. HegaveABC onlylegitimes,theresttoD.
ThemerefactofinequalityindistributiondoesnotbyitselfproveorshowundueinfluenceJBL
Reyes.
Themainpurposeinmakingawillisbecauseyoudontwantyourheirstoinheritequally.
ifitwasestablishedthatthetestatorwaslivingwithhissonD,stillnoundueinfluence.
Ifitwasestablishedfrthetestimonyofneighbors tayomagkamukha,bigyanmokongbulkng
propertymostillnoundueinfluence.
Mere
importuning
or
pleas
done
by
heir
to
testator
will
not
amount
to
undue
influence.
RevillavCA(rareinstancethatthereisbothfraudandundueinfluence)
WhileSCsaidinIcasianothatundueinfluenceandfraudaremutuallyrepugnanttoeachother.
Butinthiscsitwastheundueinfluencethatwasusedbythenephewtoconstitutethefraud
totheoldmantosigninthewill.
Thiscase illustrateswhatgreedcando.Moderateyourgreed.TheSC inthiscasesaidHeracio
overdidit.
Therewasundue influence,thetotalabsolutecontrolovertheoldman,thatundue influence
wasinturnusedtopoistthefraudto theoldmantomakehimsignnotknowingthatitwasa
lastwill.
CaldevCA katangahan
Thewillwaspresented forprobate, it isexpected that the3witnesseswillbepresentedand
eachofthemwentonthewitnessstand,howmanypenswereused?one,yourhonor.(KasoIba
iba ang tinta,hehehe) The courtwas convince that thewillwasnot actually signed in their
presence.
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14. INSTITUTIONOFHEIRS
15.Article840.
Institutionofheirisanactbyvirtueofwhichatestatordesignatesinhiswillthepersonorpersonswho
aretosucceedhiminhispropertyandtransmissiblerightsandobligates.
16.RequisitesforaVALIDinstitution
1) ThewillmustbeEXTRINSICALLYVALID.
2) TheinstitutionmustbevalidINTRINSICALLY.
3) TheinstitutionmustbeEFFECTIVE.
17. Is itpossible fora testator tomakeawillcontainingonly legaciesanddeviseesw/o instituting legitimate
heirs?YES
18. Isitadvisabletoinstituteapersonasheirratherthaninstitutingonlylegaciesanddevisees?
Ifyounamesomebodyasanheir,itwillassureyouthatitwillcovertheentireestate.
Inallprobability,therewillbeafteracquiredproperties. Youwillstillliveandacquireproperty andin
themeantimefromtimeofexecutionuptotimeofdeathyouwillcontinuetoacquireproperty.
ifyouwillsimplygiveoutbylegaciesanddeviseed,afteracquiredpropertywillnotbeincluded.
Itisadvisabletonameheirssomebodyisinstitutedtoyournetremainder.
19. Indesignatingheirs,legacies,devisees,isitnecessarythatcompletenameandsurnamebeindicated?
Aslongasthereisaneventandcircumstancethatthepersonwillbeidentified,itisvalid.
20. IgivemyestatetotheincumbentPresofAUF. Valid?
YES. Thereisaneventorcircumstancethathisidentitywillbeknown
21. IgivetosomestudentstoAUF.
a. Void. Itisnotpossibletoascertaintheidentityoftheinstitutedheir.
b. Dispositioninfavorofanunknownperson(personaincertia). Themassoftheestatewillbegiventothe
legalheirsinstead.(Art.845)
22. Igivetotheeldestsonofmyfriend,GilbertSosa.hiseldestson,Jhonny.IfthenameoftheeldestsonofGilb
ertisnotJohnnybutArnulfo,isitvalid? YES
Art844:Anerror in thename, surname,or circumstancesof theheir shallnotvitiate the institution
whenit
is
possible,
in
any
other
manner,
to
know
with
certainty
the
person
instituted.
23.Xhasnocompulsoryheir. EstateisP120,000.
