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System Administration Guide:Advanced Administration
Sun Microsystems, Inc.4150 Network CircleSanta Clara, CA 95054U.S.A.
PartNo: 819238010May2007
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Copyright2007 SunMicrosystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,CA 95054 U.S.A. Allrightsreserved.
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U.S. Government Rights Commercial sotware. Government users are subject to the Sun Microsystems, Inc. standard license agreement and applicableprovisionso theFARand itssupplements.
This distribution may include materials developed by thirdparties.Partso theproduct maybe derived rom Berkeley BSDsystems, licensed rom theUniversity o Caliornia. UNIX is a registered trademarkin theU.S. andothercountries, exclusivelylicensed through X/OpenCompany, Ltd.
Sun, SunMicrosystems, theSun logo, theSolaris logo, theJavaCofeeCup logo, docs.sun.com,Java,OpenSolaris, Java,and Solaris aretrademarks or registeredtrademarks o SunMicrosystems,Inc.in theU.S. andothercountries. AllSPARC trademarks areused under license andare trademarks or registered trademarks oSPARCInternational,Inc. in theU.S. andothercountries. Products bearing SPARCtrademarks arebasedupon an architecturedeveloped by SunMicrosystems, Inc.Adobe is a registered trademarko Adobe Systems, Incorporated. PostScript is a trademarkor registered trademarko Adobe Systems, Incorporated, which mayberegistered in certain jurisdictions.
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Copyright2007 SunMicrosystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,CA 95054 U.S.A. Tous droitsrservs.
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Certainescomposants de ce produit peuvent tre drives du logiciel Berkeley BSD, licencispar l'Universitde Caliornie. UNIX estune marquedpose auxEtats-Uniset dans d'autres pays; elle estlicencie exclusivementpar X/OpenCompany,Ltd.
Sun, SunMicrosystems, le logo Sun, le logo Solaris, le logo Java Cofee Cup, docs.sun.com,Java,OpenSolaris, Java et Solaris sont desmarques de abrique ou desmarques dposes de SunMicrosystems, Inc. auxEtats-Unis et dans d'autres pays. Toutesles marques SPARCsont utilisessous licence et sont desmarques deabrique ou desmarques dposes de SPARCInternational,Inc. auxEtats-Uniset dans d'autres pays. Lesproduitsportant lesmarques SPARCsont bass surunearchitecture dveloppepar Sun Microsystems, Inc. Adobe est une marque enregistreede Adobe Systems, Incorporated. PostScript est une marque de abrique
d'Adobe Systems, Incorporated, laquelle pourrait ?tred?pos?e dans certaines juridictions.
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LA DOCUMENTATION EST FOURNIE "EN L'ETAT" ET TOUTES AUTRES CONDITIONS, DECLARATIONS ET GARANTIES EXPRESSES OU TACITESSONT FORMELLEMENTEXCLUES, DANS LA MESUREAUTORISEE PAR LA LOI APPLICABLE, Y COMPRISNOTAMMENT TOUTE GARANTIEIMPLICITE RELATIVE A LA QUALITE MARCHANDE, A L'APTITUDE A UNE UTILISATIONPARTICULIEREOU A L'ABSENCE DE CONTREFACON.
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Contents
Preace ...................................................................................................................................................23
1 Administering Printing Services (Overview) ..................................................................................29
What's New in Printing? ..................................................................................................................... 29
PPD File Manager Utility ............................................................................................................ 29
Internet Printing Protocol Improvements ................................................................................ 30
PAPI Print Commands and IPP Implementation .................................................................... 31
Selectable Use olocalhost or Solaris Print Server Database Host Name .......................... 32
Device URI Protocol .................................................................................................................... 33
Never Print Banner Option Available in Solaris Print Manager ..........................................34
Where to Find Printer Tasks .............................................................................................................. 35
Printing in the Solaris Operating System .......................................................................................... 35
Solaris Print Manager .................................................................................................................. 36
Solaris Print Manager Options and Selectable Attributes ....................................................... 36Printing Support in the Name Service Switch .......................................................................... 39
LDAP Print Support Guidelines ................................................................................................. 40
Choosing a Method to Manage Printers .................................................................................... 40
The LP Print Service ............................................................................................................................ 42
Administering Network Printers ............................................................................................... 42
Administering Printers ......................................................................................................... ...... 42
Setting Denitions or Printers .................................................................................................. 43
Administering PPD Files, Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts ..................................... 43
Customizing the LP Print Service .............................................................................................. 43
The Solaris Print Client-Server Process ............................................................................................ 44
The Print Client Process .............................................................................................................. 44
Using Print Clients .............................................................................................................. ......... 44
What Is a Print Client? ................................................................................................................. 45Printer Conguration Resources ............................................................................................... 45
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How the Print Sotware Locates Printers .................................................................................. 46
Using Print Servers ...................................................................................................................... 47
Using Printing Protocols .................................................................................................................... 47BSD Printing Protocol ................................................................................................................. 47
Internet Printing Protocol Listener ........................................................................................... 48
IPP Compared to the BSD Protocol (RFC-1179) ..................................................................... 50
Expanded Printer Support ................................................................................................................. 50
Raster Image Processor Support ................................................................................................ 50
Support or PostScript Printer Description Files ..................................................................... 50
Solaris Print Manager Support or PPD Files ........................................................................... 51
Speciying a PPD File ................................................................................................................... 52
Where to Find Inormation On Supported Printers ................................................................ 52
Using the lpstat Command to Determine i a PPD File Was Used to Create a PrintQueue ............................................................................................................................................ 53
2 Planning Printerson Your Network(Tasks) ..................................................................................... 55
Distributing Printers on the Network ............................................................................................... 55
Assigning Print Servers and Print Clients ........................................................................................ 56
Print Server Requirements and Recommendations ........................................................................ 57
Spooling Space ............................................................................................................................. . 57
Disk Space ................................................................................................................................... .. 57
Memory Requirements ............................................................................................................... 58Swap Space .................................................................................................................................. .. 58
Hard Disk ................................................................................................................................... ... 58
Planning or Printer Setup .................................................................................................................. 58
Setting Printer Denitions .......................................................................................................... 59
Selecting a Printer Type ............................................................................................................... 63
