Systemic functional grammar (SFG) and discourse

transcript

by Riyadi Santosa

4 competence tests: mood and theme, transitivity, clause complex, verbal group and nominal group, the whole analysis (all of them are ‘take-home tests”

Halliday, 1985, 1994 Martin, et al 1997 Thompson, 2004 Hewings and Hewings , 2004 ILC materials

Why SFG?

To understand language as it is SFG sees society explains language, as

opposed to formal linguistics which seeks the explanation from neurological context.

The relation between social context and language is not cause and effect but rather ‘realization/ representation / symbolization’.

Thus, society is resources of meaning and language is the meaning maker.

Stratum, rank and meta-function

Social Context Language as text

Meta-functional solidarity across planes

Mode Field Ideational Textual Tenor Interper-

Stratification: Levels of abstraction in language

Discourse Semantics Content plane Lexicogrammar Phonology/ Graphology Expression plane

Strata cross-classified by meta-function

Ideational Interpersonal Textual

Meta-function, reality, and work done

Metafunction Reality construal ‘Work done’ Ideational (experiential & logical) reality observer Interpersonal Social reality intruder Textual semiotic reality relevance

Constituents

Constituency in formal linguistics My son likes candies very much

Constituency (continued)

Constituency in SFG happening process nuclear participant other participant circumstance likes candies my son very much

Clause as exchange

To construe social reality and realize interpersonal meaning

To explore clause resources for participating in exchanges.

Exchanges: to give and to demand information and goods or services

MOOD system is system of clauses as interpersonal resources.

MOOD system

MOOD System

declarative Subject ^ Finite Indicative polar + Subject Major + Finite interrogative Predicator Finite ^ Subject CLAUSE imperative Wh + pred ^ (com/adj) Minor no predicator

Exchange

goods and services

information

giving Here’s the small bear

This is the small bear

demanding Find me the small bear

Is this the small bear?

proposal

proposition

Mood structure Mood structure is a structure where the meaning of

proposal or proposition of a clause can be found. Mood structure consists of 2 constituents: mood and

residue. Mood is built from the relation between subject and

finite, whereas residue is the rest. Subject is grammatical doer; finite consists of tense,

modality, and polarity; complement is potential subject in passive; adjunct can’t be subject; predicator is verbal group excluding finite; continuative and conjunction connect the previous clause; vocative is used to summon.

Example of mood structure

Mood structure in indicative declarative We sang a song S F / P C Mood Residue Indicative:declarative; proposition We will sing this song for you S F P C Adj. Mood Residue Indicative:declarative; proposal

Example of mood structure (continued)

Mood structure in Wh interrogative How long must we sing this song? Wh/Adj. F S P C Re- Mood -sidue Indicative: wh interrogative; proposition What will we Sing? Wh/C F S P Re- Mood -sidue Indicative: wh interrogative; proposition

Mood structure in polar interrogative Is this the bear? F S C Mood Residue Indicative: polar interrogative; proposition Mood structure in imperative Be patient! P C Residue Imperative; proposal

Mood structure in embedded clause and projection They belived that they had won the

match S F / P C Mood Residue Indicative:declarative; proposition Mood structure in tag question You don’t understand do you? S F P F S Mood Residue Mood tag Indicative:declarative; proposition

CLAUSE AS MESSAGE To explore clauses as semiotic resources to

express message. Principles:

- language including clause is linear- so message is structured linearly- linearity means it is like a line which has a

start and an end This principles implies that message is structured

from beginning to an end. There are two points of views in looking at clause

as message: reader’s and listener’s point of view and speaker’s and writer’s point of view.

Message from reader’s and listener’s point of view

Message is expected to be structured from ‘known’ to ‘unknown’.

Or message is structured from old information and moves to new information.