Iherebyinstitute,A,B,C.
A,BandCshallinheritinequalparts(Art846)
a=40k
b=40k
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c=40k
WhatifAisalegitimateson?
a=60k+20k
b=20k
c=20k
Ifsomearecompulsoryheirs, donotapply846directlyotherwiseitwillimpairthelegitime.
24. Examples(sulatsaboardnisir,pakideciphernalngpo)
P120k
x IinstituteasmyheirsA,B,CandD
Awillget=60k
B==30k
remainderwillgotoCandD=ndividedequallytothem
C
D
x ABCandD
a==60k
B==30k
C==30k
D=0k
If the testatordesignates the sharesbe given toothersbutnothing toothers, If the shareswill
cover=thesharesnotindicatedwillreceivenothing.cannotgotoproportionalreduction nobasis
todetermineshareofD
x,ABCandchildrenofD(EFG)
Art847
A
B
C
E
F
G
DandhisChildrensimultaneouslynotsuccessively
D
E
F
G
Aasheirstoofmyestate
Bofmyestate
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A=60k
B=30k
Art851=theremaining30k=intestatesuccession
AandBasSOLEandUniversalHeir proportionalincreasegivethemmunawhatisduetothem
A=60k=6/9=2/3=20k=80k notethattheproportiongivenmustbepreserved
b=30k=3/9=1/3=10k=40k
p90k
ABC
A==60k6/15x120k=48
b==60k6/15x120k =24
c=
=30k
3/15
x
120k
=
24
150k
25. InstituteDrPabloMarqueszbechesavedmylifein1965butthetruthisitwasDrJuanOcampowhosaved
him.
WillDrPabloMarquezbetheoneinherit?
No. Art850
26. IgivemyestatetomybrotherBbecheisbrilliantandhandsomelawyer
Applythegenrule,disregardthefalsecause. Themovingfactoristheloveandaffection.
27. ForArt.850toapply,causemustbestatedinthewill.
28. Article856. Preterition
Whoareconsidered?legitimate,illegitimate,illegitimategrandchild(ascendant,descendant)
brother no
father yes
spouse no
adopted yes consideredaslegitimate
29. Purposeofthisprovision preterition.
Theoriginalconceptofthisissimplyplainoversightofthetestator.Thelawassumesthatifthetestator
could have only remembered, he would not have made the institution of heirs. Simple case of
forgetfulness.
SC Ventura vVentura 3:2even if theomissionwasdone intentionally and yet SC said that it is
preteritionandnotasimplecaseofdisinheritance.
30. For theomission to amt topreterition, itmustbe total and complete willnotbe given anything Will,
donation,
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testatorsays,I institute,ABCto9/10ofmyestatemychildrenAandB,Cnotmentionedthetestator
didnotdisposetheentireestate NCCsaysremainder legalheir thusnopreterition
31. Omissionmustbetotal,absoluteandcomplete
X,hasasonS,saysIgivemyfriendFp10krestofmyestateGasmyheir.
estateis120k
preterition didnotgivetoS
S=60k+50K=110K
F=10k
G=
InstitutionofGisVoidthusgiveitalltoS.
voluntaryheirs nullified
120k TOABC
A=
x 1998
A B1996
30K 30K
C
Jurado Cwillget30kbyrightofrepresentationtoinstitutionofAwillremainthusAwillget90k
Tolentino whenhedied in1998his compulsoryheirsbut in1998 thewill completelyomittedC
being a compulsoryheir =mustbewith preterition in accordancewithArt 777 so determine the
compulsoryheirsatthetimeofdeathofthetestatorthatthisispreterition.SothattheinstitutionofA
shallbeannulledthus:theshareswouldbeequal.
A=
C=
iftheinstitutionisnotpreteritionitwillnotbeannulledonlyadjustedastohisright.