Selecting a File Content Type ..................................................................................................... 64
Frequently Used Printers ............................................................................................................ 65
3 Setting Up Printers (Tasks) .................................................................................................................67
Setting Up Printing (Task Map) ........................................................................................................ 67
Setting Up Printing by Using Solaris Print Manager ............................................................... 68
Printer Setup With Solaris Print Manager ................................................................................ 69Solaris Print Manager and Special Characters .......................................................................... 71
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Starting Solaris Print Manager ........................................................................................................... 71
How to Start Solaris Print Manager ........................................................................................... 71
Setting Up a Print Server ..................................................................................................................... 73How to Add a New Attached Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager .................................. 73
How to Add a New Attached Printer by Using LP Print Service Commands ....................... 76
Setting Up a Print Client ..................................................................................................................... 79
How to Add Printer Access by Using Solaris Print Manager .................................................. 79
Setting Up a .printers File ............................................................................................................... 80
HowtoSetUpa .printers File ................................................................................................. 81
Introduction to Adding a Network Printer ...................................................................................... 81
Printer Vendor-Supplied Sotware or Network Printers ....................................................... 84
Sun Support or Network Printers ............................................................................................. 84
Invoking Network Printer Support ............................................................................................ 84
Selecting the Print Protocol ........................................................................................................ 85
Selecting the Printer Node Name ............................................................................................... 85
Selecting the Destination Name (Also Called the Network Printer Access Name) .............. 86
Setting the Timeout Value .......................................................................................................... 86
Managing Network Printer Access ............................................................................................ 87
How to Add a Network Printer by Using Printer Vendor-Supplied Tools ........................... 87
How to Add a New Network Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager ................................... 88
How to Add a New Network Printer by Using LP Print Service Commands ....................... 90
4 Administering Printers (Tasks) ..........................................................................................................95
Administering Printers and the Print Scheduler (Task Map) ........................................................ 95
Administering Printers and the Print Scheduler ............................................................................. 96
Deleting Printers and Printer Access ......................................................................................... 96
How to Delete a Printer and Remove Printer Access ............................................................... 97
Checking Printer Status ............................................................................................................... 98How to Check the Status o Printers .......................................................................................... 99
Stopping and Restarting the Print Scheduler .......................................................................... 101
How to Stop the Print Scheduler .............................................................................................. 101
How to Restart the Print Scheduler .......................................................................................... 101
Starting the Print Scheduler With Options ............................................................................. 102
How to Set Print Option Values Only or the Duration o a Call ......................................... 103How to Set Option Values That Remain Over a System Reboot .......................................... 103
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Using the RFC-1179 Protocol Listener to Cascade Print Requests ...................................... 105
Setting or Resetting Miscellaneous Printer Denitions (Task Map) ........................................... 106
Setting or Resetting Miscellaneous Printer Denitions ................................................................ 107How to Add a Printer Description ........................................................................................... 107
How to Add a Print Queue Speciying localhost as the Host Name .................................. 108
Setting Denitions or Print Queues That Use PPD Files ..................................................... 109
How to Set Deault Values or Print Queues That Use PPD Files ........................................ 110
Setting Up a Deault Printer Destination ................................................................................ 113
How to Set a System's Deault Printer Destination ................................................................ 114
Printing Banner Pages ............................................................................................................... 114
How to Make Banner Pages Optional ...................................................................................... 115
How to Turn Of Banner Pages ................................................................................................ 116
Setting Up Printer Classes ......................................................................................................... 116
How to Dene a Class o Printers ............................................................................................. 117
Setting Up Printer Fault Alerts ................................................................................................. 118
How to Set Fault Alerts or a Printer ........................................................................................ 119Setting Up Printer Fault Recovery ........................................................................................... 120
How to Set Printer Fault Recovery ........................................................................................... 121
Limiting User Access to a Printer ............................................................................................. 121
How to Limit User Access to a Printer ..................................................................................... 123
Administering Print Requests (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 124
Administering Print Requests .......................................................................................................... 125
How to Check the Status o Print Requests ............................................................................. 126
Enabling or Disabling a Printer From Printing ...................................................................... 127
How to Enable or Disable a Printer .......................................................................................... 128
Accepting or Rejecting Print Requests .................................................................................... 129
How to Accept or Reject Print Requests or a Printer ............................................................ 130
Canceling a Print Request ......................................................................................................... 130
How to Cancel a Print Request ................................................................................................. 131How to Cancel a Print Request From a Specic User ............................................................ 132
Moving a Print Request ............................................................................................................. 133
How to Move Print Requests to Another Printer ................................................................... 133
Changing the Priority o Print Requests ................................................................................. 134
How to Change the Priority o a Print Request ...................................................................... 135
Administering the Internet Printing Protocol (Task Map) .......................................................... 136Using IPP as the Preerred Network Printing Protocol ................................................................ 137
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IPP Implementation .................................................................................................................. 138
IPP Server-Side Support ............................................................................................................ 138
IPP Client-Side Support ............................................................................................................ 139Conguring IPP Server and Client Data ........................................................................................ 140