For example:

My uncle visited me last weekOld New

He stayed in my house for 2 daysOld New

Patterns of old-new information in different genres

Patterns of old-new information in report Algae is a single-celled or simple multiple organism. Old New It can conduct the process of photosynthesis. Old New It is generally found in water Old New but it can also be found elswhere such as in rocks and trees. Old New

Patterns of old-new information in different genres (continued)

Patterns of old-new information in explanation Medical bill in US have risen outrageously Old New and steps need to be taken to reverse this trend. Old New Or the American will not be able to afford medical care. Old New The major factor of the case has been the dramatic increase of hospital services. Old New But the rise in the cost of hospitalization can only be partly blamed on inflation Old New since the hospital bill in the last two decdes have risen at a considerable rate. Old New

Message from speaker’s and writer’s point of view

The beginning is a stepping stone to develop a message

Message is structured from theme (topic) and moves to rheme (tail).

It is used as strategy to develop the message based on the theme or topic they think it is important

For example:

My uncle visited me last weekTheme Rheme

Last week my uncle visited me.Theme Rheme

Luckily, we got the right bus.Theme Rheme

Types of theme

There are three types of themes in English: topical, textual, and interpersonal.

Topical theme is the theme that develop the topic of discourse.

Textual theme is used to connect the previous clause.

Interpersonal theme is used to interact and transact socially.

Topical theme There are two types of

topical theme: unmarked and marked.

The unmarked topical theme is the typical theme in English clauses that are usually started with subject.

The marked topical theme is non-typical theme that is characterized by other than subject such as: complement, adjunct, or predicator

For example:

My uncle visited me last weekTheme RhemeUnmarked

Last week my uncle visited meTheme RhemeMarked

Textual theme To connect logically the

first and second clause Mostly in the forms of

conjunction such: and, then, after, although etc., and continuative such as: Errr…, Emm…, Well…

For example:

But he doesn’t understandTheme RhemeText Top

Err… he did itTheme RhemeText Top

Interpersonal theme To realize the

interpersonal meaning of the theme.

Interactional interpersonal theme is realized in vocative

Transactional interpersonal (giving and demanding information and goods and services) theme is realized in finite and wh.

For example:

John, will you be the chairman?Theme RhemeInt Int top

Example of combination analysis of mood and theme of English clauses

We sang a song S F / P C Mood Residue Theme: Top Unmarked

How long must we sing this song? Wh/Adj. F S P C Re- Mood -sidue Theme: Int/Top Marked

Example of combination analysis of mood and theme of English clauses

What will we Sing? Wh/C F S P Re- Mood -sidue Theme: Int/Top Marked

Be patient! P C Residue Top Marked Theme Well Darling I will take a rest for a

while Con Voc S F P C Adj Re- Mood -sidue Theme Text Int Top

Night watch with Catriona Thornton: Officers hurt in wild brawl: 4 charged in ‘touch and go’ fight Four policemen received minor injuries when they broke up a brawl involving 10 men in western Sydney early yesterday. The officers were called to a service station at Minto at 3 am after a report that people were causing a disturbance. A police spokesman said that when officers from Cambletown confronted the men, the group allegedly turned on them. “It was a touch-and-go situation for a while but the police managed to get things under control,” he said. “Although the offciers were outnumbered several arrets were

made.” Four were charged with a number of offences, including assaulting police and resisting arrest. At King Cross, police arrested two men after a car chase through the suburb’s narrow strrets early yesterday. The chase began on Bayswater Rd and continued through streets and laneways but ended on Victoria Rd after the offenders surrendered to police. The men were later charged in connection with a stolen motor vehicle. Police at Marrickville were called to break up a

brawl on the corner of Marrickville and Illawarra roads. About 40 people were involved in the fight but no one was injued. At Balmain, police arrested two people for attemped break-and-enter at a newsagency on Victoria Rd. They were taken to Balmain police station and later charged. In the inner west, Leichhardt police were called to break up a brawl involving about 30 people. In Sydney’s south, a 31-year-old woman suffered minor head injuries after she was assaulted at the bexley North shopping centre.

Clause as representation: transitivity

Clause also represents experience (ideational meaning: experiential)

Basically experience consists of three constituents:- process or the event / happening, realized in

verbal groups.- participants, realized in nominal groups, and- circumstance, realized in nominal groups or

prepositional phrase. In English, there are 6 types of processes: material,

mental, verbal, behavioral, relational, and existential processes.