32. Article855
a) onlyshldbelimitedonlywiththedescendantwhatifparentsarenot omitted.
b) whatifspouseisalsoomitted
Art855shallbeappliedtoallomissionbutdoesnotapplytopreterition.
2ndpar:problematicwhythereductionshallbelimitedtothecompulsoryheir?
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Illustration:
X: Illgive(sons)
A B C wasomitted
1/10
30k 12k 60k=100k
33. Istherepreterition?
YES. ApplyArticle854
Annultheinstitutionjustdividethetotalestateto3
August1,2009
1. SUBSTITUTIONOFHEIRS
2. Article857.
Substitutionotherwisereferredtoasconditional institution istheappointmentofanotherheirsothat
hemayenterintotheinheritanceindefaultoftheheiroriginallyinstituted.
3. Whatarethecircumstanceswheresubstitutionoccurs?
RIP =Renunciation,IncapacityandPredecease
4. Whenwillthesubstitutionoftheheirtaketheplace,ifnotexpressedbythetestator?
RIP(Repudiation,Incapacity,orPredecease)
Ifthe
testator
expressly
specified,
it
will
be
followed.
5. Article858. Whatarethekindsofsubstitution? (Jurado,189)
Simpleorcommon is thatwhich takesplacewhen the testatordesignatedoneormorepersons to
substitutetheheirorheirs instituted incasesuchheirorheirsshoulddiebefore(predecease)him,or
shouldnotwish(renunciation),orshouldbeincapacitatedtoaccepttheinheritance
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BriefiftherearetwoormorepersonsdesignatedbytheTtosubstituteforonlyoneheir.
Compendiusiftheisonlyonepersondesignatedtosubstitutefortwoormoreheirs
Reciprocal twoormoreheirsdesignatedmutually to substituteone another.Thedistribution is in
proportionto
their
aliquot
part
of
their
given
portion.
FideicommissarysubsArticle863MEMORIZE
6. FidecommissarySubsitution
It is an indirect substitution by virtue ofwhich a testator institutes afirst heir, and charges him to
preserveandtransmitthewholeorpartoftheinheritancelaterontoasecondheir.
Thedistinctionbetweenasimplesubstitution isthatwhile in thesimplesubstitutiononlyONEofthe
heirsinherits,inthefidecommissary,BOTHinherit.
7. RequisitesandLimitationsoftheFideicommissarySubstitution?(Paras,page240)
(a)There
must
be
aFIRST
HEIR
called
primarily
or
preferentially
to
the
enjoyment
of
the
property.
(b) Theremustbeanobligationclearly imposeduponhimtopreserveandtransmittoathirdperson
thewholeorpartoftheinheritance.
(c) ASECONDHEIR
(d) The1stand2ndheirsmustbeonlyonedegreeapart.
8. BothmustbelivingatthetimeoftheTsdeath.
Thefirstandthesecondheirmustbealivebecauseboththefirstandthesecondheirs inheritdirectly
formthetestator.
Whendoesthisoccur?Fromthemomentofdeath. (Article777ourfavoriteinthissubject)
9. Shouldnotgobeyondonedegreeformtheheiroriginallyinstituted.
Thereweretwoschoolsofthought:
traditionally,onlypersonsasfirstdegreerelativescanqualifyasfiduciarysubstitutes
modern,onedegreemeanstransfer,thefirstandthesecondheirneednotberelatedbyblood
aslongasthereisonlyonetransfer
TheSCheld inRAMIREZvs.RAMIREZ that itmeans relationship, theonedegreemeans relationship,
hencetherecanbeseveraltransfer.
In the light ofARANAS vs.ARANAS there are thosewhomaintain that Ramirezhas alreadybeen
abandon,buttherehasbeennoabandonment.
10.Assume thatX is the testator. Inhiswill,he institutedAasheir tohisentireestatebutorderinghim to
preserveandtransmitthesametohissonB.
Thereisafideicommissarysubstitutionbecausethereisafirstandsecondheir.