IPP Keywords or Apache Web Server Conguration .......................................................... 141
How to Congure the IPP Server Data .................................................................................... 143
How to Congure the IPP Client Data .................................................................................... 143
Administering Network Listening Services Through SMF (Task Map) ..................................... 144
Administering Network Listening Services Through SMF .......................................................... 144
How to Enable the IPP Network Service ................................................................................. 144
How to Enable the RFC-1179 Network Service ...................................................................... 145
How to Disable the IPP Network Service ................................................................................ 145
How to Disable the RFC-1179 Network Service ..................................................................... 145
How to Restart the IPP Network Service ................................................................................. 146
How to Restart the RFC-1179 Network Service ..................................................................... 146
Best Practices or Using IPP as the Preerred Printing Protocol .................................................. 147
How to Obtain Inormation About Printers When IPP Is in Use ........................................ 147
How to Remotely Move Jobs Between Print Queues on a Print Server When Using IPP . 148
How to Modiy Remote Print Jobs When IPP Is in Use ......................................................... 148
Sharing Printers When Using IPP ........................................................................................... 149
Authentication Mechanisms .................................................................................................... 150
How To Set Authorizations That Enable You to Accept Print Queues When Using IPP . 150
5 Administering PPDFiles, Character Sets, Filters, Forms, andFonts(Tasks) .............................153
Administering PPD Files (Task Map) ............................................................................................. 154
Administering PPD Files .................................................................................................................. 155
Adding PPD Files to a System ................................................................................................... 155
Speciying a PPD File Label ....................................................................................................... 156Speciying a PPD File Repository ............................................................................................. 156
Locating PPD File Label and Repository Inormation in Solaris Print Manager ............... 157
How to Adda PPD File to a System With the ppdmgr Utility ................................................ 157
How to Add a PPD File to a System by Using the lpadmin -n Command ......................... 160
Updating the PPD Cache .......................................................................................................... 162
Rebuilding the PPD Cache ........................................................................................................ 162
How to Request a PPD Cache Update by Using the ppdmgr Utility ..................................... 162
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Managing the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ........................................ 164
How to Enable the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ................................ 164
How to Disable the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ............................... 165Administering Character Sets (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 166
Administering Character Sets .......................................................................................................... 166
Selectable Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 167
Hardware Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 167
Tracking Print Wheels .............................................................................................................. 168
Alerts or Mounting Print Wheels or Font Cartridges .......................................................... 168
How to Dene a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ..................................................................... 168
How to Unmount and Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge .......................................... 170
How to Set an Alert to Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ........................................... 171
How to Set Up an Alias or a Selectable Character Set ........................................................... 172
Managing Print Filters (Task Map) ................................................................................................. 174
Managing Print Filters ...................................................................................................................... 174
Creating Print Filters ................................................................................................................. 175Adding, Changing, Deleting, and Restoring Print Filters ..................................................... 175
How to Add a Print Filter .......................................................................................................... 176
How to Delete a Print Filter ...................................................................................................... 177
How to View Inormation About a Print Filter ...................................................................... 178
Managing Forms (Task Map) .......................................................................................................... 179
Managing Forms ................................................................................................................................ 180
Adding, Changing, or Deleting Forms .................................................................................... 180
How to Add a Form .................................................................................................................... 180
How to Delete a Form ................................................................................................................ 181
Mounting Forms ........................................................................................................................ 182
How to Unmount and Mount a Form ..................................................................................... 182
Tracking Forms .......................................................................................................................... 184
Dening Alerts or Mounting Forms ....................................................................................... 184How to Set an Alert to Mount a Form ...................................................................................... 184
Checking Forms ......................................................................................................................... 185
How to View Inormation About a Form ................................................................................ 186
How to View the Current Status o a Form ............................................................................. 186
Limiting Access to Forms .......................................................................................................... 187
How to Limit User Access to a Form ....................................................................................... 187
How to Limit Printer Access to a Form ................................................................................... 188
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Managing Fonts (Task Map) ............................................................................................................ 189
Managing Fonts ..................................................................................................................... ............ 189
Managing Printer-Resident Fonts ........................................................................................... 190Downloading Host-Resident Fonts ......................................................................................... 191
Installing and Maintaining Host-Resident Fonts ................................................................... 191
How to Install Downloaded PostScript Fonts ......................................................................... 192
How to Install Host-Resident PostScript Fonts ...................................................................... 192
6 Customizing theLP Print Service (Tasks) ...................................................................................... 195Customizing the LP Print Service (Task Map) ............................................................................... 195
Adjusting Printer Port Characteristics ............................................................................................ 196
How to Adjust the Printer Port Characteristics ...................................................................... 197
Adding a terminfo Entry or an Unsupported Printer ................................................................. 197
How to Add a terminfo Entry or an Unsupported Printer ................................................. 200
Customizing the Printer Interace Program ................................................................................... 201
The Standard Printer Interace Program ................................................................................ 202