Material process

A process of doing, physical action. There are two types of material process:

happening and doing. Happening material process is characterized by the absence of goal, while doing material process is characterized with the presence of goal.

Participants in material process involves: actor (the doer), goal (affected participant), beneficiary (client and recipient), and range.

Material process (continued)

‘doing’ ‘happening’ (transitive) (intransitive) John is cooking pizza John is cooking actor process goal actor process

doing: actor – process – goal - creative (making goal): create, make, build, develop, etc. - dispositive (affecting goal): send, throw, strew, pour, disolve, etc.

happening: actor – process

- move, fall, rise, come, go, soften, harden, melt, etc.

Material process (continued)

1. Material process in passive The pizza is being cooked by John goal process actor

Agentless passive

The pizza is being cooked goal process

2. Material process with dispositive –recipient - give, hand, throw, deliver, send, etc.

John sent Mac a table actor process recipient goal

John sent a table to Mac actor process goal recipient

Material process (continued)3. Material process with dispositive – client - buy, make, get, do, cook, bake, etc.

John baked Mac pizza actor process client goal

John baked pizza for Mac actor process goal client

4. Material process with range: - range can be an extension of process and a scope of process - range is not an entity.

John play guitar sang a song actor process range (extension of

process

John climbed the hill actor process range (scope of

process

Mental Process A process of sensing: perception, cognition, and

affection. Perception: perceive, see, notice, obserbe, feel,

smell, taste, hear, etc. Cognition: assume, believe, conclude, consider,

discover, doubt, etc. Affection: enjoy, relish, regret, like, fear, dread.

Favor, love, prefer, etc. Participants: senser and phenomenon Three types of phenomena: micro (thing), macro

(thing with embedded process), meta (an idea)

Mental process (continued)John likes

saw wondered

pizza (micro) him selecting a shirt (macro) why he was chosen (meta)

senser process phenomenon To test: 1. at the moment of speaking: simple - No one sees him. - * No one is seeing him 2. bi-directional: - I fear that man / that man frightens me - I like it / It pleases me - I don’t understand it / It puzzles me - grieve / sadden, belive / convince, forget / escape, recall / remind 3. Mental process does not work with a question: ‘What di he do?’ -* What did he do? He liked the man.

Verbal process A process of saying Participants: sayer, verbiage, receiver

John asked told said

him them

a question a story he’s sick

sayer process receiver verbiage

Behavioral process Process of behaving 2 types: verbal behavior and mental behavior Verbal behavior: talk, chat, converse, speak,

call, discuss, abuse, flatter, etc. The participants: behaver, receiver, verbiage.

Mental behavior: look at, watch, listen to, experience, survey, smile, laugh, cry, memorize, concentrate, mediate, etc. The participants include behaver, and phenomenon.

For example:

John They

Talked chatted

to her each other

about the test about the game

behaver process receiver verbiage

He looked at studied

the carving the opera

behaver process phenomenon

To test behavioral from mental

Behavioral Mental 1. Unmarked present present in present

‘He is mediating’ present ‘He thinks so’

2. Directionality 1 way ‘She laughed’

2 ways ‘She likes it / It pleases her’

3. Phenomenality No metaphenomena *He mediated he would eat it

OK ‘He belives he can do it’

4. Proverb Works with proverb do “What is he doing?” “He is mediating”

Does not work with proverb do. *”What is he doing?” “He is seeing.”

Relational process Two types: attributive and identifying Attributive relational process:

- a process of giving attribute to a thing- participants: carrier and attribute- types of attributives:

- appearance: be, seem, appear, sound, look, taste, smell, feel, etc.