Assume that Xdied in 1990 and lets further assume thatA has two childrenB andC. Bhas two
childrenDandE. DoesAbecometheowneroftheproperties?
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NO,andhecannotalienatethesame. Heonlyhasrightsofausufruct.SouptowhenwillAhold
theproperty?
IfXhasanexpresswill,wehavetofollowthat.
IfXdid
not
specify
the
holding
period
it
will
be
by
A
but
only
up
to
time
of
his
death.
ThemomentAdiesordecidetotransmitthepropertywillthetotalcompleteownershipgo
toB.
SupposingthatXdiedin1990andBdiedin1992Ahoweverdiedin1995,whatwillhappen?
Itwill go toD and Eonly. Asof1990he already received the right to theproperty
thereforeitdoesnotmatterthatBdiedaheadofA.
11.Theremustbeanobligationtopreserveandtransmit. Aclearobligation,orbyexpresslycalling itbythat
name.
12.CRISOLOGOvs.
SINGSON
There isnofideicommissarysubstitutionbutsimplyasimplesubstitutionbecausethetestatrixdidnot
expresslygaveanobligationnordidshecallitbythatname.
13.PCIBvs.ESCOLIN
Thereisnofideicommissarysubstitutionbecausethereisnoobligationtopreserveandtransmit.
Therewasanimpliedprovisionthatheismakinghishusband/hubby/babesabsoluteowner
14.Assume X is the testator andhedesignatedA ashis fiduciaryheir. B, the sonofA, is fideicommissary
substitute. Testatordied in1990,Bdied in1989. CantheheirsofB inherit fromA? Dowehaveavalid
fideicommissarysubs?
NO,BsheircannotinheritbecauseBdiedaheadofX.
NOVALIDfideicommissarysubstitutionaswell. BothA&BmustbelivingatthedeadofX.
CanAinherit? YES
Article868. ThenullityoftheF.S.doesnotprejudicethevalidityoftheinstitutionoftheheirs
firstdesignated;theF.clauseshallsimplybeconsideredasnotwritten.
15.Supposingitstheotherwayaround,canBinherit?
Thereisnoprovision.
Deansubmits
that
B
should
be
allowed
to
inherit
and
consider
it
as
Simple
Substitution
because
in
fideicommissary subs the rightsof fiduciary subs ismerelyuntilhisdeath at themost, the absolute
ownershipwillenduptothe2ndheir,henceiftheintentionofthetestatorissuch,thatshouldbegiven
effect.
16.Article870anotherimportantrule!!!
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Generalrule:Maxperiodthatcanprohibitdispositionis20years.
After20years,disregardtheprohibition.
Exception:infideicommissarysubs.
Supposingthatthetestatordiedin1980andsince1980thepropertyhadbeenwithA.Itsnow2009.Itsalready20years,hestillcannotdispose.YoudontapplyArt.870.
17.AranascaseArticle870wastheissue
Thecaseinvolvesacatholicpriestwhomadeawill.Thespecialgroupofproperties.
TheadministratorisVicentethenephew, ineffectasausufructuary,untilhisdeathoruponrefusal, in
sucheventthesubstitutewillbeoneofthesonsofCarmelo.
TherewasaclaimthatthisprovisionviolatedArt870.
SCheldthatthereisnoviolationofArt870.
Vicenteisnotprohibitedfromalienatingthefruits,neitherthenakedownerarepreventedfrom
disposingtheir
naked
ownership,
therefore
valid
provision.
Becauseofthisruling,somesaidthatabandonednaangRamirez,connection?
Art869,inthiscasetherewillbesuccessiveusufruct,theissueof870wastheissueinAranas.
Whenthelawspeaksofonedegreeitstillmeansadegreeofrelationship(sir).
18.AssumethatXisthetestator,IgivemyfarminBulacantomyfriendF,butIgivetheusufructtoAthento
hissonBthentoC,allthreearefor5years
ThisiswhatArticle869speaksof,hencesubjecttolimitationunderArticle863.