Customizing stty Modes .......................................................................................................... 202
Exit Codes ....................................................................................................................... ............ 202
Fault Messages ............................................................................................................................ 203
Using a Customized Printer Interace Program ..................................................................... 204
How to Set Up a Custom Printer Interace Program ............................................................. 204
Creating a New Print Filter ............................................................................................................... 205Writing a Print Filter Program ................................................................................................. 206
Creating a Print Filter Denition ............................................................................................. 208
How to Create a New Print Filter ............................................................................................. 214
Creating a New Printer Form ........................................................................................................... 216
How to Create a New Printer Form Denition ....................................................................... 218
7 Printing in the Solaris OS(Reerence) ............................................................................................ 219
Denition o the LP Print Service .................................................................................................... 219
Structure o the LP Print Service ...................................................................................................... 220
LP Print Service Directories ...................................................................................................... 220
LP Print Service Conguration Files ....................................................................................... 220
The terminfo Database ............................................................................................................. 222
Daemons and LP Internal Files ................................................................................................ 222
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LP Print Service Log Files .......................................................................................................... 223
Print Queue Logs ....................................................................................................................... 223
History Log Files ........................................................................................................................ 224Spooling Directories .................................................................................................................. 227
LP Print Service Commands ............................................................................................................ 228
Functions o the LP Print Service ..................................................................................................... 229
How LP Administers Files and Schedules Local Print Requests .................................................. 229
Scheduling Network Print Requests ................................................................................................ 230
Filtering Print Files ............................................................................................................................ 231
What the Printer Interace Program Does ...................................................................................... 231
How the lpsched Daemon Tracks the Status o Print Requests .................................................. 231
Cleaning Out Log Files ...................................................................................................................... 232
How to Change Frequency o Printer Request Log Rotation ................................................ 232
How Local Printing Works ....................................................................................................... 232
How Remote Printing Works ................................................................................................... 235
Administering PPD Files (Reerence) ............................................................................................. 237PPD File Repositories ................................................................................................................ 238
PPD File Labels ........................................................................................................................... 240
Description o the Printer Driver Field in Solaris Print Manager ........................................ 240
Manuacturer Aliases File ......................................................................................................... 241
PPD File Caches ......................................................................................................................... 242
Description o the ppdmgr Utility Command-Line Options ................................................ 242
8 ManagingTerminals andModems (Overview) .............................................................................247
What's New in Managing Terminals and Modems? ..................................................................... 247
SPARC: Coherent Console ....................................................................................................... 247
SPARC: Changes to How $TERM Value or Console Is Set .................................................. 248
ttymon Invocations on the System Console Managed by SMF ............................................ 248Terminals, Modems, Ports, and Services ........................................................................................ 249
Terminal Description ................................................................................................................ 249
Modem Description ................................................................................................................... 249
Ports Description ....................................................................................................................... 249
Services Description .................................................................................................................. 250
Port Monitors ............................................................................................................................. 250
Tools or Managing Terminals and Modems ................................................................................. 251
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Serial Ports Tool ......................................................................................................................... 251
Service Access Facility ............................................................................................................... 251
9 Setting UpTerminals andModems(Tasks) ................................................................................... 253
Setting Terminals and Modems (Task Map) .................................................................................. 253
Setting Up Terminals and Modems With Serial Ports Tool (Overview) .................................... 254
Setting Up Terminals ................................................................................................................. 254
Setting Up Modems ................................................................................................................... 255
How to Set Up a Terminal, a Modem, and Initialize a Port (Tasks) ............................................ 256How to Set Up a Terminal ......................................................................................................... 256
How to Set Up a Modem ........................................................................................................... 257
How to Initialize a Port .............................................................................................................. 258
Troubleshooting Terminal and Modem Problems ....................................................................... 259
10 Managing SerialPortsWith theService Access Facility (Tasks) .................................................261Managing Serial Ports (Task Map) .................................................................................................. 262
Using the Service Access Facility ..................................................................................................... 262
Overall SAF Administration (sacadm) ............................................................................................ 263
Service Access Controller (SAC Program) .............................................................................. 264
SAC Initialization Process ......................................................................................................... 264
Port Monitor Service Administration (pmadm) ............................................................................... 264
ttymon Port Monitor ................................................................................................................. 265
Port Initialization Process ......................................................................................................... 265
Bidirectional Service .................................................................................................................. 266
TTY Monitor and Network Listener Port Monitors ..................................................................... 266
TTY Port Monitor (ttymon) ..................................................................................................... 266
ttymon and the Console Port .................................................................................................... 266