- phase: become, remain, turn, grow, run, come, keep, stay, etc.- measure: weight, cost, measure, number

For example:

He She They It

is becomes grew costs

at home an engineer wild Rp 5.000,-

carrier process attribute With ‘have’

He Has a piano carrier process attribute

For example (continued)

To test: Ben is a farmer * A farmer is Ben Attributive with conflated procees and attribute:

- matter, suffice, differ, dominate, smell, pong

It It They

matters suffices dominate

carrier process/attribute

Identifying relational process A process of giving a value to athing Participants: token and value Types:

- Be: is, am, are, was, were, been- Equality: equal, add up to, make, come out

as/at, amount to, translate, render, paraphrase, reformulate, transliterate

- Signification: signify, expound, code, encode, express, realize, spell, write, transcribe, read, mean, denote, connote, define, call, name

Identifying relational process (continued)

- Representation: symbolize, represent, stand for, refer to, imply, index,

express, reflect, personify- Indication: indicate, suggest, betoken, connote, smack of, evoke, reveal- Role: play/act as, function, portray, typify, personify

For example:

Identifying relational process (continued)

Ben This

is reflects

the farmer the crisis

token process value To test:

1. reversable 2. Token takes subject in active 3. Token is more concrete than value

The farmer The crisis

is is reflected

Ben by this

value process token

Existential process A process of projecting that something exists Participant: existent For example:

There is a book on the table process existent circumstance

Ebola existed in Ethiopia existent process circumstance

Circumstance There are 8 types of circumstances: angle, extent,

location, manner, cause, accompaniment, matter, and role.

Angle: - verbal source - who says? - for example:

According to Xian cooking is easy Cir: angle

Circumstances (continued)2. Extent:- nominal group with quantifier + unit of measure (yards, laps, rounds, years …) + preposition - How far/ long/many rounds/times…

Xian cooked the rice for 15 minutes Cir: extent

3. Location: - prepositional phrase, adveribial group - place and time - where and when - place: space –place or direction (source, passage, destination)

Xian cooked the rice in the microwave Cir: location: place

Xian cooked the rice in the morning Cir: location: time

Circumstances (continued)

4. Manner: - means, quality, comparison a. means: how, what with?

Xian cooked the rice with microwave Cir: manner: means

b. Quality: adverbial group (in…way/manner) How?

Xian cooked the rice quickly/ in the following way Cir: manner: quality

c. comparison: like, unlike (+adverbials: like, likewise, similarly differently ) What … like?

Xian cooked the rice Like Nan Cir: manner: comparison

Cause: reason, purpose, condition, concession, behalf a. Reason: through, because of, as a result of, due to, thanks to Why, how

Xian cooked the pizza thanks to the microwave Cir: cause: reason

b. purpose: for, in the hope of, for the purpose of what for?

Xian prepared the table for his lecture Cir: cause: purpose

c. condition: in the case of, in case What if?

In the case of token we apply subject in the active Cir: cause: condition

d. concession: inspite of, despite Inspite of his cold Xian prepared his lecture Cir: cause: concession

e. behalf: for, for the sake of, on behalf of who for?

Xian spoke on behalf of his students Cir: cause: behalf

6. Accompaniment: with, without, beside, instead of

Xian cooked pizza instead of rice Cir: accompaniment

7. Matter: about, concerning, with reference to, etc. Xian saw his supervisors in relation to his study Cir: matter

8. Role: as, by way of, in the role/shape/guise/form/ of

Xian came as a vampire Cir: role

Extra causer

Causer participant parti- process

Extra causer: example

1. Initiator: make, let, get (X) do The surgeont made the trrop march Intiator pro- actor -cess

2. Inducer: persuade, convinve, assure, satsfy

Nan convinced Xian the pizza was cooked inducer process senser phenomenon

3. Attributor: make, keep, leave, drive

The ranger drove the students crazy attributor process carrier attribute

4. Assigner: elect, name, vote, call, make

They elected him Premier assigner process token value

ENGLISH CLAUSE COMPLEX

paratactic (1,2,3…): and, but, so (that), or , (,), (;), direct speech

eg: His mother is a doctor and his mother is a lawyer inter- Take it or leave it dependence He is clever, but a bit selfish Simplex (1 process) hypotactic (α,β,γ,δ…): after, before, as, major when, if, etc., indirect speech (process) e.g: After having locked the door, she Complex rushed hurrily. clause (more than They went to the party although 1 processes) were tired minor locution (“): verbal projection (no process) eg: They said: “ We’re tired” They said that they were tired projection logico- semantics idea (‘): mental projection eg: They believed that they were right expansion elaboration (=) eg: He is clever, he can do it. She’s good, which’s how

she won. extension (+): add, alter,

oppose e.g: She’s clever, but a bit

selfish. He spoke well, except that he ignored the press

enhancement (x):time, reason, purpose, condition, concession eg: He finished, and then he shooked her hand. After he had finished, he Shooked her hand.

