Supergroup Rhizaria Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures)

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*Supergroup Rhizaria*Grouped based on molecular similarities

not morphology (form and structures)*All have Pseudopodia: extensions that

bulge from cell surface*Includes 3 groups:*Forams*Radiolarians*Chlorarachniophytes

Supergroup Rhizaria

*Foraminiferans (Forams)*Latin* foramen: little hole

*Tests: porus shell made of calcium carbonate*Pseudopodia extend

through the pores function in feeding, test formation, and feeding*Most photoautotrophic

(symbiotic zooxanthellae)

*Most are benthic but some planktonic

Supergroup RhizariaForams

*Chlorarachniophytes*Typically found in

tropical oceans*Mixotrophic: can

ingest other microorganisms and able to carry out photosynthesis

*Pseudopodia extensions form a net to connect cells together and capture prey

Supergroup RhizariaChlorarachniophytes

J. Archibald, 2004

*Radiolaria*Delicate, intricately

symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica*Pseudopodia radiate

from the central body and reinforced with microtubules*Most heterotrophic,

capturing smaller microorganisms with sticky pseudopodia*Mostly marine

Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians

http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

* http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

*Supergroup Archaeplastida*Photosynthetic *Can be unicellular, colonial, or

multicellular*Contains 3 groups:*Rhodophyta*Green Algae*Land Plants

Supergroup Archaeplastida

*Rhodophytes * Greek (rhodos = red)* Abundant in warm coastal

waters* Since they absorb blue and

green light they can be found relatively deep

* Also a small number of freshwater and terrestrial species

* Most multicellular* Nori: crispy sheets of Porphyra

sp. Used to wrap sushi* Unlike other algae, they have

no flagellated stages in their life cycles and depend on water currents to spread gametes

Red Algae

www.fao.org, 2011 www.fao.org,

Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

*Chlorophytes*Greek (chloro =

green)*Most species

freshwater but some marine or terrestrial*Simplest are

unicellular like Chlamydomonas sp.which resemble the gametes of the more complex algae and plants

Green Algae

Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

*Chlorophytes*Many of the

unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil*Some have even

adapted to living in snow (‘watermelon snow’)

Green Algae

Lars Jensen, University of Michigan, 2009

*Chlorophytes*Larger size and

greater complexity are present*Complex life cycles

with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages*Reproduce sexually

by means of biflagellated gametes

Green Algae

Steve Trewhella, 2011

*Chlorophytes

Green Algae

www.noaa.gov, 2011

*Chlorophytes

Green Algae

*Charophytes*Closest relatives of

land plants

Green Algae

Unknown original source, www.pbubuilder.org, 2011Schubert, Hendrik & Blindow, Irmgard, Charophytes of the Baltic Sea, Koeltz Scientific Books, Date ?

Supergroup Unikonts

*Recently proposed, extremely diverse supergroup *Two major groups:*Amoebozoans (amoebas)*Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely

related protists)

*Amoebozoans*Includes amoebas such as:*Mycetozoans*Gymnamoebas*Entaboebas

*Mycetozoans (slime molds)*Produce fruiting

bodies that aid in spore dispersal*Two groups:*Plasmodial slime

molds* Often brightly colored

*Cellular slime molds* Unique in that they

function individually until food runs out and they form a unit

Supergroup UnikontsAmoebozoa

KeresHwn, wikicommons, 2011

*Gymnamoebas*Live in soil as well as

freshwater and marine environments*Most are heterotrphic

and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists*Your typical amoeba

Michael Gregory, Clinton Community College, 2011

*Entamoebas*Parasites!*Humans can be host

to at least 6 species, but only one is pathogenic: *E. histolytica*Cause dysentery and

responsible for up to 100,000 deaths a year

*Spread via contaminated water, food, and utensils (must be ingested)

Wikipedia commons, 2011

www.disease-picture.com, 2011

*Opisthokonts*Extremely diverse

group including animals, fungi and several groups of protists*Nucleariids: closely

related to fungi*Choanoflagellates:

closely related to animals

Supergroup UnikontsOpisthokonts

http://skepticwonder.fieldofscience.com, 2009

Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups

Campbell, et al., Biology, Pearson, 2008

Supergroup Rhizaria Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures)

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