ttymon-Specic Administrative Command (ttyadm) ........................................................... 267Network Listener Service (listen) .......................................................................................... 267
Special listen-Specic Administrative Command (nlsadmin) ......................................... 268
Administering ttymon Port Monitors ............................................................................................. 268
How to Set the ttymon Console Terminal Type ..................................................................... 268
How to Set the Baud Rate Speed on the ttymon Console Terminal ..................................... 269
How to Add a ttymon Port Monitor ......................................................................................... 270
How to View ttymon Port Monitor Status .............................................................................. 270
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HowtoStopa ttymon Port Monitor ........................................................................................ 271
How to Start a ttymon Port Monitor ........................................................................................ 272
How to Disable a ttymon Port Monitor ................................................................................... 272
How to Enable a ttymon Port Monitor .................................................................................... 272
How to Remove a ttymon Port Monitor .................................................................................. 273
Administering ttymon services (Task Map) ................................................................................... 273
Administering ttymon Services ....................................................................................................... 274
How to Add a Service ................................................................................................................. 274
How to View the Status o a TTY Port Service ........................................................................ 275
How to Enable a Port Monitor Service .................................................................................... 277
How to Disable a Port Monitor Service ................................................................................... 277
Service Access Facility Administration (Reerence) ...................................................................... 277
Files Associated With the SAF .................................................................................................. 278
/etc/saf/_sactab File ............................................................................................................. 278
/etc/saf/pmtab/_pmtab File .................................................................................................. 279
Service States ............................................................................................................................... 280Port Monitor States .................................................................................................................... 280
Port States ................................................................................................................................... . 281
11 Managing System Resources (Overview) ......................................................................................283
What's New in Managing System Resources? ................................................................................ 283
New prtconf Option to Display Product Names .................................................................. 284Managing System Resources (Road Map) ...................................................................................... 284
12 Displaying andChanging System Inormation(Tasks) ............................................................... 287
Displaying System Inormation (Task Map) .................................................................................. 287
Displaying System Inormation ............................................................................................... 288
How to Determine Whether a System Has 32bit or 64Bit Solaris CapabilitiesEnabled ................................................................................................................................ 289
How to Display Solaris Release Inormation ................................................................... 291
How to Display General System Inormation ................................................................. 292
How to Display a System's Host ID Number ................................................................... 293
How to Display a System's Product Name ....................................................................... 293
How to Display a System's Installed Memory ................................................................. 293
How to Display the Date and Time .................................................................................. 294
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psrinfo Command Option to Identiy Chip Multithreading Features .............................. 294
How to Display a System's Physical Processor Type .............................................................. 294
How to Display a System's Logical Processor Type ............................................................... 295New localeadm Command ...................................................................................................... 296
How to Display Locales Installed on a System ........................................................................ 296
How to Determine i a Locale is Installed on a System .......................................................... 297
Changing System Inormation (Task Map) ................................................................................... 297
Changing System Inormation ........................................................................................................ 298
How to Set a System's Date and Time Manually .................................................................... 298
How to Set Up a Message-O-The-Day ................................................................................... 299
How to Change a System's Host Name .................................................................................... 300
How to Add a Locale to a System ............................................................................................. 301
How to Remove a Locale From a System ................................................................................. 301
13 Managing DiskUse (Tasks) ..............................................................................................................303
Managing Disk Use (Task Map) ...................................................................................................... 303
Displaying Inormation About Files and Disk Space .................................................................... 304
How to Display Inormation About Files and Disk Space ..................................................... 305
Checking the Size o Files ................................................................................................................. 307
How to Display the Size o Files ................................................................................................ 307
How to Find Large Files ............................................................................................................. 308
How to Find Files That Exceed a Specied Size Limit ........................................................... 310Checking the Size o Directories ...................................................................................................... 310
How to Display the Size o Directories, Subdirectories, and Files ........................................ 311
How to Display the User Ownership o Local UFS File Systems .......................................... 312
Finding and Removing Old or Inactive Files .................................................................................. 313
How to List the Newest Files ..................................................................................................... 313
How to Find and Remove Old or Inactive Files ...................................................................... 314
How to Clear Out Temporary Directories .............................................................................. 315
How to Find and Delete core Files ........................................................................................... 316
How to Delete Crash Dump Files ............................................................................................. 317
14 Managing Quotas(Tasks) .................................................................................................................319
What Are Quotas? ............................................................................................................................. 319
Using Quotas ......................................................................................................................... ............ 319
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Setting Sot Limits and Hard Limits or Quotas ..................................................................... 320
The Diference Between Disk Block and File Limits .............................................................. 320
Setting Up Quotas ............................................................................................................................. 320Guidelines or Setting Up Quotas ............................................................................................ 321
Setting Up Quotas (Task Map) ........................................................................................................ 322
How to Congure File Systems or Quotas ............................................................................. 322