Procedure of analysis Cut the clause complex into simplexes. If the clause contains only two clauses, then identify

the interdependence: paratactic or hypotactic and provide the symbol. After that, identify the logico-semantic or the meaning of the relation: projection or expansion.

If the clause contains more than two clauses, then find the main logico-semantics: projection or expansion. Then analyze the interdependence and the logico-semantic relation. After that, analyze the rest of the clauses by doing the same analysis.

Example of analysis

1. They said: “We’re tired.” 1 1a. They said:

“2 1b. “ We’re tired” 2. he spoke well except that he ignored the press.

α 2a. He spoke well, +β 2b. except that he ignored the press 3. She’s good, which’s how she won

α 3a. She’s good, which’s how =β 3b. she won 4. Marian said: “It could be dangerous if it id not managed wisely.” 1 4a. Marian said: α “2 4b. “it could be dangerous

xβ 4c. if it isn’t managed wisely.”

Possibility of English nominal group

Pre-modifier Post-modifier D ^ Num ^ E ^ C ^ T [ Q ]

Article: ord. num adj. N N Adj. clause a, the car. Num pres. part adj. Pr present part phr poss. adj. past. part gerund inf. phr past part. phr ger. Hr inf. phr N. Cl. adj. phr prep. phr car / ord number

For example:

Notes: ^ : comes before : is realized by T (Thing): thing, idea, or nominalized process or quality N (Noun) common and proper noun: table, crisis, Jack Pr (Pronoun): he, she, him, her, etc. Inf. phr (Infinitive phrase): to swim on the beach, to say Ger. Phr (genrund phrase): swimming on the beach, writing novel. N. Cl. (Noun clause): that he’s sick, what they wanted to say, how to do C (classifier): pre-modifier that classifies thing in terms of types: function or origin N: stone house, rubber boat, Javenese architecture Adj: black hair, modern achitecture, blue eyes Ger: swimming pool, dining table, sailing boat

For example

E (Ephitet): pre-modifier that describes things in terms of its size, shape, color, and condition (physical, psychological)

Adj: long hair, red boat, beautiful lady Present participle: running water, crying baby Past participle: one-eyed man, stolen car, broken heart Num (numeric): pre-modifier that tells the number or the order of thing Ordinal: the first fliht, the fourth building Cardinal: two books, many countries The 3 beautiful sailing boats D Num E C T

For example

Q (Qualifier): post-modifier that adds information about the thing. Adjective clause: a man who is wearing a black jacket the car that will be sold Present participle phrase: a man wearing a black jacket the crowds passing by Past participle phrase: the car stolen in the park the model modified for the reasearch Infinitive phrase: the car to sell the problems to solve Adjective phrase: a topic interesting to discuss the boats available in the harbour Prepositional phrase: a man with glasses a woamn in red a mansion below the hill Ordinal/Cardinal number: King Henry IV, Elizabeth II Filght 4, room 7

English verbal group Perfective V (to beat) Non- finite Imperfective V-ing (beating) Neutral V-en (beaten) Modal can, may, must, shall, will etc. (can beat) Finite Past V-ed (took) Temporal

Present V,V-s (takes)

Future will^V (will take) Verbal group Past have ^ V-en (to have taken) Secondary tense Present be ^ V-ing (to be taking) Future be going to ^ V (tobe going to take) Active Passive be^V-en (beaten)

For example

Notes: α : tense, modal (-): past; ( o ): present (+): future β, γ, δ : secondary tense, non- finite, or event 1. She is clever. 2. They will go hoe 3. She is singing 4. We have passed the exam αº βevent αmod βevent αº βº γevent αº β- γ event 2. They considered stepping down 2. They were thought to be the best α- βevent βimp γevent α- βpassive γevent βperf γ event

Systemic functional grammar (SFG) and discourse

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