Hence,Ccannotbeausucfructbecauseheis2nd
degree.
OnlyAandBcanbeusufruct.Becauseonlytheywouldsatisfytheonedegreelimitation.
19.CONDITIONALTESTAMENTARYDISPOSITIONSANDTESTAMENTARYDISPOSITIONSWITHATERM
20.VariousKindsofInstitutions:
Theinstitutionofheirmaybemade:
(a) withacondition.(Arts.871877,833834)
(b) withaterm(Arts.878,880,885)
(c) foracertainpurposeorcause(modalinstitution)(Arts.871,882and883)
21.Definitions
Condition future or uncertain event, or a past event unknown to the parties, upon which the
performanceof
the
obligation
depends.
Termthedayortimewhenanobligationeitherbecomesdemandableorterminates.
ModalInstitution
(a) whentheinstitutionofanheirismade,foracertainpurposeorcause.(Art.871)
(b) thestatementoftheobjectoftheinstitutionortheapplicationofthepropertyleftbythetestator
orthechargeimposeduponhim.
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(c) modoalsosignifieseveryonerousdispositionsbywhichtheobligor imposeduponanotherand
thuslimitedhispromise,suchasdemandingaloaninexchangeforwhattheotherpersonreceive.
22.Testatoris
given
the
right
to
impose
certain
condition
upon
the
institution
of
heirs
or
legacy
or
device
or
evenaperiod,therightofdispositionisanchoredontherightofownership.
23.When it comes to the legitime, he cannot touch that because it is not subject to his diposistion. it is
somethingthelawmandatestobegiventothecompulsoryheirs.
24. Impossiblecondition. InObligationsandContracts,theobligationisvoid. Inwills,theconditionisvoidbut
thewillisvalid.Yousimplydisregardthecondition.
Theheirwouldstillinheritbecausetestatmentarydispositionarebasedintheliberalityofthetestator.
E.g. IgivemyfriendXtheentireestate,onlyifhecanflywithoutmechanicaldevice. Xwillstill
inherit.
25.Article874. Thereisaspecialrule,tocontractmarriage.
Anabsoluteprohibitiontocontractafirstmarriagecanneverbevalidlyimposedbyanyone.
Subsequentmarriagesgenerallycannotbeimposedsubjecttoexceptiondeceasedspouse,ascendants
ofthedeceasedspouse,ascendantsofthedeceasedspouse.
26.COMMENT: (Paras,page267)
TheconditionnottoMarry
(a) Absoluteprohibition
1)to
contract
afirst
marriage
2) toremarry
(b) Relativeprohibition
1) tocontractafirstmarriage
2) toremarry
(c) A stopping of a usufruct, allowance, or personal prestation the moment the heir, legatee, or
deviseemarriesorremarries.
Absoluteprohibitiontocontractafirstmarriage
Thiscondition isabsolutelyvoid,andmaybedisregardedorconsiderednot imposed. Reason
forthelaw: Suchaconditioniscontrarytogoodmoralityandpublicpolicy.
Absoluteprohibitiontocontractaremarriage
Gen.Rule: voidbecauseitiscontrarytomoralityandpublicpolicy
Exceptions: valid
(a) whenimposedonthewidoworwidowerbythedeceasedspouse
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(b) when imposedon thewidoworwidowerby theascendantsordescendantsof the
deceasedspouse(nottheascendantsordescendantsofthewidoworwidower)
Reason:justifiedbecauseofsentimentalandeconomicreasons.
Relativeprohibition
to
contract
afirst
marriage
or
to
re
marry
This relativeprohibition (prohibition tomarryaparticulargirl,orataparticular time,or fora
numberofyears) isvalid,UNLESS itbecomes soonerousorburdensome (dontmarry for60
years;dontmarryinthePhilippinesorinAsia)thattherelativeprohibitionreallyamountsto
anabsoluteone.