How to Set Up Quotas or a User ............................................................................................. 323
How to Set Up Quotas or Multiple Users ............................................................................... 324
How to Check Quota Consistency ........................................................................................... 324
How to Turn On Quotas ........................................................................................................... 325
Maintaining Quotas (Task Map) ..................................................................................................... 326
Checking Quotas ...................................................................................................... ......................... 327
How to Check or Exceeded Quotas ........................................................................................ 327
How to Check Quotas on a File System ................................................................................... 328
Changing and Removing Quotas .................................................................................................... 329
How to Change the Sot Limit Deault .................................................................................... 329How to Change Quotas or a User ........................................................................................... 330
How to Disable Quotas or a User ............................................................................................ 331
How to Turn Of Quotas ........................................................................................................... 332
15 Scheduling SystemTasks (Tasks) ....................................................................................................335
Creating and Editing crontab Files (Task Map) ........................................................................... 335Ways to Automatically Execute System Tasks ............................................................................... 336
For Scheduling Repetitive Jobs: crontab ................................................................................ 337
For Scheduling a Single Job: at ................................................................................................. 337
Scheduling a Repetitive System Task (cron) .................................................................................. 338
Inside a crontab File .................................................................................................................. 338
How the cron Daemon Handles Scheduling .......................................................................... 339Syntax ocrontab File Entries .................................................................................................. 339
Creating and Editing crontab Files ................................................................................................. 340
How to Create or Edit a crontab File ....................................................................................... 341
How to Veriy That a crontab File Exists ................................................................................ 342
Displaying crontab Files .................................................................................................................. 342
How to Display a crontab File ................................................................................................. 342
Removing crontab Files ................................................................................................................... 344
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How to Remove a crontab File ................................................................................................. 344
Controlling Access to the crontab Command .............................................................................. 345
How to Denycrontab Command Access ............................................................................... 345
How to Limit crontab Command Access to Specied Users ............................................... 346
How to Veriy Limited crontab Command Access ............................................................... 347
Using the at Command (Task Map) ............................................................................................... 348
Scheduling a Single System Task (at) ............................................................................................. 349
Description o the at Command .............................................................................................. 349
Controlling Access to the at Command ................................................................................. 349
How to Create an at Job ............................................................................................................ 350
How to Display the at Queue ................................................................................................... 351
How to Veriy an at Job ............................................................................................................. 351
How to Displayat Jobs .............................................................................................................. 351
How to Remove at Jobs ............................................................................................................. 352
How to Deny Access to the at Command ............................................................................... 353
How to Veriy That at Command Access Is Denied ............................................................. 354
16 Managing System Accounting(Tasks) ...........................................................................................355
What's New in System Accounting ................................................................................................. 355
Solaris Process Accounting and Statistics Improvements .................................................... 355
What is System Accounting? ............................................................................................................ 356
How System Accounting Works .............................................................................................. 356System Accounting Components ............................................................................................ 356
System Accounting (Task Map) ...................................................................................................... 360
Setting Up System Accounting ........................................................................................................ 361
How to Set Up System Accounting .......................................................................................... 361
Billing Users ........................................................................................................................... ............ 363
How to Bill Users ........................................................................................................................ 364Maintaining Accounting Inormation ............................................................................................ 364
Fixing Corrupted Files and wtmpx Errors ................................................................................ 364
How to Fix a Corrupted wtmpx File .......................................................................................... 365
Fixing tacct Errors .................................................................................................................... 365
How to Fix tacct Errors ........................................................................................................... 365
Restarting the runacct Script ................................................................................................... 366
How to Restart the runacct Script ........................................................................................... 366
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Stopping and Disabling System Accounting .................................................................................. 367
How to Temporarily Stop System Accounting ....................................................................... 367
How to Permanently Disable System Accounting ................................................................. 368
17 System Accounting(Reerence) ......................................................................................................369
runacct Script ......................................................................................................................... ........... 369
Daily Accounting Reports ................................................................................................................ 371
Daily Report ................................................................................................................................ 372
Daily Usage Report .................................................................................................................... 373Daily Command Summary ....................................................................................................... 374
Monthly Command Summary ................................................................................................. 376
Last Login Report ....................................................................................................................... 376
Examining the pacct File With acctcom ................................................................................ 377
System Accounting Files ................................................................................................................... 379
Files Produced by the runacct Script ...................................................................................... 381
