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Taxonomic Grouping
BIOL4474 February 2016
Hierarchy in Taxonomy Darwin’s phrase—groups subordinate
to groups Linnaeus' scheme fits evolution fairly well
MacLeay's quinarian system, not so well Circularity Osculant types Insistence on fives
Obligate and Non-obligate Levels of Taxonomy Obligate: KPCOFG Nonobligate levels used when “decided
gaps” appear to occur at more than six levels of grouping
Helpful in large, diverse groups More use in entomology than, say, pogonophorology
p. 187 Schuh and Brower
General Zoology Textbook
HANDOUT—Meylan 1987
Hexapoda (HANDOUT)Class Parainsecta
2 OrdersClass Entognatha
1 OrderClass Insecta
2 Subclasses2 Infraclasses in latter
2 Divisions in latter 2 Superorders in one/3 in other
29 Orders total
Monotypic Taxa and Name Proliferation Monotypic taxa arise when a branch of the
tree of life experiences much extinction and/or little cladogenesis
Name redundancy Ex: Monotypic Lissemydini sister to
Cyclanorbini, with 4 spp.
Lissemydini = Lissemys punctata
Monotypic Taxa (examples) Phylum Placozoa,
Trichoplax adhaerens Division Ginkgophyta,
Ginkgo biloba Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer
Order Rhynchocephalia Family Sphenodontidae
Sphenodon punctatus and S. guntheri
Monotypic Taxa (more examples) 2 of 29 insect orders are
monofamilial Some nonobligate groups
have only one subordinate group
7 of 24 swallowtail genera are monotypic
526 total species; 204 in type genus Papilio
3 of 10 salamander families are monogeneric
1 of 5 caecilian families is monogeneric
8 of 27 frog and toad families are monogeneric; 3 aremonotypic
4 of 13 turtle families are monotypic and thus monogeneric
Monotypic Taxa (more examples) Tuatara are monogeneric 1 of 30 lizard families
monogeneric (Helodermatidae)
5 of 15 snake families monogeneric, 3 monotypic
6 of 12 emydid genera are monotypic 40 total species; 12 in
Graptemys, one in type genus Emys
9 of 14 trionychid genera are monotypic (22 total species)
Monotypic Taxa (one last example)Phylum Cycliphora Funch and
Kristensen, 1995(Symbiont on lobster mouthparts)Class Eucycliophora Funch and Kristensen, 1995 Order Symbiida Funch and Kristensen, 1995 Family Symbiidae Funch and Kristensen, 1995 Genus Symbion Funch and Kristensen, 1995 Species Symbion pandora Funch and Kristensen, 1995
The "Decided Gap" Principle A genus is a group composed of one or
more species that are separated from other genera by a decided gap, the size of which is in inverse ratio to the size of the group
A family is a group composed of one or more genera that are separated from other families by a decided gap, the size of which is in inverse ratio to the size of the group
A new monotypic salamander genus
Five rhino species, four genera
Indian Sumatran White Javan Black Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus Ceratotherium Rhinoceros Diceros unicornis sumatrensis simum sondaicus bicornis
Dundee 1989
Caecilians: Gymnophiona (1831) over Apoda (1804) Apoda used for fishes (1804) well before application to
caecilians (1966)
Dundee 1989
Salamanders: Caudata (1777) priority over Urodela (1845)
Dundee 1989
Frogs and Toads: Anura (1815) although Salientia has priority (1768) Original Salientia included salamanders Ecaudata (1777) has priority but never in use
Dundee 1989
Turtles: Testudines (used by guess who in 1758) has unbeatable priority Chelonia (or rarely, Chelonii) also duplicates genus name Testudinata sometimes used (rarely, of late)
Dundee 1989
Crocodilians: Crocodylia (1953) over Crocodilia (1842) Correct derivation from genus name Crocodylus (1768)
Dundee 1989
Lizards: Sauria (1802) priority over Lacertilia (1842) Saurii (1800) even greater priority, but never used
Dundee 1989
Snakes: Serpentes nearly universal Rare use of alternative, Ophidia
Avise and Johns 1999
Avise and Mitchell 2007
Readings for Next Time Schuh & Brower: None Winston: 323-336 Additional: L through O
L. A classic criticism of the use of subspecies in taxonomy: Wilson, E.O., and W.L. Brown, Jr. 1953. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Systematic Zoology 2:97111.
M. A beginner's guide to phylogeography: Avise, J.C., J. Arnold, R.M. Ball, E. Bermingham, T. Lamb, J.E. Neigel, C. Reeb, and N.C. Saunders. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:489522.
N. A good example of phylogeography: Artiss, T. 2004. Phylogeography of a facultatively migratory dragonfly, Libellula quadrimaculata (Odonata: Anisoptera). Hydrobiologia 515:225234.
O. Another good example of phylogeography: Sabatino, S.J., and E.J. Routman. 2009. Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Conservation Genetics 10:12351246.