27.When itcomestoabsoluteprohibitiontocontractmarriage1stmarriage,butthere isonesituationwhich
mightbeconsideredanexception,assumethatA instituteapriestasheirsubjecttotheconditionnotto
marry,Deansubmitsthatitmustbevalidbecauseheisnotonlyimposinganythingnew. Allheimposeisto
staythesameashewas,thepriestvoluntarilystayedinthestate.Thereforevalid.
28.Igivemariamyentireestatewiththeprohibitionnottomarryuntilshereachestheageof70
Thisisalreadysameasabsolute,hencevoid.
29. Intheillustration,Fcanvalidlyimposesubsequentmarriageprohibition.
30.Assumethetestatorsaid,Igivemywifemyentireestatebutshewillnotmarryagain. Nootherchildren.
Thewife3monthsafterthedeathoftestatorgotmarried,willsheloseeverything?
NO,thelegitimecannotbesubjecttocondition,shewillonlylosethefreeportion.
31.MORENTEvs.
DELA
SANTA
(Paras,
page
263)
Igivemyhubbymyentireestate,butheshallnotmarryanyone
Willthehubbyloseeverythingifshemarries?
NO. The happening of the hubbys remarry should not be considered as the fulfillment of
conditionswhichwouldannulorrevokethedevice.
Thestatementweremereordersandtherewasnoconditionorstatementthatifheshouldnot
complywiththewishesofthetestatrixhewouldlosethedevisegiventohim.
Theconditionshouldhavebeenexpresslyprovided.
32.Article875.Whatisadispositioncaptatoria?
Subjecttoaconditionthattheheirorlegateewillmakeaprovisioninhiswillinfavorofathirdperson
orthetestator.
Thisisprohibitedbecauseittendstomakethemakingofthewillacontractualact.
Notethatthedispositionitself(andnotmerelythecondition)isvoid.
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33.Article876. PotestativeCondition
Isonethefulfillmentofwhichdependspurelyontheheir.
HemustperformitpersonallyAFTERthetestatorsdeath. Nobodyelsemustdoitforhim.
34.Article877. CasualandMixedCondition
CasualConditionifitdependsuponchanceand/oruponthewillofathirdperson.
FulfillmentmaybeeitherBEFOREorAFTERtheTsdeath.
MixedConditionifitdependspartlybothuponthewilloftheheirANDuponchanceand/orthewillofa
thirdperson.
FulfillmentmaybeeitherBEFOREorAFTERtheTsdeath.
35.Supposing thecondition iscasualormix,earningamastersdegreewith in5years from the timeof the
death. The testator isnot aware that theheirhas already amastersdegree. The condition isdeemed
fulfilled.
36. Ifthetestatorisaware,theconditionmuststillbecompliedwithagain,butiftheconditionisinthenature
thatitcannotbefulfilledagainitwillbedeemedfulfilled.
37. Ifthedisposition issubjecttoasuspensiveterm,thatdoesnotpreventtheheirfromacquiringtherights.
Onlydemandabilityhasbeen suspendedby the suspensive term, in themean time the legalheirsunder
Article885.Thereisanirreconcilableconflict,butDeansubmitsthatArticle885shouldalwaysapply.
Article880shouldonlyapplyinthecasewherethereissuspensivecondition,
IfsuspensivetermorperiodArticle885shouldapply.
38.TherewillstillbenoroomfortheapplicationofArt.880ifthelegalheirscannotposttherequiredbond.
39. Institutionsubmodoormodalinstitution.whenisitmodal?
Ifthetestator innaminganheirspecifiestheobject,charges,applicationthen itshallbeconsidered
modal
40.Differfromconditional
Amodeobligatesbutdoesnotsuspends.
Aconditionsuspendsbutdoesnotobligate.
41. IgivetheentirefreeportiontoFmyfriend,buthalfofthe.
Agoodexampleisthecaseofrabadillacase100piculsofsugarimposedbythetestator.
42.Rememb