18 Managing System Perormance (Overview) .................................................................................383
What's New in Managing System Perormance? ........................................................................... 383
Enhanced pfiles Tool .............................................................................................................. 383
CPU Perormance Counters ..................................................................................................... 384
Where to Find System Perormance Tasks ..................................................................................... 384System Perormance and System Resources .................................................................................. 385
Processes and System Perormance ................................................................................................. 385
About Monitoring System Perormance ........................................................................................ 386
Monitoring Tools ....................................................................................................................... 387
19 Managing System Processes (Tasks) ..............................................................................................389Managing System Processes (Task Map) ........................................................................................ 389
Commands or Managing System Processes ................................................................................. 390
Using the ps Command ............................................................................................................ 391
Using the /proc File System and Commands ........................................................................ 392
Managing Processes With Process Commands (/proc) ....................................................... 393
How to List Processes ................................................................................................................ 393
How to Display Inormation About Processes ....................................................................... 395
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How to Control Processes ......................................................................................................... 396
Terminating a Process (pkill, kill) .................................................................................... 397
How to Terminate a Process (pkill) ....................................................................................... 397
How to Terminate a Process (kill) ......................................................................................... 398
Debugging a Process (pargs, preap) ....................................................................................... 399
Managing Process Class Inormation (Task Map) ........................................................................ 400
Managing Process Class Inormation ............................................................................................. 401
Changing the Scheduling Priority o Processes (priocntl) ................................................. 401
How to Display Basic Inormation About Process Classes (priocntl) .............................. 402
How to Display the Global Priority o a Process ..................................................................... 402
How to Designate a Process Priority (priocntl) ................................................................... 403
How to Change Scheduling Parameters o a Timesharing Process (priocntl) ................. 404
How to Change the Class o a Process (priocntl) ................................................................. 404
Changing the Priority o a Timesharing Process (nice) ....................................................... 405
How to Change the Priority o a Process (nice) ..................................................................... 406
Troubleshooting Problems With System Processes ...................................................................... 407
20 Monitoring System Perormance(Tasks) ......................................................................................409
Displaying System Perormance Inormation (Task Map) .......................................................... 409
Displaying Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat) ............................................................................ 410
How to Display Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat) ............................................................. 411
How to Display System Event Inormation (vmstat -s) ...................................................... 412How to Display Swapping Statistics (vmstat -S) .................................................................. 413
How to Display Interrupts Per Device (vmstat -i) .............................................................. 413
Displaying Disk Utilization Inormation (iostat) ....................................................................... 414
How to Display Disk Utilization Inormation (iostat) ....................................................... 414
How to Display Extended Disk Statistics (iostat -xtc) ...................................................... 415
Displaying Disk Space Statistics (df) .............................................................................................. 416How to Display Disk Space Inormation (df -k) ................................................................... 416
Monitoring System Activities (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 417
Monitoring System Activities (sar) ................................................................................................ 419
How to Check File Access (sar -a) ......................................................................................... 419
How to Check Bufer Activity (sar -b) ................................................................................... 420
How to Check System Call Statistics (sar -c) ........................................................................ 421
How to Check Disk Activity (sar -d) ..................................................................................... 423
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How to Check Page-Out and Memory (sar -g) .................................................................... 424
Checking Kernel Memory Allocation ...................................................................................... 426
How to Check Kernel Memory Allocation (sar -k) ............................................................. 426
How to Check Interprocess Communication (sar -m) ........................................................ 428
How to Check Page-In Activity (sar -p) ................................................................................ 429
How to Check Queue Activity (sar -q) .................................................................................. 430
How to Check Unused Memory (sar -r) ............................................................................... 431
How to Check CPU Utilization (sar -u) ................................................................................ 432
How to Check System Table Status (sar -v) .......................................................................... 434
How to Check Swapping Activity (sar -w) ............................................................................ 435
How to Check Terminal Activity (sar -y) ............................................................................. 436
How to Check Overall System Perormance (sar -A) .......................................................... 437
Collecting System Activity Data Automatically (sar) .................................................................. 438
Running the sadc Command When Booting ......................................................................... 438
Running the sadc Command Periodically With the sa1 Script ........................................... 438
Producing Reports With the sa2 Shell Script ......................................................................... 439
Setting Up Automatic Data Collection (sar) ......................................................................... 439
How to Set Up Automatic Data Collection ............................................................................. 440
21 Troubleshooting Sotware Problems (Overview) ........................................................................443
What's New in Troubleshooting? .................................................................................................... 443x86: Error Message Upon System Boot i Multiboot Module From the Previous GRUBImplementation Is Loaded ........................................................................................................ 443
Common Agent Container Problems ..................................................................................... 444
x86: SMF Boot Archive Service Might Fail During System Reboot ..................................... 444
Dynamic Tracing Facility .......................................................................................................... 445
kmdb Replaces kadb as Standard Solaris Kernel Debugger .................................................... 445
Where to Find Sotware Troubleshooting Tasks ........................................................................... 445
Additional Resources or Troubleshooting System and Sotware Problems ...................... 446
Troubleshooting a System Crash ..................................................................................................... 446
What to Do i the System Crashes ............................................................................................ 446
Gathering Troubleshooting Data ............................................................................................. 447
Troubleshooting a System Crash Checklist .................................................................................... 447
