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2WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Axens and Alternative Fuels
Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route
Agenda
Introduction
3WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Why Alternative Fuels ?
• Environmental Regulation• By 2020, 10% of renewable energy should be incorporated
into transportation sector (from renewable sources: biofuels, electricity, H2, etc.) (2009/28/EC)
• Diesel pool challenges • FAME incorporation limited to 7 % for diesel (EN590)
• Jet Fuel challenges • Aviation integration into EU ETS (Emission Trading
Scheme)• Reduce Pressure on Petroleum Resources
• Crude oil reserves are limited• Air traffic expected to double by 2020/25• Reduce Risk on Energy Security of Supply
• Reduce Carbon Footprint of Transportation• Use short cycle carbon sources (i.e. biomass)• Carbon free energy for transportation still to come
4WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Alternative Fuels Challenges
Preferred Alternative Fuels for Transportation are Hydrocarbon Liquids
(density of energy, compatibility with existing fleets)
• Large alternative carbon sources are gaseous or solid (natural gas, coal, ligno-cellulosic biomass, waste)
• They are often containing much morethan Carbon and Hydrogen (oxygen, impurities)
5WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
2005 2008 2011est.
2015est.
2020est.
2025est.
2030est.
Mbdoe
Biodiesel (FAME + HEFA)
0.80 Mbdoe
Axens EstimatesBiojet + Biodiesel 2005 - 2030
BtL 0.20 Mbdoe
Source: Axens estimates (2011)
BtL = Biodiesel from Biomass to Liquids ; FAME = Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ; HEFA = Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids
Biojet (HEFA)0.43 Mbdoe
• Biodiesel contribution to on-road diesel supply • ~ 5.1% by 2030 (2.3% today, ~ 4.5% by 2020) • ~ 12% of 2010-2030 incremental demand
• Biojet contribution to jet fuel supply • ~ 6.5% by 2030 (0% today, ~ 1% by 2020) • ~ 20% of 2010-2030 incremental demand
6WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Axens and Alternative Fuels
Agenda
Introduction
Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route
7WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Markets Served & Ambitions
Ambitions• Benchmark company for Clean Fuels and Aromatics production,
• Leader in purification for olefins/polyolefins, syngas, refining and petrochemical, and natural gas streams,
• Innovator in the biodiesel market and syngas to liquids technology.
Business Units Markets Served
9WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
SyngasGeneration Syngas
FTSynthesis
+ Upgrading
Biomass
Axens TechnologiesTowards Alternative Fuels
Gasel
Renewable oils & fats
Coal
Forest & Agric. residues
Transesterification Esterfip-H
Hydrotreatment Vegan
Direct Coal Liquefaction + Upgrading
H-Coal
NaturalGas
GTL
CTL
BTL
Bio Diesel (FAME)
Renew. Paraffinic Kerosene or Diesel
DCL Kerosene+ Diesel
Kerosene + Diesel
10WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Axens and Alternative Fuels
Agenda
Introduction
Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route
11WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Feed Pretreat
Impurities
removal
high cetanen-paraffins
HDT
Hydrogenation & Decarboxylation
Oxygen removal, olefin saturation
Hydro-Isom
On-Spec Diesel & Jet
Hydro-isomerization to improve CFPP
Hydrocracking if Jet is desired
VEGAN™ Renewable Iso-paraffins Route
Renewableoils & fats
12WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
VEGAN™Renewable Iso-paraffins Route
• Flexible feed process
• Product properties independent from the feedstock quality
• Produces high quality molecules
• higher energy content (no oxygen)
• no sulfur nor aromatics
Process Features
• Increase resources availability
True drop-in fuels
• High blending rate Diesel
• D7566 compliant Jet Fuel
Advantages
13WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Lipids Hydroprocessing
Hydrogenolysis / HydrogenationTG + 16* H2 => 3 C18H38 + 6 H2O + C3H8
H2-C-O-C CH3
H-C-O-C CH3
H2-C-O-C CH3
21
2
3
O
O
O
H2
DecarboxylationTG + 7* H2 => 3 C17H36 + C3H8 + 3 CO2
Shift + Methanation reactionsCO & CH4 by-products
* Assuming 4 double bonds saturation per TG
1
14WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Hydrotreatment Yields
15.6 12.8CO2 / Water5.2 5.2Propane
80.3 / 94.7 85.3 / 100.6ParaffinsOut
1.1 3.3HydrogenIn
Decarboxylation Hydrogenolysis
Theoretical Yields on Palm Oil in wt% / vol%
15WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Highly Exothermic Reactions
Tailored reactor heat management Ensures optimal temperature profileMaximizes paraffins yieldLimits catalyst deactivation
Average double bounds number
Palm Jatropha Algae
16WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
0,0
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5Deoxygenation
HDO
Décarb.
HDT Catalyst Formulation
Optimization of catalyst formulationPreserves high yield of valuable productMinimize catalyst deactivation
Rate constant 103.[min-1.g-1]
Ni/Mo [atom/atom]
17WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
HDT Product Paraffins Properties
Melting Point (°C)
+28°C+18°C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Carbon number
Cetane Number
N-paraffins
Cold
Flow
Prop.
>20°C
18WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
HydroIsom & Paraffins Properties
Melting Point (°C)
+28°C+18°C
- 6°C-23°C
-78°C
-70°C-106°C
KeroDiesel
Hydro-isom
Hydro-cracking
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Carbon number
N-paraffins Iso-paraffins
Cetane Number
19WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
High Quality Diesel
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cetane Number
CFP
P [°
C]
nC16
nC18
Rape
RME
EN590
Range
CWA 15940 Class A
High quality diesel fuel component
20WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
And Bio Jet Fuel Component
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cetane Number
CFP
P [°
C]
nC16
nC18
Rape
max -47max 8
730-770max 300
D7566Freezing PointViscosity @ -20°CDensityD86 FBP
°C
mm²/s
kg/m³
°C
Vegan-673.8766292
21WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Tunable Cold Flow Properties
A good freezing point is not "free"
Cold flow properties improvement
Prod
uct d
istr
ibut
ion
Jet range
Diesel range
Naphtha and light ends
22WRA 13th Annual European Fuels – Paris - 15 March 2012
Mastering the Challenges of Renewable Iso-Paraffins Production
• Feeds impurities• Highly exothermic reactions• Corrosive reaction effluents• Light ends production
• Optimal catalyst selection• Optimized process design
Vegan™Renewable Iso-Paraffins
production by Axens