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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny
! Miller and Tupper Chap. 7
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Number of Species
Approx. 1.5 million species
known
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomic Hierarchy
AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomo
sapiens
Kingdom
OrderClass
Phylum
Genusspecies
Family
!Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Tab. 7.1
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Binomial Nomenclature
“Ape”
“Abeille à miel” “Honeybee” “Honningbier”
“Mi Feng”Apis mellifera
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Phylogenetic Trees
Fig. 7.6
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Homologies
Inheritance due to having shared a
common ancestor
Fig. 4.11
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Analogies (Similarity due to Convergence)
Shark: Class Chondricthyes
Orca: Class Mammalia
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Grouping for Classification
Fig. 7.2
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
EukaryaArchaeaBacteria
Chromalveolata
DiscicristataExcavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa
Unikonta
Bacte
ria
Archae
a
Diplo
monad
s
Parab
asal
ids
Euglenid
s
Ciliat
es
Dinofla
gella
tes
Apicom
plexa
Oomyc
etes
Diato
ms
Brown a
lgae
Foram
inife
ra
Chlora
rach
niophyt
es
Glauco
phyte
algae
Red a
lgae
Green
alg
ae
Land p
lants
Fungi
Choanofla
gella
tes
Animal
s
Lobose a
moeb
ae
Cellu
lar s
lime
mold
s
Plasm
odial
slim
e m
olds
Greenplants
Protista: Polyphyletic!
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Paraphyletic = Opinion
Hyobates Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo
Pongidae HominidaeHylabatidae
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Cladistic Approach
Gorilla Chimpanzee HumanGorilla Chimpanzee Human
Pongidae Hominidae Hominidae
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach
Class Reptilia isparaphyletic
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Class Reptilia ismonophyletic
Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Plesiomorphie = ancestralApomorphie = derived
PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthes
GastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemertea
BryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorpha
NematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata
Protista
Animalia
Symplesiomorphies
Autapomorphies
Synapomorphies
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
! 1) Level of Organization– Cellular– Tissues• Endoderm (digestive tract)• Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular
system)• Ectoderm (skin)
– Organs– Organ systems
• digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory…
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
2 – Body Symmetry
Asymmetry
Fig. 7.7
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Radial Symmetry
Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis Fig. 7.8
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Bilateral Symmetry
Céphalization
Cephalization
Median PlaneFig. 7.9
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
! 3) Embryonic Development– Fertilized ovule give a
zygote (1 single cell)– Cellular division in
zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeressurrounding a blastocoel
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
! 3) Embryonic Development– Invagination forms the
gastric cavity (by the process of gastrulation)
– Opening to the invagination called the blastopore
– Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Blastopore
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities
Ectoderm
Mesoglea
Endoderm
Diploblastic Body Plan
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
Fig. 7.10
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate
Fig. 7.11
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
AcoelomateEctoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
PseudocoelomateEctoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
EucoelomateEctoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
5) Protostome Development
Fig. 8.11
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
5) Deuterostome Development
Fig. 8.11
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
• Cellular Organization
• unicellular (1)• Parazoa, w/o tissues (2)
• Tissue Organization
• Diploblasts (3)
• Triploblastes (4)
• Bilateral Symmetry (5)
• Embryonic Development
• Protostomes (6)
• Deuterostomes (7)
PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthesGastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemerteaBryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorpha
NematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata
Protista
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Animalia
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Next Class: Protozoa
! Miller and Tupper Appendix C
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Questions?
© Photo A.Brown