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22 Managing System Messages ............................................................................................................449
Viewing System Messages ................................................................................................................ 449
How to View System Messages ................................................................................................. 450System Log Rotation ......................................................................................................................... 451
Customizing System Message Logging ........................................................................................... 452
How to Customize System Message Logging .......................................................................... 454
Enabling Remote Console Messaging ............................................................................................. 454
Using Auxiliary Console Messaging During Run Level Transitions ................................... 455
Using the consadm Command During an Interactive Login Session ................................... 456
How to Enable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console ..................................................................... 456
How to Display a List o Auxiliary Consoles ........................................................................... 457
How to Enable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console Across System Reboots ............................ 457
How to Disable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console .................................................................... 458
23 Managing Core Files(Tasks) ............................................................................................................459
Managing Core Files (Task Map) .................................................................................................... 459
Managing Core Files Overview ........................................................................................................ 460
Congurable Core File Paths .................................................................................................... 460
Expanded Core File Names ....................................................................................................... 460
Setting the Core File Name Pattern .......................................................................................... 461
Enabling setuid Programs to Produce Core Files ................................................................. 462
How to Display the Current Core Dump Conguration ...................................................... 462How to Set a Core File Name Pattern ....................................................................................... 463
How to Enable a Per-Process Core File Path ........................................................................... 463
How to Enable a Global Core File Path .................................................................................... 463
Troubleshooting Core File Problems .............................................................................................. 464
Examining Core Files ............................................................................................................... ......... 464
24 Managing System CrashInormation(Tasks) ...............................................................................467
Managing System Crash Inormation (Task Map) ........................................................................ 467
System Crashes (Overview) ............................................................................................................. 468
x86: System Crashes in the GRUB Boot Environment .......................................................... 468
System Crash Dump Files ......................................................................................................... 468
Saving Crash Dumps ................................................................................................................. 469
The dumpadm Command ............................................................................................................ 469
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How the dumpadm Command Works ....................................................................................... 470
Dump Devices and Volume Managers .................................................................................... 470
Managing System Crash Dump Inormation ................................................................................ 470How to Display the Current Crash Dump Conguration .................................................... 471
How to Modiy a Crash Dump Conguration ....................................................................... 471
How to Examine a Crash Dump ............................................................................................... 473
How to Recover From a Full Crash Dump Directory (Optional) ........................................ 474
How to Disable or Enable Saving Crash Dumps .................................................................... 474
25 Troubleshooting Miscellaneous Sotware Problems (Tasks) .....................................................477
x86: What to Do i the Multiboot Module From Previous GRUB Implementation Is Loaded atBoot Time ........................................................................................................................................ ... 477
What to Do i Rebooting Fails .......................................................................................................... 478
What to Do i You Forgot Root Password ...................................................................................... 479
x86: What to Do i the SMF Boot Archive Service Fails During a System Reboot ..................... 483
What to Do i a System Hangs .......................................................................................................... 484What to Do i a File System Fills Up ................................................................................................ 484
File System Fills Up Because a Large File or Directory Was Created ................................... 485
A TMPFS File System is Full Because the System Ran Out o Memory .................................. 485
What to Do i File ACLs Are Lost Ater Copy or Restore ............................................................. 485
Troubleshooting Backup Problems ................................................................................................ 485
The root (/) File System Fills Up Ater You Back Up a File System ..................................... 486Make Sure the Backup and Restore Commands Match ........................................................ 486
Check to Make Sure You Have the Right Current Directory ................................................ 486
Interactive Commands .............................................................................................................. 486
Troubleshooting Common Agent Container Problems in the Solaris OS ................................. 487
Port Number Conicts .............................................................................................................. 487
How to Check Port Numbers .................................................................................................... 488
Compromised Security or Superuser Password ................................................................... 488
How to Generate Security Keys or the Solaris OS ................................................................. 488
26 Troubleshooting FileAccess Problems(Tasks) .............................................................................491
Solving Problems With Search Paths (Command not found) ........................................................491
How to Diagnose and Correct Search Path Problems ........................................................... 492
Solving File Access Problems ........................................................................................................... 494
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Changing File and Group Ownerships .................................................................................... 494
Recognizing Problems With Network Access ................................................................................ 494
27 Troubleshooting Printing Problems (Tasks) .................................................................................495
Tips on Troubleshooting Printer Setup Problems ........................................................................ 495
Locating Inormation About Parallel and USB-Connected Print Devices ......................... 495
Tips on Troubleshooting Printing Problems ................................................................................. 496
Troubleshooting No Output (Nothing Prints) ....................................................................... 496
Troubleshooting Incorrect Output .......................................................................................... 498Troubleshooting Hung lp Commands ................................................................................... 499
Troubleshooting Idle (Hung) Printers .................................................................................... 500
Troubleshooting Conicting Status Messages ....................................................................... 501
Troubleshooting Printing Problems ............................................................................................... 501
x86: Troubleshooting a Missing /devices Entry or the Parallel Port ................................ 501
x86: How to Troubleshoot a Missing /devices Entry or the Parallel Port ........................ 501
How to Troubleshoot No Printer Output .............................................